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The Abbotsford Post was published in Abbotsford, in the Fraser Valley region of southwestern British Columbia. The Post was published and edited by John Alexander Bates, and it was the first paper targeted specifically at the Abbotsford area. The paper has since been bought and sold a number of times, and continues to be published to this day under the title of the Abbotsford News.

Professor Robinson, in the chair, said that during the first four sessions of the Round Table it was intended to find possible areas of conflict between the interests of North America and of Europe. It was necessary to get the interests of each area clear, as seen by its inhabitants. Professor Wallich would talk about the interests of the United States. Professor Robinson said that, as Chairman of the Programme Committee, he had deliberately asked another American participant to comment on this paper in order to try to make it as clear as possible what were the interests of the United States. The same would be done in the following session for Canada, and later papers and their discussions would deal similarly with the areas of Europe.

SUMMARY Previous contributions to the theory of devaluation have concentrated on its effect on the country's balance of trade (the ‘stability conditions’) and the commodity terms of trade. This paper is concerned with the conditions under which devaluation would improve the country's incometerms of trade defined as: Percentage change in the value of exports./Percentage change in the price of imports. An algebraic formula is developed, which expresses the conditions in terms of the elasticities of export-supply and import-demand. The results are then presented in geometric terms, and applied to some current problems. It turns out that while an industrial country is likely to improve its income terms of trade by devaluing its currency, the opposite is true for a primary-materials producing country.

An attempt is here made to survey the state of published knowledge of a branch of electrical engineering that has recently come into prominence and to present an introduction to it in general terms within a range sufficient to explain the development of what in effect is a new technique and its relation to other branches of electrical engineering. The first part of the paper describes the salient properties of electromagnetic waves in hollow metal tubes and reveals the great extent to which the theory of the subject had its origin in the researches of Lord Rayleigh and other investigators who, during the closing years of the last century, worked in Great Britain. It also indicates to how great an extent the development of the theory and its practical application are due to researches carried out during recent years mainly, in the United States. The second part of the paper gives a systematic account of the development of elementary equipment appropriate to hollow tube transmission, with analogies from acoustics, telephony, and radio engineering. The third part describes phenomena observed at the open ends of guides?flared or unflared?and exhibits the efficiency of these devices as radiators of energy into free space. The prospective field of application of guides embraces systems of communication operating over any distance, and providing telephone and television channels in numbers vastly exceeding those of any system of established type. When flared into horns, guides may serve in systems for broadcasting of music or television, for blind landing of aeroplanes, for detecting, locating and man?uvring of ships, and for other purposes for which at present radiators and receivers of conventional type are used. Although the usefulness of such systems may thereby be enhanced or extended in range, their mode of operation is well known and hence their description is beyond the scope of this paper. The full extent of the field of application of guides will ultimately be governed by costs and must, for the present, remain a matter of conjecture; but, judged from the course the development has taken during recent years, conjecture suggests that the field will be large and attractive.

— Some metabolic and biochemical effects of fluorocitrate were studied in vivo in rat brain and cat spinal cord. During the preconvulsant and convulsant phases of fluorocitrate poisoning the contents of free glutamate, glutamine and aspartate declined progressively, while that of alanine increased. Incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose into these amino acids also decreased, although somewhat more gradually. GABA exhibited a biphasic change, its content rising after an initial decrease while its relative specific activity rose initially and subsequently diminished. Incorporation of 14C from [U-14C]glucose and [U-14C]lysine into neural protein declined sharply. The citric acid content rose markedly in rat brain and cat spinal cord. In rat brain the glycogen content declined but ATP and ammonia contents were unchanged. The significance of these results with respect to energy metabolism and the possible mechanism of the convulsions during fluorocitrate poisoning is discussed.

This paper is limited to treatment of ulcers of the cornea, but to indicate intelligently the proper procedures which one must use in treating this ever varying symptom it is necessary to have as a basis some classification of the pathologic process, for the treatment must vary according to the conditions. In other words, no hard and fast lines can be laid down for the handling of ulcerations of the corneaper se. If we consider the subject from the standpoint of development then we have to treat ulcers of the cornea on the ground that they are either primary or secondary, and if secondary the cause is of first consideration in the line of treatment. The treatment, too, is modified, as the ulcer may be marginal or central, superficial or deep, simple or infected, progressive or regressive. Then, also, we may have to approach the subject from the symptomatic

This paper summarises the exploration conducted by Alliance Oil Development Australia N.L., in its Authority to Prospect 98P Queensland, in the central Eromanga sub-basin. The development of the present subsurface picture is described. The influence of exploration in AP 98P and from adjoining tenements is outlined. Finally, the present interpretation of the subsurface geology is discussed and the writers present views regarding the petroleum potential of the central Eromanga sub-basin are given.

During the past few years there has been a considerable amount of confusion with respect to the terminology used for adrenocorticotropins (ACTH) isolated from the pituitary glands of various species. In this paper ( 1 ) a unified system of nomenclature for these hormones is proposed. It is hoped that this system will furnish readily and at a glance, from the terminology itself, pertinent information about the source of the particular preparation as well as the chemical formula of any active degraded product derived from the natural hormone.

Held Oct. 6-7, 1966, Richmond, Va. Sponsored by Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Includes the papers presented at the symposium and reports by the Division of Mineral Resources and by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District.

Mr. Embleton next read his paper, illustrated by sections “On the Order of Succession of the Coal Seams in the Northern Coal Field of Yorkshire.” The subject of discussion on this paper was confined to a consideration of the order of the various seams found in the Township of Whitwood, Methley, Stanley, Wrenthorpe, Lofthouse, Rothwell, Ardsley, Middleton, and Beeston. Mr. Embleton commenced his paper by saying it would be of great importance to the society if the order of the seams of coal were determined in each district, and that it was the only sure foundation for comparison with distant parts of the coal field. He remarked that it was only by a careful collection of shaft sections that many important questions in local geology could be satisfactorily cleared up. As for instance, the thinning or thickening of certain seams in particular directions, the existence of seams at one colliery which were not found in an adjoining one, the origin of coal itself. They would also show when that variety of coal, called cannel coal, was chiefly found, and whether, as had been often stated, though, perhaps, without much foundation, it was only found in the vicinity of certain throws. The workable seams in the Townships before mentioned are the Stanley Shale Coal, the Stanley Main Coal, the Warrenhouse Coal, the Lofthouse or Haigh Moor Coal, the Fish Coal, the 40 Yards Coal, the Yard Coal or Little Coal, and the Main or Deep Coal of the Rothwell Haigh and ...

Summary This paper deals with clinical, chemical, and pathologic observations on fourinfants who presented the picture of adrenal cortical insufficiency in association with bilateral adrenal hypoplasia as shown at autopsy. The condition was found in 0.52 per cent of autopsies done on infants under1 year of age, indicating a higher incidence than is suggested by the literature. The familial pattern which was apparent in two of our patients remains unexplained and requires endocrinologic studies of the mothers of such infants. In our own group and in all eases thus far reported the patients were either female pseudohermaphrodites with a characteristic deformity of the genitalia or else true males. In the latter, external manifestations of virilism are not apparent in early infancy. The presenting clinical features were gastrointestinal symptoms, especiallydiarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Serial chemical studies performed in two cases showed a lowering of the“total base,” bicarbonate and chloride values in the plasma. The blood sugar levels were found normal in three patients. Anatomic and histologic examination of the adrenals showed diffuse hyperplasia of the cortex with apparent replacement of the zona glomerulosa by eosinophilic cells which often contained fuchsinophil granules. A correlation of these findings with the clinical manifestations is suggested. The physiologic disturbance appears to be one of overproduction with respect to N hormone and underproduction of substances regulating salt and water metabolism. The apparently intact carbohydrate metabolism differentiates these patients from those with true Addison's disease as regards the manifestations of adrenal insufficiency. Further studies of the carbohydrate metabolism in such patients are needed. It is suggested that the administration of DOCA and salt may be a complete substitution therapy in patients exhibiting this syndrome.

Freud made several interesting and important attempts to examine works of literature and of painting in the light of psychoanalysis: Sophocles and Leonardo da Vinci were grist to his mill. However, he admitted in his essay "On the Michelangelo of Moses" that he was unable to enjoy music precisely because it resisted such attempts at analysis. Needless to say, eager disciples have rushed in to fill the hiatus left by the master. Andre Michel, in this book on the psychoanalysis of music, gives a summary of most of the important papers on this subject and adds some of this own theories. We read of the influence of the emotional lives of composers on their work and of the influence of infantile (and even fetal) memories on the composition and enjoyment of music. As so often with this type of psychoanalytic writing, one puts the book down feeling that one may

The average frequency spacing 〈Δfmax〉 between adjacent maxima of the frequency response curve between two points in a room is determined by experiment, theory, and Monte Carlo computation. In earlier papers it had been shown that, above a certain critical frequency, 〈Δfmax〉 is reciprocally related to reverberation time and not dependent on other room characteristics—disproving a belief that 〈Δfmax〉 is a useful measure of the acoustical quality of rooms. Theory predicts 〈Δfmax〉 = 3.91/T60, where T60 is the reverberation time. Monte Carlo computation gives 3.90/T60. Measurements in two very different rooms using a vacuum tube voltmeter for reading the sound pressure are in good agreement with these predictions. Measurements with a logarithmic level recorder give, as in earlier investigations, much larger values. The discrepancy cannot be explained by the level recorder's 0.5‐db quantization. This paper shows that: (1) The Monte Carlo method is a useful tool for solving complex problems in room acoustics. (2...

This paper deals with failures of structural components of civil aircraft which have resulted in fatal accidents or serious incidents during the past twenty years. Fatigue failure of components has been the most significant contribution to the major structural failures of civil aircraft. As a result, the attack on the fatigue problem has had the greatest effect on changes in structural design concepts, substantiating tests and operational maintenance and inspection procedures. Today, with the ‘fail safe’ concept of structural design, combined with complete airframe fatigue testing, a very great advance has been made towards ensuring the safety standard of civil aircraft structures.

The purpose of this paper is to present our experience with fibrinolysin (Thrombolysin) in the treatment of twenty-three patients with thromboembolic disease. The historic background of the use of fibrinolytic agents and the biochemical derivation of the preparation used have been described previously. We agree completely with a recent editorial setting down the requirements for an ideal thrombolytic agent. The present study was initiated with a note of pessimism, since previous proteolytic enzymes administered by various routes had dismally failed in our experience.

In this paper, some general variational principles in the theory of elasticity and the theory of plasticity are established. Consider an elastic body in equilibrium with small displacement. By regarding u, v, w, e x , e y , e z , y yz , y xz , y xy , σ x,σ y, σ z,τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy as fifteen independent functions, and letting their variations be free from any restriction, we establish two variational principles, called the principle of generalized complementary energy and the principle of generalized potential energy. Each principle is equivalent to the four sets o?fundamental equations of the theory of elasticity, namely, the equations of equilibrium, the stress strain relations, the strain displacement relations and the appropriate boundary conditions. Special cases of these principles are examined. These principles are next expressed in other forms, where u, v, w, σ x ,σ y , σ z ,τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy are regarded as nine independent functions with their variations free from any restrictions. Next we consider the bending of a thin elastic plate with supported edges under large deflection. By regarding M x , M y , M xy , N x , N y , N xy , u, v, w as nine independent functions with the restriction that w should vanish along the contour of the plate, we establish a variational principle, called the principle of generalized potential energy, which is equivalent to the three sets of fundamental equations in the theory of bending of thin plate, namely, the equations of equilibrium, the displacement stress relations (strain stress relations) and the appropriate boundary conditions. This principle is next expressed in another form which is more convenient for application. As an illustration, von Karman's equations for the large deflection of thin plate are derived from this principle. In von Karman's equations, one unknown is the deflection and the other unknown is the membrane stress function. Therefore it is impossible to derive von Karman's equations either from the principle of minimum potential energy or from the principle of complementary energy. Finally we consider the equilibrium of a plastic body with small displacement. In the case of the deformation type of stress strain relations, we establish two variational principles, each of which is equivalent to the equations of equilibrium, a certain type of stress strain relations and the appropriate boundary conditions. In these variational principles, u, v, w and their variations are free from any restriction, and σ x ,σ y , σ z ,τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy and their variations satisfy a certain yield condition. In the case of the flow type of stress strain relations, we get two similar variational principles, in which u, v, w and their variations are free from any restriction, σ x ,σ y , σ z , τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy and their variations satisfy a certain yield condition and σ x ,σ y , σ z , τ yz ,τ xz ,τ xy have no variations.

One of the previous papers by Coutts(1) in this series has directed attention to the value of the data obtained from what is now generally referred to as the perforated box experiment devised by the present writer and Raczkowski(3). In a further paper Coutts(2) has described an improved and simplified technique, which gives results that are either identical with the old method (pore space) or else related to them by simple linear expressions (water retention; volume expansion or “swelling”). As Coutts’ procedure is now being followed at Rothamsted, and is likely to be taken up by other workers, it appears desirable to record some hitherto unpublished data bearing on the technique of the method, obtained at Rothamsted some years ago by Prof. Ohga (S.M. Educational Institute, Mukden, Manchuria) and dealing with the effect on the results of the degree of packing to which the soil is subjected. The original method, followed by Coutts in its essential details, is to add the soil in small quantities, tapping the box on the bench after each addition, until the box is nearly full, at which stage the filling is completed in the manner described in the original communication.

1. The use of helicopters for geodetic and topograpical surveys is now receiving greater prominence. In the past helicopters have been employed mainly for positioning ground survey parties, and on occasions for long range barometric surveys and spot photography. The United States Geological Organization has evolved a technique for use of the helicopter as an elevated station to which distances, and horizontal and vertical angles are measured. These observations are reduced to ground level to determine the co-ordinates of ground zero immediately beneath the helicopter. The Australian concept is very similar except that to widen the parameters for operation of this system in Australia and Papua-New Guinea, the optical ‘hoversight’ used to maintain stability of the helicopter above ground zero, is rejected in favour of television componentry which, on preliminary investigation, is considered to provide greater hovering potential. This paper describes briefly the history, current and future developme...

In this paper the variation of both chemical and catalytic activity of Fe 2 O 3 MoO 3 catalyst occurring as a result of high-temperature treatment is investigated. Three variations with temperature are observed. The first occurs at about 350 °C and is characterized by the start of bulk diffusion, increase of the electrical conductance, and formation of high amounts of CO in methanol oxidation. The second occurs at about 450–500 °C and is characterized by the complete oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ and by the decrease of the isomerization power of 1-butene of the catalyst. The third variation occurs at about 600 °C and is characterized by a final decrease of surface area, by a strong decrease of catalytic activity and a variation of the IR spectra in the region of MoO stretching frequency.

The fate of basal nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) enriched with 15N was investigated in the paddy field in 1969 and 1970. The paddy soil was relatively poor in organic matter, fine-textured and poorly drained. Rice plant was transplanted at two different times and was grown with two rates of basal nitrogen addition as previouly reported. The soil ammonium nitrogen derived from the basal fertilizer was more in the plots with the high rate of basal nitrogen than in those with the low rate. It decreased gradually and almost disappeared in every experimental, plot at the end of June. The fact above-mentioned was coincident with the results of a previous paper indicating that the absorption of basal nitrogen was finished in all the experimental plots at the end of June. The quantities of fertilizer nitrogen left in the soil after harvest ranged from 18 to 21 per cent. On the other hand, 22 to 27 per cent of the nitrogen was absorbed by rice plant. Therefore, the recovery of basal nitrogen was less than 50 per cent. According to the frequent determinations of the amounts of nitrogen absorbed by rice plant and soil ammonium nitrogen, it was assumed that ammonium formation in the soil had two maxima during the growing season -one, from the early to middle June and another, from the end of July to early in August.

The present paper presents the results of a study of a number of dissections of the reproductive system of the cherry case bearer, Coleophora pruniella CI. while making observations on the general morphology and biology of this species. The work was done while located at the Peninsular Branch Experiment Station at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin.The Male (Fig. I)The reproductive system of the male is decidedly more simple than that of the female and its essential features agree with those described for other Lepidoptera.

This is the sequel to Urban Issues I, the special issue which was edited by this Department and published in Management Science, Vol. 16, No. 12 (August 1970). Like its predecessor the present collection has been pointed toward delineating new possibilities for management science approaches to urban problems. Also like its predecessor, the present compilation is drawn from a variety of sources which include papers presented at scientific-professional society meetings, papers selected from the normal flow of mss. into this department and papers obtained by special invitation.

This paper investigates the significance of structural theory solutions for structures composed of perfectly plastic materials when the loading is of a highly localized nature. Limit analysis is applied to illustrative problems in order to compare the actual collapse loads with those provided by the structural theory. For strip loading problems it is found that, as the width of the loaded region decreases, the transition from failure predicted by structural theory to failure due to local plastic flow is very abrupt, and the structural theory is accurate even for strip widths which are small compared to the thickness of the structural element. For a circular plate under a central disk of pressure, however, the results obtained indicate that plate theory does not apply when the diameter of the disk is less than the plate thickness.

At the VIII. International Sedimentological Congress held in Heidelberg in 1971, a symposium with the above title was convened; a selection of the papers presented is assembled in this issue. In the introduction the approaches of the following studies are reviewed to show some trends and problems in reef research.

In a survey of virus cross-infection in paediatric wards there were 15 cross-infections due to respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus and 16 due to influenza A, both during a four-month period, and 19 due to parainfluenza viruses over two years. The illnesses produced by these infections acquired in hospital ranged from a slight cold to severe pneumonia: in 17 of the 50 cases the illness involved the lower respiratory tract. A measure of cross-infection frequency in the form of a “cross-infection rate” has been devised, and it is suggested that this can be used to assess the influence of factors such as ward design and admission policy on the frequency of cross-infection.

After labelling in vivo, 14 normal and, as pilot experiments, 4 pathological human thyroids were studied for chemical iodine fractions (PBI, BEI and inorganic iodide) and for the individual iodinated compounds by means of paper and column chromatography. The best results of enzymatic hydrolysis were obtained by the combination of trypsin and pancreatin, which split off 80–95% of the iodine proteins. 16% of the thyroid iodine was found to be present in soluble form, 84% in the thyroglobulin complex and other proteins. Both fractions contained iodide, monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, thyroxine and an unidentified iodine compound of thyronine character, comprising 8.3–12.4%. It could be isolated only by column chromatography, migrated on paper in 2 systems with a Rf of 0.8 together with triiodothyronine and would most probably correspond to 3,3′-diiodothyronine or 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine. The protein bound fraction of thyroid iodine contained more iodotyrosines than the soluble fraction.

While engaged in the development of a sensitive test for mercury vapor, the writer made the observation that if sulfur were melted and then allowed to cool, a surface was formed that at first was very reactive to mercury vapor, as evidenced by the rapid formation of black mercuric sulfide. However, a day or so after preparation, the surface had lost its reactivity entirely, since even exposure to mercury vapor of high concentration at an elevated temperature failed to produce any blackening at all. It appeared as though an active but unstable form of sulfur had been produced when the sulfur was melted, which in short time had changed over into a non-reactive form. This curious behavior of sulfur seemed interesting enough to warrant a separate investigation, and a study was, therefore, made of the activity of various forms of sulfur toward mercury vapor, the details of which will be published in a separate paper. However, before stating the results that were obtained, a brief review of our present knowledge of the various allotropic modifications of sulfur will be included. The most common form of sulfur is the rhombic, or Sα, modification which is stable up to 95° C. At this temperature it changes over into the monoclinic, or Sβ, form, which is stable in the region between 95° C. and the melting point, 114.5° C. When melted, the sulfur forms a pale yellow fluid liquid which, when heated further, goes over into a brownish, very viscous state with a maximum of viscosity at 160°–170° C. Above this temperature the melt becomes more and more fluid and boils at 444.5° C. From the classical work by Smith and co-workers it is known that there are two forms of sulfur in the melt, called Sλ and Sμ, the former of which is soluble in CS2, and on freezing out yields the two crystalline forms of sulfur. The latter is insoluble in CS2, is amorphous, and will, on rapid freezing out, retain the amorphous state which, however, at room temperature gradually is converted into Sα, especially in the presence of crystalline sulfur. The amount of Sμ present in the liquid at the melting point is very small, but increases rapidly with the temperature, especially around 160°–170° C., causing the highly viscous state of sulfur at these temperatures.

By way of introduction to the subject of this paper, I will very briefly describe the physical features of the country drained by the River Calder. We shall thereby gain a clear idea of the present configuration of the Calder valley and better understand how the forces have operated which have produced the grand diversity of hill and valley, of moorlands bleak and wild, of precipitous crag, and steep, wooded slopes, and of the lower lands, rich and fertile, which extend along their base. To know clearly what has been done, is more than half to understand how it has been done.

The effect of stress distribution on fatigue was explained in the previous paper. Here, taking this effect into account, fatigue limits under cyclic tension-compression, cyclic torsion and rotating bending were calculated respectively. The ratio of fatigue limit under torsion to that under bending conforms very closely with experiments. As for the ratio of the limit under tension-compression to that under bending, the calculated value formerly did not conform with experiments in some cases. Now, the effect of stress distribution on fatigue being taken into account, the calculated value conforms with experiment in any case.

AT the anniversary meeting of the Chemical Society held March 31, 1884, the President read an address to the Fellows, which contains a series of remarks upon the prosecution of original research in England requiring some notice, particularly as a separate issue of the address has been circulated by the author. Attention is directed to the fact that we have an increased number of laboratories in Great Britain1 A and greater facilities for the prosecution of research through the aid of the Government grant and the Chemical Society's fund. Notwithstanding this the startling and anomalous fact is to be observed that the number of papers read before the Society is declining year by year.

By one of those coincidences that seem to abound in academic life and are probably not coincidences at all, we have recently found ourselves, quite suddenly, in possession of a very great deal of information about the language barrier and about the information requirements of the social sciences. This is a consequence of two recent publications: the Sheffield report on two years of intensive work on the language barrier in an academic community and Bath University Library's INFROSS report. The former looks at the language barrier from the point of view of all disciplines, including the social sciences; the latter looks at the information requirements and problems of social scientists from a very comprehensive point of view and includes amongst the problems that of the language barrier. The two reports therefore complement one another very well, and in my paper this evening I propose to draw on both of them, in an attempt to look at the language barrier from the social scientist's point of view. I shall normally draw more heavily on the Sheffield report than that of Bath—mainly because it is the one with which I am most familiar—though when I came to look at possible solutions, the Bath findings will certainly carry a good deal of weight, as you will see.

The paper uses a proposition-strategy-consequence analysis as a vehicle for presenting behavioral science findings in a form useful to the designer or administrator of a professional development system.

Chromium in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) exists as one or more anionic complexes of approximate molecular weight 2900. They migrate as a single band on paper electrophoresis and during anion exchange chromatography. The properties of the chromium complex(es) from lucerne are different from those reported for the “glucose tolerance factor” and for other trace elements in plants.

The purpose of this communication is to announce certain results relative to the expansion of a symmetrisable function k ( s , t ) in terms of a complete biorthogonal system of fundamental functions, which belong to k ( s , t ) regarded as the kernel of a linear integral equation. An indication of the method by which the results have been obtained is given, but no attempt is made to supply detailed proofs. Preliminary Explanations . 1. Let k ( s , t ) be a function defined in the square a ≤ s ≤ b , a ≤ t ≤ b . If a function ϒ ( s , t ) can be found which is of positive type in the square a ≤ s ≤ b , a ≤ t ≤ b and such that ∫ a b ϒ ( s , x ) k ( x , t ) dx is a symmetric function of s and t , k ( s , t ) is said to be symmetrisable on the left by ϒ ( s , t ) is the square. Similarly, if a function ϒ' ( s, t ) of positive type can be found such that ∫ a b k ( s , x ) ϒ' ( x , t ) dx is a symmetric function of s and t , k ( s , t ) is said to be symmetrisable on the right by ϒ' ( s , t ).

Please do not think that, after our recent letter in Pediatrics (29:500, 1962), we wish to monopolize the column of Letters to the Editor. However, the paper by Levine and Blumenthal on "Digoxin Dosage in Premature Infants" (29:18, 1962) touched us so heartily that we must write of our experiences. For reasons similar to those of Levine and Blumenthal, we devised in 1961 a series of experiments to test whether the responses of newborns to digitalis and ouabain differ from those of adults.

During the period following the publication of the survey [5] a number of new papers appeared in which connections between the structure of an algebraic system (a group, a semigroup or a topological group) and the lattice of its subsystems (subgroups, subsemigroups, closed subgroups) are studied.In a sense the present article is a continuation of [5], although its style differs somewhat in that it includes fragments of proofs of the most interesting facts.It also considers other lattices similar to the subgroup lattice of a discrete group. Accordingly it contains five sections studying the subgroup lattice of infinite groups (§ 1), the subsemigroup lattice of these groups (§ 2), the subsemigroup lattice of a semigroup (§ 3), the subgroup lattice in groups with various finiteness conditions (§ 4), and finally the lattice of closed subgroups of a topological group (§ 5). All the definitions necessary for an understanding of the new results are given here. Definitions of other concepts that are already known well-enough can be found in [5] or in Kurosh's book [4].The authors have tried to examine all the available relevant literature; this is listed at the end of the article. Titles cited in [5] are repeated here only when they are directly referred to in the text in connection with new results not mentioned in [5].

T HE purpose of this paper is to attempt to show the relationship between environmental stress, physiological change, and human evolution. With this in mind I shall start from two relatively well-established empirical findings on the differences between lower animals and Homo sapiens. 1. Man differs from lower animals in the great variability of his genetically determined mechanisms for governing intraspecific interaction. Stated another way, man differs from lower animals in his enormous reduction of genetically determined innate response mechanisms. In fact, whatever genetically determined mechanisms man has for governing intraspecific relations are so obscured by cultural and idiosyncratic factors that it is at present almost impossible to describe rigorously any stable interpersonal response pattern that is valid for the species. Here, of course, as in all other aspects of his life, man is approached by the higher primates (Riesen 1954; Yerkes and Yerkes 1929). 2. Man differs from lower animals in the enormous increase in the varia

With reference to Herbert S. Denenberg's study on the value of Best's general policyholders' ratings, the author develops models to predict a decline or maintenance in the ratings. He also uses the ratings as events to be predicted by two sets of accounting data-namely, statutory insurance company accounting data and the same data adjusted to historical cost data-thereby providing some empirical evidence concerning the relative merits of alternative accounting procedures. In a study1 published in 1967, Herbert S. Denenberg noted the importance of Best's general policyholders' ratings in serving as surrogates for the degrees of solvency of property-liability insurance companies. Because of the importance attached to those ratings by parties external to the insurance companies and by parties within the companies, it would be useful to be able to predict a decline or maintenance of the ratings. This paper describes the methodology and results of an empirical study which deals with the use of accounting data to make predictions concerning the maintenance or decline of Best's general policyholders' ratings. It also illustrates how the ratings can serve as events of interest, to be predicted in comparing the usefulness of two alternate sets of accounting data-namely, statutory insurance company accounting data and that same data adjusted to conventional accounting data-thereby providing some empirical evidence with respect to the controversy concerning the use of non-conventional accounting procedures by insurance companies. Nature of the Ratings The A. M. Best Co. assigns general policyholders' ratings to propertyliability companies. These ratings consist of six grades: A+, A, B+, B, C+, and C. In Best's Insurance Reports (Property-Liability),2 one can find a description of the principal factors used in determining the ratings: Philip J. Harmelink, Ph.D., is assistant professor of accounting at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He has authored articles appearing in accounting and tax journals. This paper was submitted in July, 1973. 1Herbert S. Denenberg, "Is 'A-Plus' Really a Passing Grade?" The Journal of Risk and Insurance, September, 1967, pp. 371-384. 2A. M. Best Co., Best's Insurance Reports (Property-Liability), vol. 7, Morristown: A. M. Best Co., 1970, xvii-xviii.

O N MARCH 16, 1830, total transactions on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) amounted to 31 shares.' In contrast to this record-low volume, total transactions of 20,410,000 shares on April 10, 1968 represented to that point the highest volume in the history of the NYSE as well as the first 20 million share day. These dates, spanning over thirteen decades, serve to emphasize (1) the growing importance of the New York Stock Exchange as a market for equity securities, and (2) the role of total volume as a popular index of exchange activity and also as a business barometer. The NYSE together with the other organized exchanges have also become focal points for economic inquiry within academia by virtue of their "approximation" to truly competitive markets. Much of the recent controversy concerning the securities markets and the investigation of potential regulations for these markets has centered around the question of just how well do the securities markets exhibit these idealistic conditions of competition. During 1968, a major change occurred in the operating procedures of the New York Stock Exchange and certain of the other exchanges. Because of the rapidly increasing volume of market activity, many of the member finns who provide brokerage and other services-have become engulfed with a growing backlog of paperwork and administrative detail. Beginning in early June 1968, therefore, these exchanges adopted the policy of remaining closed on Wednesdays in order to give member firms an opportunity to reduce this unmanageable backlog. Whether or not the "Wednesday closing" achieved this goal is relatively uninteresting except to those firms directly concerned. Of more interest to the investment community is the question of how Wednesday closings have affected the activity of the securities markets. Such a question provided the motivation for the empirical study presented here. In particular, the purpose of this study was to test empirically certain hypotheses concerning the effect of the Wednesday closings on one of the basic services provided by the securities industry. The hypotheses are developed in Section II and the research design used to test them is explained in Section III along with the basic data which were used. Results of the empirical test are presented in Section IV. The paper concludes in Section V with a discussion of the implications of the Wednesday closings.