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El artículo presenta noticias que tratan de la economía latinoamericana. Se informa sobre una comisión colombo-ecuatoriana que estudia las posibilidades de integración de las zonas fronterizas de ambos países. Se anuncia que Chile es uno de los grandes exportadores de papel. Se habla de un remanente de 300.000 toneladas de trigo que tiene Uruguay para exportación.

This paper reports the results of a sample survey for the year 1965. From it I obtain estimates of the market value in 1965 of an increment to the schooling of an agricultural worker in Chile. Thus this paper is a contribution, albeit small, to the growing literature on investment in humans in economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the discussion of exchange rate policies centers around the currencies of the United States, Great Britain, France, and other relatively highly developed economies. This is unfortunate. In the more highly developed economies the comparatively high degree of monetary stability which has existed in recent years has pushed into the background some of the fundamental economic relationships among monetary and fiscal policies, exchange rate policies, balance of payments problems, and trade restrictions. It may be that these relationships will show up in better focus in the economic laboratories provided by some of the less developed countries. In the latter countries inflation is likely to be the order of the day, Also, there is likely to be much less concern in any one of these countries over the impact of its alternative international exchange policies on the rest of the world. This paper is a survey of the experiences of the Republic of Chile in these areas from the 1920's through 1962. It attempts to piece together the relationships among exchange rate policies, the balance of payments, and trade restrictions as they became evident over time. More attention is focused on the 1959-62 period than on the pre-1959 period, because of time and space limitations and because more data are available for the former. We look first at the economic and political background against which the survey is set. The basic theoretical framework of the survey is presented next. Third, the pre-1959 experience is considered. Fourth, the 1959-62 period is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on one exercise of this type: a set of tentative estimates of the economic impact of infant malnutrition in Santiago, Chile. The approach is quite exploratory and reflects limitations both of data and of previous economic analysis of malnutrition problems. However, we can (and do) draw on the considerable body of "technological" information that has been gathered by nutritionists on the effects of malnutrition on child development. We accept these results as definite and base our estimates of benefits on them, in much the same way as an economist evaluating a steel mill accepts an engineer's figures on the amounts of iron, limestone, and coke necessary to produce a ton of final output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the design of the stabilization policy, particularly its cost model, which was applied in Chile in 1965, and was then used as the basis for policy in following years. It briefly describes the choice of strategy, develops the analytical model used, sets forth specific policy proposals, and evaluates the results. Emphasis is placed mainly on the relationship between analytical tools and policy making. No attempt is made to discuss thoroughly the theory of inflation or to develop a comprehensive historical explanation of the Chilean inflationary process; both of these subjects have already been widely examined and discussed. The approach to the problem was to build a system of analysis capable of measuring the probable influence of each of the relevant aspects, and of defining the area of sound policy propositions consistent with the probable rate of inflation anticipated from the expected behavior of the system. The procedure followed was (a) to verify the quantitative impact of variations in the price of each input in production costs, and to determine the possibility of improving the deteriorated prices of certain products; (b) to measure the savings gap anticipated from the expenditures-pattern behavior at the price level derived from the costs approach (with an assumed rate of production increase); and (c) to foresee the monetary expansion adequate to finance the probable rate of cost-push inflation and the feasible increase in real output. Even though the last two approaches are, in some sense, two sides of the same coin, they are analyzed separately because different policy variables are used. We thus have a planning approach where the foreseeable minimum rate of growth of prices is measured with a cost model, and demand is adjusted to variation of foreseen prices and production, in order to avoid other effects such as unemployment. This paper describes the cost model and its implications in detail, and the gap and monetary models b... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper is a comparative study of three Pentecostal sects, two in Chile and one in Brazil. Opposing the traditional class system in which they rank low, the Pentecostal sects seek to shape their own structure after an egalitarian model in which all criteria of conventional ranking as practiced by the wider society are rejected. In reality, however, compromise with authoritarian principles seems rather common. Comparison of the three cases shows that the closer a sect comes to the egalitarian model the more its leaders feel the need to validate their authority by seeking supernatural sanctions for their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since popular pressures may be more powerful allocators of government investment funds than social productivity criteria or capital-output ratios in at least some underdeveloped countries, their causes and consequences are of interest to economists and other planners. Recent jacquerie that affected Chile's rural development budget involved a local movement by Araucanian Indians (also called Mapuches) to seek an adequate resource base in Arauco Province. It stemmed largely from the fact that the man-land ratio in the area has been rising regularly without a commensurate increase in agricultural productivity and alternative employment possibilities. The issues central to this grassroots movement and its influence on national policy are analyzed in the four sections of this paper: (1) a summary of how the problems currently faced by the Mapuche developed; (2) a description of the current economic structure of Arauco Province to which the Indian discontent there can be traced; (3) an analysis of a successful joint effort in 1962 to increase the Mapuche resource base in Arauco; and (4) an account of the difficulties confronted by Indian farmers in making going concerns of the new farms they acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to consider how these political and ideological divisions at the national level are reflected among union officials at the local level. Such a question touches on some basic problems in the social psychology of ideologies in a developmental setting: whether individuals from very different socioeconomic backgrounds (e.g., urban vs. rural, upper working vs. lower working class) are differentially susceptible to various ideologies; whether present socioeconomic status and satisfaction with that status are related to accepting different ideologies; whether relations with management and perception of management or views of the purpose and functioning of the union are related to the acceptance of one or another ideology; etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to treat the development of the automobile industry in Chile in terms of how it has responded to government development policies, exchange control, inflation, and monetary policy. It will conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of Chile's experience for Peru, which is today in an earlier stage of promoting a domestic automobile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various issues related to medicine and socialism in Chile. This paper describes and analyzes some of the changes that occurred in the Chilean health system during coalition government Unidad Popular's (UP) period. Since the UP' s attempts to improve medical care took place in the context of the health system that it inherited, the article briefly analyzes the structure and problems of the health reforms of the 1950's and the 1960's, particularly the national health service. Chile's fate was determined largely by the international economic situation. Therefore, it briefly describes some of the imperialist policies of multinational corporations and the United States government that limited the viability of socialist government and socialized health care in Chile. Finally, the article analyzes several implications of the Chilean experience for health care and social change. These implications concern the goal of mass mobilization, state power and persistence of the private sector, violence and the health workers, reactionary versus progressive reformism, and strategies for progressive health work.

The paper analyzes the relationship between the institutional and informal credit markets in rural Chile. The institutional credit market comprises the conventional supplies of loanable funds, e.g., private commercial banks, state financial institutions and government reform agencies and their clients. The informal credit market consists of regionalized transactions of money goods and services among family, friends, shopkeepers, traders, landlords, farm laborers, and money-lenders to facilitate consumption, production, and trade. The analytical framework used spell out the necessary conditions for a two-sector agricultural credit market and provide theoretical footings for two possible types of relationships between these markets. Some propositions are presented for analysis of the Chilean case. The informal and institutional credit markets are differentiated on the supply side by terms of lending and nature of market operation. The number of farm operators seeking credit in the informal credit market exceeds the number seeking credit in the institutional credit market.

This paper presents evidence on the demand for money in Chile for the period 1935 to 1963. Ibis economy has experienced a growth history and a monetary history that are quite different from those of the United States and many other western countries. However, the economic structure appears to be sufficiently similar to those of more developed economies that comparisons may be made between the results of this study and those obtained elsewhere. Chile offers a particularly interesting experiment for the study of monetary phenomena because the variables that are of critical interest—real money balances, real income, and the cost of holding money—have undergone large variation through time and thus provide an excellent set of observations for statistical analysis. The movements of the important variables are summarized in Table I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about books related to money, prices, credit and banking. The book "Banking and Credit. A Textbook for Colleges and Schools of Business Administration," by Davis R. Dewey and Martin J. Shugrue is designed primarily to enable business men to understand their relations with banks and bankers. As the only comprehensive history that has appeared of Chilean money and banking, Guillermo Subercaseaux in his book "El Sistema Monetario i la Organizacion Bancaria de Chile" supplies a real need in economic literature. Of considerable interest to economists of every hue is Subercaseauxs attitude towards the "pure theorist" and his ascription, with some asperity, of the eventual appearance of inconvertible paper in Chile to the undermining of the practical good sense and conservatism of the earlier statesmen by the introduction from Europe. The later portions of the book deal with the attempt to resume the gold standard in 1895 and its breakdown in 1898 and the numerous subsequent monetary laws and proposals for reform.

The people of Chile are suffering from an unsound monetary system, which has for a long time been a disturbing factor in business and has contributed not a little to the establishment of foreign control of the industries of the country. The circumstances make it necessary to offer fellow citizens a treatise on the theory and history of paper money. The first issue of inconvertible money in Chile occurred in 1865, during the war with Spain, and consisted of inconvertible notes of the bank of Chile. The assumption was undertaken after the war, and Chile entered upon a period of bimetallist. By 1878 the failing value of silver had driven gold from circulation. The banking law of Chile which follows the liberal inspiration of whom it was at one time a professor of the University of Chile, fixed the maximum note issue at 150 percent of the paid-up capital of the bank. Taking advantage of the needs of the government in 1878, the bank obtained the privilege of issuing its own notes in payment of public dues; in that same year the law authorized the issue of the note. without convertibility, and provided for forced circulation. This privilege was for one year, but appears to have been continued much longer.

The article discusses rural and urban destinations of migrants and community differentiation in a rural region of Chile. Empirical surveys of rural-urban migration in Latin America have often tended to treat the rural communities of origin as essentially identical. Systematic distinctions among rural communities have not often been made, except perhaps by regions within a nation, in part because most of the important internal migration surveys have been conducted in the capitals or major cities and, consequently, have only the information provided by the immigrants concerning their rural communities of origin. Rural based surveys are necessary to allow one to distinguish among rural communities of origin and to provide information on rural-rural and non-migrants as well as rural-urban migrants. In a paper using data from a survey conducted in various rural communities of less than 2000 population located in a small rural region of Chile, the author found that the most rural category of communities had an age standardized rural-urban outmigralion rate to places of 10,000 population or more that was 57 percent that of the least rural communities.

The article reports on the difficulties associated with the application of industrial management processes in foreign countries. The author focuses on how executives can utilize management practices formulated in the U.S. while working in Chile. It is suggested that business enterprises that operate using management practices developed in the U.S. can be more successful in foreign economies than their local counterparts. Ways in which socioeconomic and environmental factors affect industrial efficiency and organizational effectiveness are discussed. Chilean labor laws and price regulation laws are also mentioned.

The article examines the effects of an uncertain political environment for the business management of private enterprise. It determines that political rather than economic is the best criteria in selecting the top business officials and influences that guide their conduct. Business firms are required that their businessmen will dedicate the major portion of their attention to political activity, for the preservation of its existence, in which the result, is the negligence of the firm's internal organization and management.