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A quantitative study of the course of water absorption by seeds during germination was made (1) to determine whether seeds actually differ in the total amount and rate of water intake; (2) to note the role played by the various parts of the seeds; (3) to determine whether there exist seeds with mesic (intermediate water), hydric (high water), or xeric (low water or desert) germination modifications; and (4) to determine whether there are varietal differences in water absorption by seeds. Many types of seeds have been studied, but, for the purposes of this report, the data are given only for the seeds of various beans studied. The bean seeds used are those of Phaseolus lunatus var. Florida Speckled Butter; Phaseolus coccineus var. Rubronanus; Phaseolus vulgaris var. Pinto or Mexican, and Glycine Max var. Arksoy, #2913. The details concerning the procedure, laboratory conditions, techniques, and handling of bean seeds used were described in an earlier paper (1). Seeds of each variety were sterilized in HgCl2, germinated on wet filter paper in Petri dishes at room temperature, and dissected at four 24-hour intervals of germination into their seed organs; the percentage of water was determined for like organs of each variety and expressed on absolute basis, and the percentage of water absorbed by the entire seed was determined by the same method.

This review is concerned primarily with the nature and origin of the forces bringing about movement of water from soil or other media surrounding roots into the conducting elements of the xylem, and with those internal and external factors which affect the rate of such movement. Absorption of water is not an independent process, but is closely related to other processes included in the domain of plant water relations. The rate of water intake is markedly affected by the rate of transpiration and by the extent and condition of the root systems. It is also affected by such environmental factors as the available moisture content of the soil, soil temperature, soil aeration, and to a lesser extent by the kind and concentration of ions in the soil. Some phases of the work discussed in this review naturally are incomplete and do not permit formulation of definite conclusions concerning certain aspects of the absorption problem. Where the writer has drawn conclusions or made generalizations they seem to be those most justifiable on the basis of the available evidence. It is realized, however, that as knowledge of these processes increases it may be necessary to modify some of the present conclusions. It is impossible to cite all the literature, but most of the papers cited have bibliographies in which the reader can locate other papers dealing with any particular phase of the field.

The present paper is the continuation of a previously published work, (Havre & al., 1960), on the study on conditioned and simple copper deficiency in cattle and sheep in Setesdalen, a valley in the South of Norway. In order to verify molybdenum as a conditioning factor, the fluctuations of the content of molybdenum and copper in the grass during the summer season 1959 have been studied. It was found that the content of both molybdenum and copper increased during the summer and reached its highest values in the first part of August. As stated in the previous paper, the conditioned copper deficiency in Setesdalen was proved to be a disorder occurring on autumnal pasture. From the clinical material collected during the years 1958–60, it may be concluded that the simple copper deficiency in Setesdalen occurs only in the winter season, on stallfeeding. This corresponds fairly well with the fact that the copper content of the herbage has its lowest value about the first of July, the time for grass-mowing in Setesdalen. The seasonal variations of copper and molybdenum were compared with statistics of the precipitation in the investigated areas in the same summer. The content of molybdenum as well as copper in grass was found to be lower in 1959 than in the previous years, probably due to the dry summer in 1959. The molybdenum figures, however, are still above 3 p.p.m. in herbage from areas with conditioned copper deficiency, and the copper figures below 5 p.p.m. in areas with simple copper deficiency. These concentrations were in the first work, in accordance with Cunningham, stated as the “dangerous” limits. In the present work, spectrographs analyses of a series of elements, altogether 18, are carried out on grass samples collected in the summer of 1959. The etiological importance of the various elements is discussed and particular attention is paid to sodium, manganese and sulphur. Sulphur is treated more thoroughly, as the whole herbage material from 1958 has been analysed on total as well as on inorganic sulphur (sulphate), in order to study Dick’s theory on sulphur as a conditioning factor in the syndrome of conditioned copper deficiency. The results of the analyses, however, give no support for sulphur as a conditioning factor in Setesdalen. A hypothetical “copper favouring factor”, possibly vitamin A, is discussed. The clinical observations are discussed in relation to the analytical results. Den foreliggende artikkel er en fortsettelse av et tidligere publisert arbeid om forekomsten av betinget og enkel koppermangel i Setesdalen (Havre & al., 1960). Det naervaerende arbeid har gatt ut pa a verifisere molybdenets virkning som en betingende faktor ved a undersoke svingningene i vegetas jonens innhold av molybden og kopper gjennom sommersesongen 1959. Det ble konstatert at innholdet av bade molybden og kopper steg utover sommeren, og nadde sitt hoydepunkt i forste del av august. Den betingede form for koppermangel i Setesdalen ble i forrige arbeid vist a vaere en beitesykdom pa hostbeite. Det samlede kliniske materiale fra arene 1958–60 har vist at den enkle koppermangel utelukkende forekommer pa inneforing i vinterhalvaret. Dette korresponderer bra med at kopperinnholdet i vegetas jonen viser seg a ha sin laveste verdi ved slattetider omkring 1. juli. Kurvene over molybden- og koppervariasjonene i gras ble ogsa sammenholdt med en nedborsstatistikk for de undersokte omrader samme sommer. Det har vist seg at de fundne verdier i gras for savel molybden som kopper, i denne sesong la lavere enn arene for, hvilket antakelig skyldes den torre sommer i 1959. Verdiene la imidlertid fremdeles over 3 p.p.m. molybden i omrader med betinget koppermangel, og under 5 p.p.m. kopper i omrader med enkel.koppermangel. Disse konsentr as joner ble i forrige arbeid, i overensstemmelse med Cunningham, karakterisert som de „farlige” grenser. I det foreliggende arbeid er ogsa utfort spektrografiske analyser av en serie elementer, tilsammen 18, i gras som ble samlet inn sommeren 1959. Betydningen av de forskjellige elementer i relasjon til forekomst av koppermangel-syndromet er droftet, og oppmerksomheten rettes saerlig mot natrium, mangan og svovel. Svovel er behandlet mer inngaende, idet hele vegetasjonsmaterialet som ble samlet inn sommeren 1958 er analysert pa bade total-svovel og uorganisk svovel (sulfat) ; dette for a forsoke a verifisere Dick’s teori om svovel som en betingende faktor ved den betingete koppermangel. Analyseresultatene gir imidlertid ingen direkte stotte for at svovel virker betingende under de radende forhold i Setesdalen. En hypotetisk „koppervennlig faktor”, muligens vitamin A, er droftet. De kliniske observasjoner er droftet i relation til de analytiske resultater.

EXCESSIVE systemic water intake ("water intoxication") produces cerebral swelling in anesthetized animals 1-3 but little or no cerebral swelling has been reported in two previous studies on unanesthetized animals. 4,5 The present project was undertaken to try to resolve these discrepant results and to determine if hypo-osmolar cerebral edema could be produced in unanesthetized animals. The results demonstrate that in unanesthetized rats intraperitoneal water injection produces chemically evident brain swelling, which is proportional to the amount of water injected but is less in brain than in other organs. This paper presents and discusses the clinical manifestations and chemical responses of the brain to water intoxication and the companion paper presents the microscopic findings. 6 Methods Male adult albino rats weighing 200 to 250 gm were divided into four groups. There was a minimum of 12 animals in each group. Control animals (group C) were injected with 5 units

1. This paper deals with the quantitative influence of temperature on the velocity of moisture intake by certain seeds, chosen for the presence and absence of semipermeable coats. Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr. and commercial and garden peas were used, the latter with coats removed. 2. The curves of water intake were found to be complex, but can be represented by a logarithmic equation or series of equations of the form y=a log10(bx+1)+c. 3. The analysis of the data presented does not support the theory of Brown and Worley that the velocity of intake is an exponential function of the temperature, but the velocity of intake at any given moment in the seeds studied is approximately an inverse exponential function of the amount of water previously absorbed. 4. The mean value of Q10 in Xanthium seeds was in one instance 1 55, in another 1 83, and in split peas of the Small Scotch Yellow variety 1 6. 5. These values do not indicate that absorption is conditioned by some single chemical change like simplificati...

This paper summarizes a study employing a systems approach for analyzing one class of modifications within a poultry processing plant. The modifications considered were changes in water-flow arrangements and process characteristics to reduce water intake of the plant and waste-treatment costs. The object of the study was to develop a technique or techniques by which a combination of proposed modifications could be chosen to minimize water flow through the plant. Existing and proposed flows were represented as a network, and linear programming was used to solve the minimum-flow problem for the network. Application of the technique was made to an existing, typical plant in Durham, N.C. Results of the application showed fresh water intake could be reduced by 45% to 51%, and furthermore that annual returns of 62% to 494% could be obtained on investment in the optimum modification sets, as fresh water costs varying from 10 cents to $1.00 per 1000 gal. Types of modifications of a poultry processing plant are classified by types, and the relative importance and effectiveness of each type are discussed.

As part of the development of a site in northern Quebec for a paper mill and associated townsite, a separate water intake structure and pumping works were required to serve the townsite. A timber crib intake structure was constructed approximately 200 ft. offshore in a lake, founded on very soft to soft clay, of high moisture content and sensitivity.The clay is a late glacial freshwater sediment which has been consolidated by pressures probably not exceeding the existing overburden pressure. Careful sampling and testing of the clay, however, indicated a two-part consolidation curve, with the break occurring at a point about 400 lb./sq. ft. in excess of the in situ overburden pressure. Beyond the break in the oedometer curve the compression index was up to 30 times greater than in the initial portion, being a maximum of 3.0 to 3.5.The crib was founded on a sand and gravel mattress, keyed into the lake bottom, the resulting net stress increase on the clay being slightly within the inferred range of apparent preconsolidation established by laboratory tests. Performance readings on the crib for a period of about a year after construction have substantiated the field existence of an apparent preconsolidation of about the order of magnitude predicted by laboratory tests.

Two intraanimal heart puncture blood samples were taken from rats at intersample intervals of 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 days. In general there were decreases in food and water intake following such blood samples with accompanying declines in the concentration of urinary sodium and potassium ions. A period of one to four days was necessary for preblood sample food and water levels to be reattained. Second blood sample hematocrit data suggest that seven days are required for recovery to the first blood sample level. To insure against the confounding influences of too short an interval between heart puncture blood samples regarding the interpretation of an experimental manipulation it is the recommendation of this paper that a minimum of seven days pass between consecutive blood samples or between a blood sample and the experimental manipulation.

1. An experiment has been described in which pigs were fed rations containing four different levels of cellulose, each ration being fed successively at three different levels of water intake. The cellulose levels were superimposed on a highly digestible basal ration.2. It appears that altering the level of water intake, while keeping the ration constant, has only a very limited effect on the level of faecal dry-matter percentage, and on the pattern of variation therein.3. Further evidence is cited in support of the theories, advanced in a previous paper, relating to the influence of fibrous cellulose on water relationships in the digesta and faeces.

IN A recent communication (Ott, Boucher, and Knandel, 1942) the performance of Single Comb White Leghorns was reported for the first 24 weeks of age on two experiments in which four all-mash rations varying in feeding-cane molasses content were fed in duplicate from 1 day to 72 weeks of age. The present paper is a report of the performance of these fowls during the laying periods in these experiments. Previous investigators have reported various results with laying hens fed rations containing cane molasses. Winter (1929), in a six-month trial starting with 240 Leghorn hens and a year trial starting with 60 Leghorn pullets, reported nearly equal feed intake and egg production, lower mortality, and higher water intake with rations containing 5, 10, or 15 percent molasses than with rations containing no molasses. In one 20-week test starting with 100 Leghorns, Maw (1933) noted nearly equal feed intake and change in . . .

In the course of a study of Indian lotus fruits (2), I had occasion to investigate the rate of water-absorption by the seeds. When the seeds were placed in water at various temperatures, the initial rate of water intake was rapid, this being followed by a decrease, then by an increase and a later decrease. This double maximum in the rate of water-intake appeared in the result of each of sixteen tests. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the experiments which led to these results.

ROUTINE observation shows that chickens normally transfer variable but often considerable quantities of feed to the drinking water, where such feed is generally discarded in the cleaning operation. This paper attempts to quantify such feed wastage under several different combinations of feeding, watering, and bird-handling systems. Included are data on wastage patterns of individual birds in relationship to feed and water intake. PROCEDURE All data in this report are based on one group of 10 W. L. pullets, housed in individual cages (12 in. × 16 in. × 18 in.) of a commercial, multitiered laying battery. At the start of the study the birds were laying between 60–70%. They were alternately exposed to various combinations of management conditions, designed to simulate commercial operations, as follows: 1. Feeding Systems: All mash or all pellet-laying rations, replenished daily either in individual-bird-feeders or multibird-hoppers mounted in front of the cage. The feeding …

20. Chang, S. L. A Discussion of a Paper by H. Liebermann, Parasites in Sewage and the Possibilities of Their Extinction. Advances in Water Pollution Research Proc. Second Internaťl Conf. Tokyo (Aug. 1964), Pergamon Press, London, Vol. II, p. 280. 21. Richardson, N. J.; Hayden-Smith, S. ; BOKKENHENSER, V. ; & KOORNF, H. J. Salmonellae and Shigellae in Bantu Children Consuming Drinking Water of Improved Quality. S. Afr. Med. J., 42:46 (1969). 22. Chang, S. L. Some Epidemiological and Biological Problems in Waterborne Amoebiasis. Symp. on Limnological Aspect of Water Supplies and Waste Disposal. Am. Assoc. Advancement Science, Chicago (1948). 23. Котт, H. & Котт, Y. Detection and Viability of Endamoeba Histolytica in Sewage Effluents. Water and Sewage Works, 114:177 (1967). 24. Belding, D. L. Textbook of Clinical Parasitology. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., New York (1942). 25. Chang, S. L.; Woodward, R. L.; & К abler, P. W. Survey of Nematodes and Amoebas in Municipal Supplies. Jour. AWW A, 52:613 (1960).

Mice and rats were given crystalline corticosterone subcutaneously at 2 days of age, and water intake was measured when the animals were adult. In both species, corticosterone-treated animals consistently drank more water than their littermate controls when at rest in their home cages. In rats, there was no difference in food consumption relative to body weight, and urine volume responded equally well to withdrawal of water. The polydipsia of steroid-treated rats was greatly accentuated when the animals were working for food on a variable-interval schedule (VI 60-sec.) with free access to water. The findings are compatible with other evidence suggesting lasting alterations in the emotional disposition of rodents after hypercorticism in infancy. When mice or rats are given intensive corticosterone treatment during infancy and then allowed to grow to maturity without further manipulation, they show evidence of lasting alterations in certain behavioral patterns, such as exploration of an open field (Howard & Granoff, 1968), performance on various food-reinforced operant schedules (Howard, 1973), and acquisition of 2-way conditioned active avoidance (Olton, Johnson, & Howard, in press). The present paper extends these observations to include drinking behavior and reports the existence of increased water intake in adult mice and rats given an implant of crystalline corticosterone at 2 days of age. Water intake was measured both when the animals were at rest in their home cages and during bar pressing for food with water freely available. The latter condition is of interest in view of the observations of Falk (1961, 1969), who found polydipsia in normal rats bar pressing for food on a variable interval schedule of 60 sec. (VI 60-sec.). The polydipsia induced by operant schedules has been considered to be "psychogenic" be

Contains report of a study made during Oct.-Nov. in Wisconsin where animals captured two months earlier in Alaska, were maintained in captivity. Alaskan ground squirrels, Dawson red-back voles, Alaskan collared lemmings and pikas were fed both fresh and dry food and their water intake, caloric intake and food preferences studied. There was little agreement among the various species in food preference; caloric intake was in general greater per weight unit in small than in large animals. Simple food consumption values are shown to be a fairly reliable measure of metabolic requirements and output in wild animals. The lemmings' catholic taste is noted as a factor favorable for survival in rigorous environment. For other papers from this study see Arctic Bibliography No. 26500-26501.

We have reported that addition of nicotine to the drinking water of pregnant rats resulted in lighter weight offspring and greater variability in liver lipid content than in control rats given distilled water(l). It was noted that the water intake was lower in the case of the pregnant rats drinking nicotine solution. Food intake was not measured, but the weight gain during the pregnancy was comparable to that of controls. To determine whether the fetal changes resulted from nicotine itself or decreased food intake, a different experimental design was sought in order to give nicotine in multiple small doses throughout the pregnancy with minimal disturbance or trauma to the gravid rat and, at the same time, to maintain a normal food intake.After testing several types of feeding and drinking patterns, it was found that nicotinediet mixtures were acceptable to the rats at concentrations that permit comparison with the results of our previously reported experiments. In this paper we present the results of expe...

Many feed consumption records for growing turkeys have been published but none has been found showing the amount of water they consume. During the years 1944 to 1947 the writer conducted experiments wherein water consumption records were kept on four groups of turkeys throughout the entire 26-week growing period and for the first 13 weeks in one additional group. The data reported in this paper was obtained from control groups of broad-breasted bronze turkeys which were used in certain growth experiments. These turkeys, purchased as day-old poults from commercial hatcheries, were housed in pens approximately 10½′×16′ located in 20′×42′ poultry houses. Since no sun porches were available, the turkeys were raised in complete confinement. Experiment 1 was started on July 1, experiments 2 and 3 on April 13 and experiments 4 and 5 on April 17. Commercial turkey feeds were used in experiments 1, 2 and 3. In experiments 4 . . .

In his profound work “Data of geochemistry” Clarke accepts the estimate that of the total of about 337,000,000 cubic miles of water within the hydrosphere of the Earth, 29,347 cubic miles falls as precipitation on the land-area and 6,524 cubic miles returns to the oceans as stream-flow annually [see 1 of references at end of paper]. Thus it appears that less than 0.002 per cent of the Earth's capital of water takes part in the ocean-land-ocean circulation. It is this small fraction of the Earth's store of water that has performed wonders throughout the sedimentary history of the Earth. It has been responsible for Nature's public works in sculpturing continents as they emerged from the oceans time after time throughout the ages.