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The article reports on the eighteenth biennial congress of the Institut International de Sociologie (IIS), held in Nürnberg, Germany from September 10 to 18, 1958. The congress was attended by 295 participants including 221 from 31 countries. Several hundred papers were discussed during the first four days. After these sessions, the members traveled for five days to see postwar Germany. They viewed the reconstruction of Kassel, East Germany and West and East Berlin. The receiving station at Marienfeld in the West Berlin was also inspected. It is the place where peoples who flee from East Germany are held until their placement in West German industries and occupations. IIS is the oldest sociological organization, founded by René Worms at Paris in 1893. Scientific papers may be written in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German. They are printed in bound volumes for distribution to the members. Membership is elective but national quotas are limited to prevent one country's domination. Eminent sociologist, Professor Hans Freyer, was president of this congress. Professor K. Valentin, general secretary of the U.S., was host this year.

This article presents information of various papers that were discussed in the meetings related to analytical psychology that were held in 1966-67. The German Society for Analytical Psychology organized a conference in Berlin, on February 17-18, 1966. Some of the papers discussed at the conference were "case report on a depressed woman patient" by Hildemarie Streich, "family destinies in the light of the myth of the curse on the house of Atreus" by Gerda Bertram. A conference "Instinct and symbol formation" was organised by the Swiss Society of Analytical Psychology on May 6-7, 1967 at Switzerland. Various papers that discussed at the conference were " Psychological phenomena during menstruation" by Marilyn Nagy, "Animals in dreams" by Mario Jacoby.

In almost all German corporations it is at present customary to check up all accounting statements especially the annual balance sheet and profit and loss statement. This work is done by separate auditors or auditing companies. The law, however, does not as yet require an audit. According to the law at present the Supervisory Council as the controlling agent of the corporation is required to supervise all phases of the business including the examination of the financial statements and annual closing entries in order to report thereon at the general stockholders' meeting. The audit function is, therefore, in accordance with the present German law, included in the general control function of the Supervisory Council. The appointment of separate auditors is according to law necessary only in special cases. The Board of Directors in the cases under Section 266, is to allow the auditors to examine the books and papers of the company and also the cash, securities, and goods as well.

Information on the "Fourth Pugwash Conference" in Baden, Germany on June 25 to July 4, 1959 is presented. The meeting is established for the discussion of problems in disarmament and world security. There were 24 scientists from seven countries who attended the conference. The papers discussed at the meeting are also presented.

Most of the existing studies on the international capital market are based on a segmented market approach. This approach treats the different national capital markets as separated entities, hardly related to each other. For this reason (under the assumption of market segmentation), comparable capital assets may differ in their return on different national markets. Although market segmentation enjoys a surprisingly large following, it is not the only possible interpretation of the international capital market. The alternative hypothesis, i.e., that prices of capital assets in the international capital market behave as if there is one multinational perfect capital market, should be considered. The one market hypothesis has the advantage of being consistent with much of the accepted economic theory. Also the one market hypothesis is unambiguous where market segmentation can stand for any number of specific imperfect market formations. Market segmentation is widely accepted as the only possible structure of the international capital market. Different currency areas, separated political organizations and trade barriers have been given as a priori evidence for the segmentation of the international capital market. This, however, is not necessarily the case. An examination of the behavior of capital asset prices reveals that the price behavior is consistent with the one market hypothesis. It should be noted, however, that a certain body of data can be consistent with both the one market hypothesis and any one of several specific forms of market segmentation. But as the main theme of this study is to show the validity of the one market approach to the multinational equity market, it is sufficient to show that one cannot reject the one market hypothesis with regard to this market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the discipline of the balance of payments in Western Europe. The article's first section attempts to demonstrate that, in most of Western Europe, the normal balance-of-payments discipline operated against chronic external deficits, which was in fact operative only to a limited extent during the first half-dozen years after World War II. The second section of the article focuses on the operation of the discipline against chronic external deficits throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the third section the question of balance-of-payments discipline in situations of chronic external surplus is considered, with a particular focus on Germany.

The article reprints the paper "Die Koordination der Planung im Grossunternehmen," by Horst Albach which appeared in the 1967 issue of the journal "Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik." This paper addresses the issue of the coordination of long-range planning in large German companies. One of the most important instruments of coordination in large companies is the formulation of long-range company objectives and the elaboration of long-range strategies for attaining these objectives. Some German companies have recently begun to state company philosophy and corporate objectives in their annual reports. Others have found it appropriate to counter rising public resentment of big business and spreading anticapitalist doctrines by clearly formulating corporate creeds at shareholders' meetings and press conferences. These companies have then discovered the organizational spillover effect of these formulations addressed to the public at large. The formulation of such long-range company objectives represents a considerable task of coordination.

This article presents translated passages from the Proceedings of the Conference of the German Sociological Society in Frankfurt, Germany on October 21, 1910. Max Weber and several other participants took part in a very sharp debate involving a paper presented by Alfred Ploetz on The Concepts of Race and Society. The translation has been limited to those portions of the conference containing direct exchanges between Ploetz and Weber, and omits the remarks of Ploetz's other critics. In the course of his discussion with Ploetz, Weber refers to his breakfast meeting with W. E. B. Du Bois in Saint Louis in 1904. Weber had been invited to the U.S. to present a paper at the Congress of Arts and Science as a part of the 1904 Universal Exposition in Saint Louis. Du Bois reports that he heard Weber's lecture during his student days in Germany in 1890's. Weber gave further evidence of his strong interest in Du Bois' work on the occasion of the publication in the Archiv of Du Bois' essay. A footnote will be found there in which the editor asks for comment from the readers and indicates his hope that other articles in this vein will presently be appearing. So far, no comments on the article were published in the year following its appearance.

An unexamined problem in the history of American sociology is how to understand cross-societal transference of theoretical structures. The case study considered here is that of the cultural migration of refugee scholars from Nazi Germany to the United States. This paper treats this event as a problem in the sociology of theory structures. Habermas' work on the social character of scientific knowledge aids in conceptualizing our frame- work. A major substantive contribution concerns the use for the first time of data sources previously unknown or ignored in the existent literature on refugee scholars. The analysis focuses particularly on the comparative depletions of theoretical structures from German universities. Sociology emerges as one of the early disciplines to feel the impact of the Third Reich in terms of depletion rates and losses of senior faculty. It also ranks very high in the percentage of refugee scholars already in the United States by 1937. Two other aspects of this problem are considered in less detail: the character of sociology remaining in the Third Reich and the examination of a `deviant' case in the cross-societal transference of theory structure in sociology from Germany to the United States. The paper ends with additional reflections on the study of theory structures and general issues in the history of sociology in the context of examining theory structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main object of this paper is to separate several strands in the relationship between the works of Marx and Max Weber. Max Weber has rightly been regarded as Marx's most profound intellectual critic. But there has been much confusion in subsequent literature over the nature and validity of Weber's critique of Marx. This perhaps stems, in part at least, from a failure to distinguish a number of different, although interrelated, themes in Weber's writings. Weber wrote not simply as a critic of Marx, but also in response to the writings and political involvements of the prominent Marxists of his day. Three partially separable aspects of Weber's views thus may be isolated: (a) His attitude towards Marxism in the shape of the main Marxist political agency in Germany, the Social Democratic Party. (b) His views upon the academic contributions of Marxist authors to history and sociology. (c) His views upon what he considered to be Man's own original ideas. These three aspects of Weber's thought may in turn be distinguished from the analytic problem of how far Weber's own understanding of Marx's theory of historical materialism was in fact a valid one. Some of Marx's posthumously published writings, unavailable to Weber, allow us to form a clear judgement on this question. The historical changes in the social and political structure of Germany from the middle to the latter part of the nineteenth century form an essential background to the whole of the paper: Weber's attitudes toward Marx and Marxism cannot be understood out of this context. Weber's work was written not solely in response to a wraith-like "ghost of Marx", but also in response to a force--Marxism--which played a vital political and intellectual role in Imperial Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the report of the fourth international symposium on the theory of traffic flow, that was held in Karlsruhe, Germany, in June, 1968. The symposium was attended by 154 participants from all over the world. Here, authors present brief comment on each paper discussed in the symposium. The paper entitled "A Study of Driver-Aided Car Following," by R. E. Fenton and W. B. Montano described recent experiments with a car controlled by a control, stick with a finger presenting a built-in kinesthetic tactile aid to the driver. The paper entitled "On Some Theoretical Traffic Problems" by J. Gustavsson, dealt with two topics, the asymptotic average speed of a vehicle on a long journey, and numerical examples illustrating the author's model for overtaking on a two-lane road. "An Analysis of Delays to Vehicle Platoons at Traffic Signals," by R.E. Allops examined the problem of the delay to a traffic platoon at an unsaturated traffic signal, the theoretical result being expressed in terms of the arrival pattern and duration of the platoon and the arrival time of the leading vehicle.

A conference paper about the significant archaeological discoveries and life of Dr. Heinrich Schliemann is presented. It discusses his birth on January 6, 1822 and his early life in the town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany. It details his travels and research in India, China, and Egypt. His research on the ancient city of Troy, Greece is also discussed.

The thesis of this paper is that fourteenth century German mystics administered psychotherapy to fourteenth century German merchants, thereby aiding the efforts of the merchants to rationalize commerce and society. The argument runs that the merchants' emphasis on economic rationalism violated traditional values of the Church and of medieval society in general. Since the Church an d the associated social order were perceived as controlling every man's chances for salvation, the merchants felt anxious and guilty about their rationalist tendencies, and were therefore tempted to dilute them. Another solution, however, was to continue the rationalism but to seek therapy for the anxiety and guilt that it evoked. Mystic-monks were among those who provided such therapy. Analyses and speculations are offered regarding the symbolism that goaded the therapy forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been observed by social scientists and, more intuitively, by those who are concerned with the practical politics of public opinion, that one function of the mass media is to confer recognition on individuals or groups. Public recognition, in turn, when it comes from a "significant other" or an important reference group, may exercise an influence on the opinions and behavior of those who receive it. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that recognition, as expressed through the mass media, played by influencing politically-significant behavior in one crisis situation—the Berlin blockade of 1948-49. Following the end of the Second World War, the city of Berlin in Germany was divided into four sectors, each of which was occupied by one of the four major powers. A full blockade of the land and water routes leading to the sectors occupied by the Western Allies was imposed by the Soviet Union in June 1948. Moscow's objective in doing this was apparently either to force the United States, Great Britain, and France to relinquish their position in Berlin, or else to obtain major concessions from them in West Germany.

Cross-national comparisons represent for the social scientist a combination of challenging opportunities and of tricky methodological pitfalls. The opportunities lie in the chance such comparisons provide of shaking hypotheses free from particular sets of cultural entanglements and for catching strategic variables in new ranges and combinations. The pitfalls lie not only in the problems to be faced in the cross-national translation of variables, but also in the fact that most such comparisons involve the reconciliation of basically non-comparable data, gathered by diverse investigators with diverse methods and for diverse purposes. The present paper deals with a set of data which permit some direct cross-national comparisons of child-rearing practices in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. The data for both samples were collected by the same investigators, employing nearly identical methods and procedures, and the subjects employed in the comparisons have been carefully matched with respect to a number of possibly contaminating demographic variables.

The relationship between societal values and political, particularly democratic development has been of interest to many students of politics. This paper reports data on the values of German society before WW I. An instrument to measure value orientations on the basis of Action Theory is described and its underlying assumptions as well as those pertaining to the use of fiction as a source on values in historical periods are discussed. Findings are reported concerning Prussians and Southerners, two major groups in German society. The data show that Germany was characterized by high value heterogeneity of its population, a factor which contributed to the lack of national democratic development before WW I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of economists George Soule, Harry W. Laidler and Eduard Heimann on researchers Summer H. Slichter's and Kirk Hinrich research papers related to economic instability. Schule argues that socialism is not synonymous with economic isolation. Germany and Italy are today following the policy of autarchy, although they are about as far from socialism as any regime that can be imagined. The Soviet Union, which is socialist, has been compelled by historic necessity to become nearly self-contained, but this is a departure from socialist theory, which remains internationalist. During the depression the government has devoted nearly as much borrowed money to the relief of unemployed capital as it has to the relief of unemployed labor. Laidler argues that the arguments of Slichter against wage cuts as a means to recovery axe far stronger. He agrees with Hinrichs that one should regard stability as a dynamic, not as a static concept. Heimann argues that Slichter made a rather unusual statement in saying that the present system is nearly always on the verge of shrinkage.

Until 1924 Germany was on a paper standard. Reparation payments under London settlement did indeed cause the mark to depredate, to a value finally of one billionth of a dollar, but exports did not exceed imports. In 1924 came the Dawes Plan. It adopted for the first time as a rule of procedure the principle of capacity to pay. It passed no judgment on capacity, and was less concerned with immediate than with ultimate capacity. It sought chiefly to establish the conditions which would develop and test capacity. This was indeed a great advance, it put the problem in a new and hopeful setting. The Dawes Plan set up the necessary condition to test capacity to pay. The gold standard was restored, and protected by transfer clauses conditioning reparation payments upon its maintenance. The budget was to be balanced, and for the first time reparation payments were budgeted. The plan sought to adjust the tax burden by gradual stages to German capacity, and it relied on a preliminary foreign loan to ease the transfer process.

There are two ways of approaching this question of revisions of European debt settlements. One is by an appeal to historical, legal, sentimental, and certain long-run economic considerations, the method that has been followed in the two papers preceding this. The other is to examine the drift of events which may conceivably have much to do with settling the argument. It is possible that the matter may be taken out of our hands, so to speak, and that new adjustments may occur while one is still debating. One will be remembered that in May 1921, claims against Germany were finally set at some 132 milliards of gold marks, including A, B and C bonds, and that attempts were made to collect 5 per cent interest plus 1 per cent sinking fund charges on the A and B bonds or a total of three milliards of marks per year. Against this effort disinterested economists everywhere protested. The Ruhr invasion and the collapse of Germany bear witness to the folly of demanding the impossible. Today the discussion rages around the possibility of collecting only 2.5 milliards per year which is a 6 per cent return on only 41,666,000,000 marks.

The article focuses on the role played by General Hans von Seeckt in the post-war German Reichswehr during the Weimar Republic. It mentions that the General's program of secret rearmament had given considerable power in German politics. The author asserts that the consistent thread followed by General von Seeckt during this turbulent period of German politics was the protection of the Reichswehr and the continuance of secret rearmament regardless of the costs.

This paper is centered on two major theses—The formal social security system is a minor factor in the quest for economic stability, and the utility of a social security system such as that toward which people are tending is dubious unless economic stability is attained. Those who have lived through two world wars scarcely need be reminded of what wars do to economic stability. The victorious nations emerge to face situations which from the standpoint of what ought to be done and how it should be done are more difficult than war itself. Political divisions among the victorious allies and among the people of a single victorious nation are broadened and intensified and lead to bitter controversies. As to the vanquished, many will recall studies of the social security legislation of Germany prior to the first World War and possibly the admiration for the efficiency that country had attained in the administration of government. The example of Germany today does not greatly advance the cause of those who would have the United States follow the policies adopted in Western Europe.

The article focuses on the home-owning farmers and factory workers in the little country towns of Germany. They and their families are around four-fifths of all the German people and how they feel about things is a fact and a factor of importance. The peasant farmers are rich and getting richer every day. No matter who may be poor in Germany the home-owning farmers and factory operatives are rolling in wealth, such wealth as they never before enjoyed in all their lives. They are holders of the fluid capital accumulated in Germany in the long centuries since the Hanse towns began to create such wealth in Central Europe. They are the owners of bank account savings, stocks, bonds, notes, mortgages and other forms of bankable paper. When delay has wrought its deadliest damage, then it will be the owners of farm lands, water powers, mines, quarries and industrial plants, the owners of the producing properties in Germany, who must rebuild German civilization. According to the author, the peasant farmers like all untutored people in every land are opposed to taxes of any sort for any purpose whatsoever, but they will pay taxes to the last mark if only they can see a settled, certain way ahead. But no matter what taxes they pay into a Reparations fund they will pay them with no thought of revolution.

The article focuses on various papers which discuss railway management in Prussia, Germany. From one source and another the administration of the state railways of Prussia has been attacked on various points--as to the mechanical condition of the railways, as to the organization of the working force and the efficiency of the administrative machinery, and, finally, as to the training of the higher officials. The whole discussion seems to have begun with some articles published in the journal "National Zeitung" of Berlin in the summer and autumn of 1891. These articles attacked the state railways for inferiority in mechanical matters, and for a supposedly detrimental predominance, in the general management, of administrators having only a legal training. The general impression left on the outsider is that there have been some engineering and mechanical mistakes in the Prussian administration. But, doubtless, they have been exaggerated; and doubtless it would be difficult to make out any clear connection between them.

The study of mass communications can be divided into three parts: intent analysis, content analysis and effect analysis. This order not only reflects chronology. By placing content analysis in the middle position, it also highlights the contribution of that procedure to the other two, namely, to support inferences about intent on the one hand and effect or response on the other. This paper reports a number of special attempts to discern the intentions of enemy propaganda during World War II by means of rigorous analysis of the manifest content of the communications under control. Among the many other problems in the area of intent analysis is the problem of discovering whether two communications-controlling groups, formally related or not, actually collaborate in their propaganda output; and if so, under what conditions, in what ways, and to what extent. This is the general context of this study. Specifically, the subject of investigation was the nature of collaboration between the German and Italian propaganda ministries in their short-wave radio output beamed to North America just before and after the entry of the United States into the war.

The article focuses on German press after the freedom and refounding of democratic German newspapers, as of December 1, 1944. When German dictator Adolf Hitler took power in 1933, 2,243 of Germany's newspapers were directly connected with political parties. But Nazis could claim only about 100 party newspapers, and, of these, few had a circulation over 10,000. The two Catholic groups with less than half the number of votes, were represented by about six times as many newspapers. The Social Democratic Party, with a little more than half the number of votes, owned outright 148 newspapers and eighteen periodicals. The weakness of the labor press contributed to Hitler's rise in a passive but nevertheless in an important manner. Even under the Emperor and the Weimar Republic, four-fifths of these voters for labor parties subscribed to Nationalist newspapers, because these were cheaper, more sensational, had more news and, above all, appealed to women through more advertisements.