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The article focuses on the Family-centered Project of the Greater St. Paul Community Chest and Council in St. Paul, Minnesota. The story of the project is more than a story about research and treatment of multi-problem families. It is the story of how a community was stimulated and organized to retain its focus for a period of ten years on one project in competition with the regular duties of the day and other important community programs. The story reveals a community's concern about those families in its midst who were so beset by a multiplicity of problems that, despite the best efforts of both voluntary and public social agencies over a period of years, they still required a large share of the total community welfare services. It is also the story of a community's search for some better plan of treatment for these families. The story of the project has been the story of a co-operative enterprise undertaken by all the agencies that had been concerned about these families in an effort to work out together a better plan for treating them.

The article presents a study conducted in 1956 to test the relative efficacy of field trips and slides taken of the same region in teaching earth science in the ninth grade at Central High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The experiment tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the amount of information gained in field trips compared with sections which viewed slides under the supervision of a teacher. Sample questions in the tests are provided. There is a significant gain in knowledge in geology as measured by the tests used in both methods. Experimental evidence indicates a superiority on the part of the field trip.

The article focuses on the study about the achievement in elementary school science in schools in Minnesota. The study aims to measure some of the science learning that was taking place in elementary pupils and try to establish the kinds of teachers and teaching contributed to learning. A preliminary questionnaire dealing with elementary school science teaching facilities and procedures was sent to all 478 superintendents of public graded elementary schools and a science test was administered to the 1,850 fifth grade pupils of the 87 teachers. Statistical techniques are used in analyzing test and questionnaire results. The study shows that the science program is limited and there are differences between the teachings of teachers.

The article presents a study which examined the resemblance of twins in academic achievement in biology and chemistry instruction in Minnesota high schools. To achieve resemblance in achievement in the two subjects, control groups of unrelated pairs of individuals were selected at random from the total groups of biology and chemistry students. The results have shown that intelligence of an individual was independent of the twin pair to which he belonged. However, when the unlike-sex twins were removed, an increase in the interclass correlation emerged. It can be deduced that heredity exerts an influence not only in the realm of intelligence but also in the ability to acquire knowledge of science as measured by the examinations used.

The article focuses on an analysis on the study and teaching of the two secondary school sciences, Biology and Chemistry, in Minnesota high schools, and on the teachers and students of the subjects. The four objectives of science instruction are: reception of factual scientific information, comprehension of scientific principles, comprehension and application of scientific methods, and development of scientific attitudes. All the secondary schools in Minnesota were included in the study. The study proved that Biology and Chemistry teachers were not perfect any way. A lot of preparation, bad teacher-student ratio, insufficient laboratory equipments and time in the laboratory, were the problems that need to be addressed. The science tests that were conducted in those schools served the purpose of testing the pupils appropriately. Comparing the various results, it was found that how much the student learnt in the subject depended on the type of qualifications their teachers held.

The article focuses on labor-management relations in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul in Minnesota. A survey found that some 280,000 workers in the metropolitan area are represented by unions. Union leaders estimate that their organizations represent almost 85 percent of the nonsupervisory labor force. Each city has its own central labor organization. Each central labor body has created its own approach to political action. Collective bargaining is a function of the individual unions rather than the central body. National or system-wide bargaining is the practice in the railroad and airline industries and has been accepted widely in motor-freight negotiations. There are comparatively few unions in the Twin Cities which claim a jurisdiction covering the metropolitan area.

Comparison of pollen diagrams is an important stage in pollen analytical Investigations as it is the basis for the recognition of regional pollen assemblage zones. Three numerical approaches to the problem of comparing stratigraphical sequences are presented. Their use is illustrated by two contrasting sets of data, one from two sites of Late-Wisconsin age in central Minnesota, the other from a transect of sites in north-west Minnesota extending from Late-Wisconsin to present times. The first approach compares pollen zones at the different sites on two numerical criteria, information radius and concordance. The other two approaches compare sequences on a level-by-level basis; the second method by means of non-metric multidimensional scaling and the third by a slotting procedure by which levels at one site are slotted between levels at another site on the basis of similarities in pollen composition. The advantages and disadvantages of the three approaches are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since professor Samuel A. Stouffer's study in 1940, there have been a number of investigations corroborating his findings that there is a relationship between the number of migrants and some measure of the distance migrated. Despite the careful procedure and high quality of the research, it has not moved significantly beyond the framework given it by Stouffer, at least not in the direction of relating his variables to other sociological variables. This article reports an attempt to relate distance of migration to the sociological variable of socio-economic status, thereby tying migration theory into social stratification research. Hypothesis is that higher status persons, seeking the better jobs or "opportunities," must move a greater distance to find them on the average, than do persons whose skills or aspirations direct them to look for less desirable opportunities. Perhaps this means, that large corporations, which control many of the "opportunities" for which people move, are more likely to move their top people than their lower level personnel. Our hypothesis is limited to movement into urban American areas, and our data are limited to migrants into the Minneapolis area.

This article discusses the measurement in sociology. In addition to measurements which might derive from respondents' reports, there is the possibility of measurement which might be derived from an investigator's own observations of verbal or non-verbal behavior of the persons concerned. The Hawthorn studies of role behavior in an electrical plant were able to measure the range in individual output tolerated by members of a small work group which set its own restrictions on production even though members might at least in the short run profit more higher productivity. Such observations often are difficult to make and costly if an observer has to be on the spot more or less! continually for a long time. Moreover, actual behavior as observed may bear little or no relation at times to ideal behavior, which still may have to be ascertained from questioning respondents. Techniques for systematic recording of on-going behavior an themselves a complex of many ideas. Time sampling procedures for observing children in play groups were introduced at Minnesota a generation ago by sociologists and developed further by scholar Dorothy Thomas and associates at Yale.

The article discusses housing attitudes and their relation to tenure and evaluates attitude differences found between owners and renters in a Minneapolis sample. The original research plan called for a purposive sample stratified on the basis of six 1940 characteristics for which census data were available. Respondents were asked to give the family attitude and cases in which a division of opinion between husband and wife were reported as undecided. The greater stability of the sample is reflected in the significantly higher proportion of owners, the lower proportion of families with no young children, and the slightly higher educational level. The thirteen attitude questions included in the schedule may be divided for analysis into three groups concerned respectively with attitudes toward home ownership, respondent's satisfaction with his own housing arrangements, and attitudes toward public policy. Renters were asked about their preference for their home and make monthly payments on the purchase price instead of paying rent. Owners were asked if they can occupy their present home as a renter on a long term lease at reasonable rent.

Conflicts between aged parents and their children cannot be adequately explained by the traits of age or of youth or by the struggle for status between age groups. Specific disputes arise in the early years of each family and tend to persist throughout life. Their character is largely determined by the historical, cultural setting. Such conflicts may be diminished in the future by the disappearance of the rural pioneer mores or by reducing the dependence of the aged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A physician is the crucial factor in the organization and functioning of social institutions for health maintenance. The availability to the population of his skilled services, as well as his counsel and leadership in community organization, are antecedent to the achievement of desirable goals in the matters of health. While hospitals, clinical and other facilities are vitally important, it is needless to point out that they are secondary in importance to the professional personnel which mans them. With the maintenance of the public health assuming such major importance in the present national crisis, some knowledge of general trends in the distribution and characteristics of medical personnel in peace time should be of value. The distribution of physicians is shown to be inversely related to the fertility of the population; that is, the regions with the higher fertility ratios had the fewest doctors in proportion to the population, while the areas with lower fertility had relatively more doctors. The departure of physician from rural areas is undoubtedly related to economic factors. If medical care is to be regarded as of equal social importance to education, social action to make rural service more attractive to the professional personnel seems highly justified.

The experiments in pretesting described in this article have been selected to indicate the range of problems to which the technique has been applied in the preparation of one questionnaire. To those who plan to construct questionnaires, also emphasize the importance of applying the method of pretesting to the problems of increasing the reliability and validity of responses to questionnaires. Pretesting is essentially a trial and error procedure wherein the successful trials are repeated and the errors are avoided when the final questionnaire is sent to the final group. Through the wider use of pretesting, it may even be possible to appease the critics who have so frequently and justly condemned questionnaires of the past. More than six months were spent in the construction of this questionnaire, every page being revised at least five times before it reached final form. Additional experiments have been conducted in the preparation of a later questionnaire sent to all social case workers in Minnesota for the purpose of revising the curriculum in social work at the University of Minnesota. This second questionnaire will yield a higher proportion of returns than the first questionnaire described in this article, judging from the fact that two thirds of the social workers have already replied to this 50-page questionnaire which is still yielding returns.

Research on the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area casts doubt on the assertion that factorial ecology can be used to derive the "community of outlook." Social areas delimited by factorial ecology were not effective in identifying common interests and values as revealed by the composite of printed information sources in sampled households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents one type of approach to modern systematic regional geography. It is concerned with the village of Upsala and its service area which comprise a small rural community in central Minnesota. The study shows that as a result of new perceptions of available material resources and of cultural dispersal or innovation, the Upsala community has passed through sequential occupance eras of Dakota and Chippewa Indian culture, of two phases of American pioneering in the latter part of the 19th century, of acceptance into the mainstream of 20th century rural life, and since about 1948 a modem period. Various techniques are employed to illustrate and to clarify, in part, the many ways in which the community is and has been economically, socially, and politically organized in terms of area. Cultural processes, particularly some involving religion, that have already produced a form of cultural substitution are shown as basic to a real understanding of the Upsala community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the life and works of Charles F. Brooks, geographer in Minnesota. Educational background; Career history; Contributions of Charles F. Brooks in the study of climates.

Discusses the basic concepts in the analysis of small urban centers in Minnesota. Method used for the appraisal of functional characteristics of urban places; Functions of small urban centers; Classifications of small urban centers.

The article presents the procedures of a study that explores the relationship of oral and written language expression in school-age children at four different age levels. The subject of the study were white and English-speaking children with no speech defects who enrolled in the public schools of Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1952. Analysis of stories for frequency and use of subordinate clause was the principal method used. Moreover, the grammar books "Advanced English Grammar" and "The Structure of Modern English" were used as references.

The article discusses the sampling, methods of analysis, and the procedures used in the study on the effect of poliomyelitis to the development of school children. It also cites the two series of tests conducted. Series one includes the Stanford-Binet test, California Personality Test, Hunt-Minnesota Test for Organic Brain Damage, and Bender-Gestalt test. Series two includes Stanford-Binet, California Personality Test, Wechsler-Bellevue Digit-Symbol Test, and Porteus Maze test. The records are obtained from the Kenny Institute and the Minneapolis General Hospital, Minnesota.

Discusses the experience of the University of Minnesota in sending out University debating squads to give public discussions in the various communities of the state. Origin of the so-called extension debates; Problems connected with the debates; Benefits derived by students from participation in popular discussions.

The article examines the movement of wheat-growing in Minnesota from 1850 to 1901. It determines the cause of the westward movement of wheat-growing and the size of the most economical wheat farm. The article suggests that with the price of land high enough it is not dairy-farming as such that crowds out wheat-farming, but rather a more intensive that crowds out a less intensive kind of farming. It also considers whether charges for transportation are of importance in determining which kind of farming is the most profitable.

This article provides data on the validity of the scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to identify alcoholics, in differentiating psychiatric hospital admissions with alcoholic problems from those admissions without alcoholic problems. The sample included all testable patients admitted to a Veterans Administration neuropsychiatric hospital during a six month period. The criteria of problem drinking, against which the psychometric classification was compared. The mean of the alcoholic group was not significantly different from that of the nonalcoholic group on any of the three alcoholism scales. A second comparison between alcoholics and nonalcoholics using more stringent criteria of alcoholism, that is requiring all three indicators to be present, resulted in significant mean differences on two of the three scales.

The article informs that this investigation is concerned with the applicability of the Hunt-Minnesota Test for Organic Brain Damage to children between the ages of ten and sixteen. The test, which was designed for routine clinical use for detecting and giving additional evidence of deterioration in brain injured subjects, however, has been standardized for adults over sixteen years of age. The subjects were two groups of eighteen boys each, ranging in age from 10 to 16 years. The experimental group was composed of fifteen subjects, at Lincoln Hall, an institution for delinquent boys committed by the court because their behavior and personality deviated sufficiently from the normal causing them to become social problems, and three subjects from the Fordham University Child Guidance Clinic whose referral was on the grounds of educational retardation or behavior problems.

This article discusses conversion hysterics and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The sample consists of 63 females who were diagnosed "psychoneurosis, cone version hysteria" and tested with the MMPI since 1943 in the University Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The data were collected from the files of Dr. S.R. Hathaway. All available cases were used; the questionable practice of discarding cases having high L, F, or K scores was not followed. Not one of the 63 cases had been involved in the original validation of the Hy scale. This sample, is a cross-validation sample. Most of the patients on entering the hospital had taken the individual card form; a minority had taken the group form.

The article describes an integrated research effort aimed at obtaining an Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scale for predicting irregular discharges among tuberculosis patients. None of the standard MMPI scales consistently discriminated between regular and irregular disc charge patients. However, an Irregular Discharge Scale, consisting of 57 MMPI items, effectively discriminated discharge groups at two of the hospitals.

The article discusses the usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in various clinical situations, and one has dealt with the problem of test profiles. These reports have yielded favorable conclusions, but others have criticized the inventory method, and personal experience has revealed that many military psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are disinclined to accept the inventory as a useful and valid instrument. The inventory was also found to reveal special aids for differential diagnosis, for the detection of exaggeration and malingering, and for the identification of lesser clinical entities, but was found to be of little value in detecting sexual deviates.

The problem under consideration in the present article deals with the relationship between parent-child interaction patterns and the child's self esteem. The relationship between these variables will be examined in the context of samples drawn from two societies, Saint Paul, Minnesota and San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is hoped that a cross-cultural investigation of the effects of parent child interaction on the child's self esteem will enable one to make a more precise statement about the nature of this relationship. Symbolic interaction theory in sociology offers perhaps the most extensive explanation of the relationship between social factors and the development of the self. The self is defined as a symbolic construct and explained in terms of the reflected appraisals of others. Through evaluational interaction with others, the individual forms an organized pattern of perceptions about his own nature, perceptions of both negative and positive value. It seems reasonable to expect that parents are among the most important significant others for the child and consequently have a substantial influence on the development of the child's self-system. Parents are the first objects of the child's affection. He is dependent on them for the satisfaction of his most basic needs.

The rising incidence of high school dropouts in Minnesota has become a matter of grave concern to parents, educators, and community leaders. This report focuses on the high percentage of these dropouts which occur because of premarital pregnancies and early marriages. The data gathered reveal that administrators of smaller centers of population are more frequently beset by this problem than are their urban counterparts. Findings also show that the handling of premarital pregnancy dropouts is often ineffective because of the defensiveness of some educators, the lack of objectivity among parents, and the confused thinking of the involved students. The following report gives a brief summary of these conditions in Minnesota and discusses proposed measures for combating this serious dropout problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]