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This Bulletin, published irregularly by the Scottish Centre for Social Subjects, discusses aspects of curriculum development in the social sciences at national and local levels in Scotland. The Centre's interest and activity focus on three areas: (1) collecting and disseminating information on curricular developments in the social sciences in Scotland and elsewhere in the United Kingdom; (2) helping the Scottish Central Committee to co-ordinate the activities of local groups and working parties of teachers; (3) issuing teaching and learning materials for trial in schools and collecting and processing results. This issue contains the following seven articles: (1) Cognitive Development and the Social Subjects; (2) Towards a Technology of Education -- the Organisation of Audiovisual Aids in Schools; (3) History and the Non-academic Pupil; (4) Modern Studies: Growth, Consolidation and Challenge; (5) Windows on Geography: Materials for Alternative 0 Grade Geography; (6) The Schools Council Curriculum Project: Geography for the Young School Leaver; and (7) Curriculum Development in an Ontario Secondary School. Short notes from members of the working Parties and professional associations are also included. Articles are solicited. (Author/RM)

This article presents information on the criticism faced by the public schools education curriculum in the 1860s in Great Britain. In general critics found the curriculum of the public schools inadequate in two ways. In the first place it was too narrow. In the second place it was irrelevant to the new industrial society which had established itself. It was inevitable therefore that much of the debate should concern itself with the importance of expanding the curriculum through the development of the Sciences and the so called Modern subjects such as History and Geography. And it was likewise inevitable that considerable attention should be paid to the role of the mother tongue as a necessary field of study within a reformed curriculum. The article further informs that the debate on the mother tongue took place through Commission, through pamphlet, through speech, through editorial, with great vigor over a whole decade. The author comments on the clarity and insistence with which the failure to teach the mother tongue was picked out as a major deficiency of the school curriculum and the obscurity and half-heartedness of any practical proposals to remedy the deficiency.

The article comments on trends in teaching the sociology of development in Great Britain. The way that a subject is taught and the kinds of development which are occurring within it give a strong clue as to the direction of academic thought in that subject. For this reason, a discussion of how the sociology of development is taught in Great Britain tells about more than the mere teaching of an option in some sociology degrees. It also tells something about the state of sociology as a discipline and supplies with some indication of the likely developments in that discipline in the near future. Following the British Sociological Association annual conference in 1972, a survey was carried out with a view to ascertaining exactly what was being taught in that slot in the curriculum called sociology of development, comparative sociology of developing societies, or modernization and development. All the institutions of Great Britain which had been represented at the B.S.A. conference were surveyed by means of a postal questionnaire.

This article presents a study on the strategy for industrial relations research in Great Britain. The aim of the study is to offer a survey on the British industrial relations research and research needs and a new program for the renewal of the Social Science Research Council's Industrial Relations Research Unit. The study emphasizes the importance of institutional factors in a number situations and direct attention to the need for behavioral or political theory of bargaining. The study also attempted to show how the developed principles can be applied to the work of a single industrial relations research organization.

The article presents the author's insights concerning the confluence of psychiatry and demography in Great Britain. He asserts that the relation between psychiatry and demography has become evident in 1938 when the threat of war has suddenly loomed up. The author said that he will treat demography as also covering the converse effects of social change on vital statistics. He also believes that issues involving demography and psychiatry would be raised by psychiatrists, who study groups in different countries, would exchange ideas, and that they would make sensible and acceptable recommendations.

The article discusses social basis of physical planning in Great Britain. The analysis of the geographical structure of society, in town and country, with respect to the character and extent of the existing service and community areas affords a sound and essential basis for the planning of communities in the city, the town, and, the countryside. In Britain the problem of rural depopulation has been there for almost a century, yet there is virtually no work on the analysis of the anatomy of rural community on a geographical basis. This field of research has developed tardily in Britain owing to the lack of clear perception of the main issues involved and of a systematic attack upon them. The future physical planning of town and country must reverse the procedure of the past and seek to base the future settlement upon sound principles of community life. Herein lie the opportunity and the duty of the social sciences to elaborate principles and standards for the future planning of settlement on the land and in the towns, and for the re-organization of the local-government areas based, above all, upon a thorough analysis, district by district, of the existing structure of society in its geographical aspects.

A stage of social science has long been emerging, and is now fairly clear, which reads the rise, decline, and renewal of civilisations afresh, interpreting the chequered story as a drama of successes and failures in the coming together, for co-operant activity, of rustic types with their respective nature-occupations. The substantial and standing obstacle to a project of Coal Conservation is not in the mind of cabinet ministers, but in that of money-hunting marketeers, which is to say, a public reared in the pecuniary culture. Several hundred joint-stock companies are in the business, each with its own share-tokens, or playing-counters, adapted to the game of finance. Each company buys its own coal, burns it at its own generating station, distributes electric current over its own system of conduits and wires. The more numerous the separate companies the less the public economy but the greater the opportunities for financiering operations. The sacred "Way of Holiness" and the secular road of synthesis, if they be not identical, must at least run parallel.

This article presents information related to the status of highways in Great Britain. Just as the position of Great Britain has been of importance in its relation to the continent of Europe, so in the metropolis itself is to be found the key for the better understanding of the social geography of Great Britain. Admirably situated both for protection and also for accessibility on its tidal waterway, London assumes a concentric position as regards the Continent and an eccentric one as regards Great Britain. Just as London is a great receiving center from the continent of Europe, so it is also the great distributing center for Great Britain. From Roman times to the present day, all roads, stone paved, macadam or steel radiate from it. A straight line drawn from Market Harborough to Worcester passes through Rugby and Leamington and seems to indicate the confluence of the three streams of commerce. From this point the zone widens, stretching from Leicester to Bewdley and Nottingham to Shrewsbury.

This article studies the impact of an educational course in personality development on individual students. The article cites an educational experiment which was a Course in Applied Social Studies. It began at the London School of Economics in England in 1954. The author is drawing on the experience of his colleagues as well as on his own, and on the opinions and comments of students, and takes full responsibility for views expressed in this article. The Course in Applied Social Studies is a generic social casework course. It was the first of its kind in Great Britain, financed as an experiment in social work education by the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust. The central purpose of the Course is to educate students in order that they may be able to work effectively as social caseworkers in a variety of social settings. The logical assumption which underlies teaching students together in this way is that the stresses which cause people to need casework help from any social agency are basically similar.

This article focuses on sports sociology in Great Britain. The development of sports sociology in Britain is clearly in its early stages, though the number or researchers and the number of publications is growing. The purpose of this article is to examine the growth of this study area in Britain, and in the process to consider within a framework of sociological enquiry whether the development has centred round sports sociology or the sociology of sport. In resolving this issue it may be necessary to look at those professionally involved in the subject, and ask how career and commitment to the discipline are inter-related on their part. Within general sociological theory in Britain there has been a fairly recent trend from a social systems framework towards a social action paradigm. It can be hypothetised that as an emerging area of study, sports sociology would contain both these frameworks, the systems approach and the interactionist perspective. In attempting to categorise the publications produced in Britain since the mid-sixties, their scope, method and context will be utilized.

The article focuses on the value of prior economics for university students in Great Britain. It compares the performance of a large group of GCE 'A' level students with a control group of students who first began to learn economics as freshmen. Each of our two groups of students counted approximately 300. This meant nearly all those who came to Birmingham University between 1951 and 1964 with experience of GCE economics, and a sample out of a larger population of without which was random, except for matching the numbers for each year of entry and for one particular degree, with a minimal content of economics. Prior study of economics does not significantly raise university scores in the same subject or in other social sciences on average. It is interesting to refer to the more positive conclusion, which seem to follow relatively high and significantly correlations between the grades obtained in school economics and that in the university examination even when other significant variables are held constant.

So many of the economic pamphlets of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were written by merchants and men of affairs that it is both refreshing and interesting to find tracts on economic subjects written by men of science. The Lansdowne Manuscript No. 691, in the British Museum, contains an elaborate economic program prepared for Queen Anne by Dr. Nehemiah Grew. The author was a friend of Sir William Petty, a famous natural scientist and an active member of the Royal Society. The richness of Petty's writings was in a large measure due to the fact that he was not only a man of affairs but a student of natural science. The Royal Society was the spiritual center for scientific discussion during the latter part of the seventeenth century and onward. Not least among its illustrious members was Dr. Nehemiah Grew. Although Grew is well known in the history of science, his contribution to economics is still in manuscript and is little known; it is not even mentioned in the biographical article in the Dictionary of National Biography.

This article presents a study in education in Great Britain. The selection and allocation of students, the nature of the organization of schools, and the use of examinations and tests in evaluation of the educational program have represented traditional areas of educational research. The importance of cultural factors of a psychological and sociological nature in relation to educational progress and attainment has been recognized by a large number of research workers. Thus such interrelated parameters as parental interest and encouragement, home environment, and social class have served as convenient frames of reference.

The article discusses the assessment on the coal industry as depicted on the National Coal Board Annual General Meeting held on April 22, 1964 in Great Britain. The industry's morale, and the public opinion, is at present affected by some uncertainty as to the nature of the decisions to be taken on the future of the coal industry, particularly in defending the wrong wicket. The case for retaining a large industry for many years to come can hardly be based on the social needs of the mining areas; though communities affected by any change must be protected from unemployment or serious upheaval, this is a short-term matter.

The article presents an interview with the director of the British Treasury Centre for Administrative Studies. The discussion includes the volume of visitors since the center opened in October 1963, the background on the courses offered for assistant principals, the courses held at the center, the process of selecting assistant principal and the comparison on the advantage and disadvantage of the French system of training.

The article focuses on the sociological effects of planned living pattern, which is garden living pattern of the United States. Sociology deals with the nature, development, and laws of human society. The sociological aspect of Garden Cities requires to think of them scientifically as a specific type of human society. Breezier Howard, the founder of Garden City concept, of Great Britain was bold enough to see that it was impossible to reconcile fundamental values with the actual conventions of civilization produced by the nineteenth century. A factor in the economic and industrial success of Letchworth, England, which is not an essential part of the programme of Garden Cities, has been a strong bias against alcohol. The early settlers were social reformers of the nineteenth century and many of them had become conscious of the frightful havoc drunkenness was producing at that time in industrial cities.

The article presents news updates from the field of sociology. Raymond E. Bassett, professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire, died on December 5, 1956. Charles Spurgeon Johnson was born in Bristol, Virginia, on July 24, 1893 and died in Louisville, Kentucky, on October 27, 1956. After receiving his bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1918, he pursued graduate studies in sociology under Robert E. Park, Albion W. Small, W.I. Thomas, and later Ellsworth Fans. M.W. Hodges, of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in Great Britain, has been appointed for two years to Great Britain's Scientific Mission in Washington for liaison duties in the field of industrial management and social science research. The Fourth Interamerican Congress of Psychology by the Interarnerican Society of Psychology was held at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, from December 26-30, 1956. Luigi Sturzo Institute is holding a contest and offering a prize for a paper on sociology which the judges consider an effective contribution to this field of study both from the point of view of serious research and maturity of thought.

The article reports about higher technical education and socio-economic development. It discusses social science, development studies and engineering education. Surveys are conducted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to present a factual and quantitative collation of data on social science teaching in schools and other institutions of polytechnic education at university level. It deliberates on social science teaching in higher technical education in Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. It also offers a comprehensive view of development in comparative education in social sciences, innovations in higher technical education in India, and the conditions of curricular innovation. Also, it gives a brief discussion on the technologist as the agent of a new diplomacy in teaching and research.

The article discusses the volunteer bias in test-room groups. A considerable amount of market and social research in Great Britain involves the testing or interrogation of members of the public who come by invitation to some testing center or conference room. The decision to attend or not is, in the final event, up to the people themselves, some of those invited come and others do not, and in this sense those who come are volunteers. The question thus arises as to whether or not the ideas of these volunteers are typical of the whole sample invited. It will be clear from this analysis that some degree of control over volunteer bias in this particular situation is possible. Since the turn up rate in each occupational group is known, the proportion of any occupational subgroup in a sample of volunteers can be varied quite simply by controlling the number of invitations issued to that sub group. Within the subgroups, control can be exercised in a similar way over variables like age and sex.

This article discusses the teaching of social administration in Great Britain. Formal teaching of social administration began in university courses of Great Britain, which were established before the first world war for those who wished to prepare themselves to engage in many forms of social and charitable effort. Since then, professional training for social work has developed inside and outside the universities, and the original certificate courses have become an academic preparation for subsequent training. The growth of these degree courses and the admission to one-year certificate courses of increasing numbers of graduates from other fields, have obliterated many of the original two-year certificates. Some universities have abandoned social science certificates altogether, some have converted them into one-year courses for graduates only, and others still run both types of course or an uneasy combination of the two. Meanwhile the employers of social workers are accepting the need for training and new courses are being set up in technical colleges outside universities.

The article presents the results of an employment survey of sociology and anthropology graduates in Great Britain in 1952 and 1954. In March, 1952, a sub-committee of the British Sociological Association was set up to inquire into the recruitment, training and employment of sociologists. This sub-committee owed its existence to a considerable degree of anxiety amongst certain sections of the B.S.A. membership concerning the employment opportunities for sociology graduates at that time. Towards the end of 1952 the sub-committee sent out questionnaires to 37 higher degree and 161 first degree graduates who had completed their university courses in the summer of that year. In order to overcome the difficulty of satisfactorily defining a degree in sociology, the London B.A. (Sociology) and B.Sc. (Economics) with Sociology as special subject were taken as the basis of the inquiry, and University Departments elsewhere were asked to supply the names and addresses of students who had undertaken courses of study similar to those pursued for the London degrees. The choice of higher degree graduates who had specialized in sociology was left to the discretion of the University Departments concerned. For reasons of convenience social anthropology was included with sociology for this purpose, and many of the higher degree graduates, in particular, were social anthropologists.

The article presents the author's view in response to an article by Colonel Bernard Ungerson on the effectiveness of War Office Selection Board (WOSB) in the British Army. Regarding Bernard's comments on the progress of social science, the author says that the development of techniques of measurement and mathematical proof is a necessary condition. The author says that WOSBs are superior to previous Procedure Boards and are effective in evaluating practical needs of Commanding Officers.

The article focuses on the psychiatric education survey on the undergraduate psychiatric teaching in Great Britain. The survey will measure the amount, content and methods of teaching psychiatry in British medical schools as well as type of staff facilities and the allocation of teaching time. Part of the survey is to know the number of students in the clinical years which totaled 2,271 throughout Britain while there are seven London schools who have no University full-time staff while others have only one to four full-time staff. In addition, in London six schools have no teaching beds in the main teaching hospitals while other 12 London schools use beds in associated general hospitals. Three schools in London do not give pre-clinical teaching on the behavioral sciences.

The article comments on functionalism in social science. It is important for any analysis of the explanatory power of functionalism that the difference between societal survival functionalism and institutional relation functionalism should be appreciated. While the full-scale functionalist model combines them, they are distinct and separable. Some functionalists, however, do not seem to have been aware of this. A well-known account of the relation of functional statements to explanation, that of sociologist Carl Hempel, is relevant to the present consideration of societal survival functionalism. Briefly, Hempel maintains that if a given system can function only given a certain condition, and if that condition can be satisfied only when the system has a given trait, then from the fact that the system functions people can deduce that it has the trait. A further important point is that if the facts of human psychology and behavior on which people rely to explain why social stratification exists are universal or near-universal traits of human nature, then these universal psycho-behavioral facts also explain both why all societies have social stratification systems, and why any particular society has a social stratification system.

The article focuses on the fact that in one sense full-time youth leaders are comparative newcomers to the British social scene. A great deal of thought has gone into the question of the recruitment, selection and training of full-time youth leaders. A research project in these areas has been conducted from the Westhill College of Education. The present paper is concerned only with that part of the research which examined the leaders' social class origins. It was hypothesized that they would come from homes which were lower middle-class, fathers being lower-grade non-manual workers. This estimate was based partly on a supposed parallel with recruits to the teaching profession. There are other features of the life-histories of the leaders which have come to be connected with traditional working-class life. Nearly all the parents concerned finished full-time schooling at the earliest age allowed by law at the time. This applies to forty-five fathers and forty-one mothers. The leaders themselves have fared better, since twenty-one reached grammar school at least. If one may hazard a generalisation about full-time youth leaders on the basis of this one constituency--they come from a working class background where their parents displayed some middle-class attitudes. They themselves have internalized those middle-class values.

The article focuses on the origin, nature and history of the Institute of Sociology or Sociological Society and its dissolution. The Sociological Society began in 1903. It was first a small group of men concerned to work out a social theory which would react on practice. It was an urge to interpenetrate every department of human investigation with the scientific idea. Its programme issued at the first meeting provided a framework for the Society. The various tasks included in the programme were to publish a Journal of Sociology, to hold meetings for lectures and discussions as customary to an efficiently organised learned society, to collect relevant periodicals and books and maintain them for reference in an adequate library, to maintain an interest in sociology in the universities and colleges in this country, to provide a research centre to aid the progress of systematic sociology and to establish and maintain a press for sociological publications. Director and treasurer of the institute Alexander Farquharson's death in 1954 created a state of emergency in Institute affairs. At the Council Meeting held on 7th July 1955, a declaration of solvency was made and at the extraordinary general meeting, which followed, a special resolution was passed to wind up the Institute voluntarily under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1948.

The article comments on the present situation and development in the social sciences in Great Britain. The social sciences in general, and in specifically, had a long pre-history. An intelligent observer in the year 1800 would not have had a word for sociology, and would not have known the phrase social science. Economics, and to a lesser degree politics, were firmly established in the universities before 1939. The importance of politics in the conduct of administration and the making of policy was recognized. The experience of economic depression was productive of a diffuse belief in planning which resulted in a new readiness of mind to accept social research. In 1945 this resulted in a growth of demand for social science education and information. All the social sciences grew steadily in the following years. Partly through the encouragement of UNESCO, national associations came into existence in such fields as politics and sociology. They were no novelty in economics. Social administration as a subject of study advanced with the growth of a welfare state. But the real revolution was to follow, and it still continues.

The article focuses on the role of political parties in Great Britain. The two-party system had been maintained with only one serious break. The revolt of members of cabinet, in the 1980's, over the Irish question, brought the small group called Unionists into the Commons, but it exerted no great influence in the constituencies. The composition of the House of Commons before the general election of 1906 was, on the whole, representative of the two old parties. The author talks about the book "The Trouble Makers," by A.J.P. Taylor, which the author believes is the only work that deals with the formation of the Union of Democratic Control. The Liberals who formed the nucleus of the Union of Democratic Control, and after the First World War joined the Labor Party, had disappeared from the scene by the time Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Politician Arthur Ponsonby accepted a peerage and soon afterwards passed away. By the time Clement Attlee became prime minister in 1945, the old Liberal force, which made such a change in the Labor Party, had vanished.

Medical men in their handling of disease increasingly have recourse to "team-work." Various specialists each make their own diagnosis of the patient, and set out a corresponding course of treatment. It is for sociology (ill-equipped for the task though as yet it may be) to infuse the discussion and treatment of current ills with the quickening spirit of a synthetic science. As a modest contribution to such discussion of the Coal Crisis, the present studies are submitted, though of necessity preliminary and tentative. These studies open with a paper which attempts what may be called a sociological orientation of the Coal Question. Here the coal crisis is viewed as symptom of a deep-seated malady in the body politic. This introductory paper is followed by four others, which sample the manifold contributions to public welfare in general, and the coal question in particular, to be drawn from the physico-chemical sciences, from biology, and from the simpler aspects of social science. The Coal Crisis is but the concentrated expression, and virulent outbreak, of a crisis in Great Britain's national life.

The article presents public opinions survey on attitudes towards recognition of independent Jewish State, Israel in part of Palestine by Great Britain government. Informants were given a choice of five possible answers such as strongly favorable, favorable, undecided, unfavorable, strongly disapprove. The sample consisted of 2000 adults and was picked, on a quota basis, to be representative of the total adult population in Great Britain. The answers showed a bent in favor of recognition, but over 40 per cent of informants said they had not made up their minds on the issue. The distribution of answers to this question are no longer of any particular interest, but after publication decided to reanalyze the material to see, first, if those who opposed recognition and those who favored recognition were also diametrically opposed on other political issues and, secondly, to see if the anti-recognition group had any characteristics which marked them off in a consistent way from the rest of the population.

The article discusses the symposium on science, the affairs of human, and world politics in Great Britain. The conflicts between nations, states, and religiously or ideologically motivated groups have been responsible for much of man's technical and scientific progress and the many scientific progress. Scientists have been often accused with some justice of seeing only the scientific side of the world picture and making light of the traditional forces which form such an important part of the human society as well as of the individual man.

The article presents some notes and pieces of news related to sociology. "The Index Generalis," the first edition of which appeared in November 1919 has been brought up to date for the present year, and in the 1920 edition special chapters have been devoted to all the leading Academies, Collections of Archives, Libraries, Scientific Institutes, Zoological Gardens, Museums, and Observatories. The data baa been compiled at first land, under the direction of scholar M. Z. de Montessus de Ballore, and the result is a unique and valuable directory to the learned institution of the world. The Royal Society of Literature has lately formed an "Entente Committee" to foster intellectual relations between Great Britain and her Allies. The Sub-Committee dealing with relations between Great Britain and the Southern Slaves propose as one of its first practical pieces of work the reconstruction of the libraries of Belgrade and other towns in Serbia. Those who are desirous of making any contribution to the proposed libraries are invited to send as soon as possible lists of what they are prepared to give, stating name of book, author and publisher, and the date of publication.

Presents several social and economic facts. Factor affecting memory span; Training of scientists in China since Communist take-over in 1949; Analysis of consumption pattern through garbage contents in Great Britain.

This article reports that J. Archer of the School of the Social Sciences, Polytechnic of Central London is engaged on an extended study of the Trotskyist movement in Great Britain in 1932 to 1938.

The article presents news items related to "American Sociological Association (ASA)." A conference to discuss cross-national research on community decision-making was held in Milan, Italy, from July 1 to July 3, 1969, organized by the Scuola di Formasione in Sociologia in Milan and the Committee for Comparability in Community Research of the International Sociological Association. The British Sociological Association has instituted a non voting category of overseas associate membership, the chief benefit of which is the receipt of the Association's journal, "Sociology." The Science Information Exchange of the Smithsonian Institute has recently adopted a nominal charge system for its services. At the same time, services which were previously reserved for federal agencies are now being made available to all users of SIE. "Social Science Research Council" will administer several programs in the coming year. Research Training Fellowships will be offered only for supplementary training that is outside the scope of the usual doctoral program in one's major discipline. These fellowships are tenable at a pre or post doctoral stage and preference will be given to innovative proposals by candidates who have demonstrated unusual aptitude for research.

According to the records of the Publishers' Weekly there were published in America during 1916, 9,915 volumes and in Great Britain, 11,799. While reports for other countries are not available for 1916, Germany reported 31,595 and France, 14,943 books published in 1915. An examination of the classification of books in both the United States and Great Britain reveals clearly the large factor of social emphasis. If we exclude fiction and the juveniles, sociology is exceeded in number only by religion. In the United States the number of volumes on religion was 933 and sociology 544, while in Great Britain religion reported 863 with sociology 848. If, however, we include in the list of books having peculiar social emphasis, history, biography, human geography, law, business, education, philosophy, religion, public health, the list will include more than half of the total output of books exclusive of fiction and general literature. Not only has the social emphasis been predominant in so large a number of books, but the public interest has shown a similar trend.

This section presents a list of the contributors to the December 1954 issue of The British Journal of Sociology, includng Hermann Mannheim.

This section features several authors and professors of who contributed their articles and studies on sociology in Great Britain.

The article presents information on the book "Into Work," by Michael Carter. It is a highly readable attempt to analyze the factors affecting the allocation of young workers to jobs in contemporary Great Britain, to relate behavior at work to the adequacy of this procedure and to describe its human consequences. The book is a model of what popular applied sociology should be.

The article presents an introduction to the article "Dissolution of the Institute of Sociology," by Dorothea Farquharson, which focused on the contribution of the Institute of Sociology in helping to establish the study of sociology in Great Britain.