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2. Human Capital Investment, Schooling, and Earnings; 'The Role of Experience.' Discussion Papers No. 182-73.
- Author
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Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Inst. for Research on Poverty., Hansen, W. Lee, and Weisbrod, Burton A.
- Abstract
While theoretical and empirical research on the economics of human capital is still in its relative youth, a substantial body of work has already accumulated on the variables determining worker earnings and on the importance of schooling as one of those determinants. The present paper focusses attention on one such variable that has received almost no attention in the literature, namely, experience. The concept of experience is explored, its various forms examined, and then a number of operational measures of experience in models of individuals' earnings are applied. The primary objective is to learn more about the quantitative importance of experience as one (or more than one) determinant of earnings. Also investigated is the quantitative importance of schooling as a determinant of earnings. Regression estimates are sensitive to the specification and measurement of experience. A body of data is analyzed to assess both the quantitative importance of the various types of experience and the effect of their inclusion on the estimated co-efficient of schooling. This body of data is drawn from a national sample of 3000 male veterans aged 18-35, who were included in the 1964 Current Population Survey. Data for the 965 men for whom complete information was available on the variables of interest was used. (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1973
3. Exploring the TRQ: Technical Supplement. Paper No. 124.
- Author
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Toronto Board of Education (Ontario). Research Dept. and Wyman, W.C
- Abstract
This paper is an extended series of appendices to the report "Exploring the T.R.Q.: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Teachers' Rating Questionnaire," Report Number 123. It should be most useful to those familiar with multiple regression analysis and factor analysis and wishing a more complex record of the statistical procedures originally employed. This supplement takes a precise look at estimation of reliability coefficients from delayed retest data, indices used in evaluating theoretical distributions and analysis of the correlation matrices of the TRQ questions. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
4. Going Beyond the Mean in Educational Evaluation. Paper No. 5184.
- Author
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Rand Corp., Santa Monica, CA. and Klitgaard, Robert E.
- Abstract
Evaluations in education often throw away important information because of a penchant for averages. Multiple regression techniques are used to estimate the average effect of policies across schools, and usually school performance is represented by the average score of its students on an achievement test. The author suggests some ways of broadening educational evaluations: (1) to consider "outliers," or exceptional performers among schools; and especially, (2) to consider other statistics of a school's distribution of scores besides the mean, which have an intuitive link to ill-defined but still meaningful educational objectives like equality, mobility, success with exceptional children, and attainment of certain minimum levels of skills. Tables reflecting the author's research are included. (Author/SE)
- Published
- 1974
5. Effects of Group Structure on Member Attitudes and Satisfactions in Decision Conferences. Paper No. 448.
- Author
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Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN. Herman C. Krannert Graduate School of Industrial Administration. and Ford, David L.
- Abstract
For many persons, a satisfying group experience involves reaching a desired level of personal participation. The experimental laboratory studies of communication network groups have been the most rigorous attempts at understanding the effects of differential participation. It has been shown that centrality of a subject's position influences: (1) his sense of being a part of the group, (2) the amount of information available to him, and (3) his importance in the process of locomotion and progress toward group goals. These are aspects of member participation. The present study used decision conferences incorporating either centralized or decentralized decision structures to investigate the resulting attitudinal consequences of these conferences for the members relative to their performance, position, and participation in the group decision process. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
6. Poverty and Health: Children's Medical Care. Discussion Papers.
- Author
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Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Inst. for Research on Poverty. and Lefcowitz, Myron J.
- Abstract
Using data obtained from a National Center for Health Statistics Household Health Survey, a model for children's medical care utilization was tested. The variables included in the model were need, physician supply, family preference, and family disposable income. The first question addressed was the income effect on children's visits to physicians. Most of the apparent effect of income on children's visits to the physician can be attributed to the number of children in the family and the education of the male and female heads. The income effect is not completely accounted for, however. It may be that the price of medical care is such that it constrains utilization except at the very highest income levels. The second question was the effect of other parts of the model on children's visits to the physician. The analysis suggested that need--as indicated by the age of the child--and family preferences had the largest effects on children's medical care utilization. This analysis brings into question the direct effect of poverty on health care, an assumption of policies to increase health care for the poor. It suggests that the less frequent utilization of physicians by lower income persons is largely due to their lesser preference for that care. (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1973
7. The Relationship of Professional-Organizational Styles with Selected Variables Associated with the Process of Educational Change.
- Author
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Kester, Ralph J. and Hull, William L.
- Abstract
Four styles of professional-organizational functioning were identified through a factor analysis of questionnaire data. The questionnaire was based on a conceptual framework derived from the literature administered to a cross section of educational practitioners. The four styles were found to be differently related to four constructs and several biographical demographics previously shown as related to the manner in which individuals respond to change. This study implies that individuals attempting to influence the acceptance of change by educational practitioners should consider the mediating influence of the practitioner's behavior as a professional and as an employee of an organization. An extensive list of references is provided. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
8. The Effects of Organizational Integration Into Informational Environments on Adoption of Innovation.
- Author
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Kimberly, John R.
- Abstract
In the context of the rapid technological advance characteristic of post-industrial societies, organizational theorists have paid a great deal of attention to the problem of organizational change. One of the central issues in various analyses of the problem of change in general has been the observation that all organizations do not respond to changes in their environments in the same way. The purpose of this paper is to supplement existing studies of organizational response to change by focusing on the extent of organizational integration into informational environments. The approach used is based on a view of organizations as information processing systems and seeks to understand variability in adoption of innovation in terms of variability in extent of integration into informational environments. The principal hypothesis tested is that the greater the extent of an organization's integration into an informational environment, the more extensive will be its reponse to environmental change, that is, the more likely it will be to adopt innovations. Data from a national sample of hospitals are used to test the hypothesis. The measure of innovation is based on hospital responses regarding the presence or absence of 12 different new developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of respiratory disease. Findings support the principal hypothesis tested. (Author/DN)
- Published
- 1974
9. Predicting Student Achievement in Two-Year Engineering Technology Programs.
- Author
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Hazard, Francis E. and Danner, Charles H.
- Abstract
A need existed to develop a graphic procedure to predict student success in 2-year engineering technology programs, based on ACT scores and high school grades. The study stemmed from the need to help students identify their chances of success, to help students clarify their goals, and to indicate needed institutional responses. Regression analysis determined how well college achievement correlated with a composite of high school grades and ACT scores. Records of 48 students from September 1970 through June 1973 provided the data. The analysis resulted in a coefficient of correlation of r = .85 to provide a fairly high predictive measure. The paper illustrates a reliable means of objectively predicting student success based on ACT scores and high school grades. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
10. Curvilinear Extensions to Johnson-Neyman Regions of Significance and Some Applications to Educational Research.
- Author
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Texas Univ., Austin. Research and Development Center for Teacher Education., Wunderlich, Kenneth W., and Borich, Gary D.
- Abstract
Considerable thought, research, and concern has been expanded in an effort to determine whether the assumption of a quadratic relation between a single predictor and a criterion violated the assumptions which Johnson and Neyman (1936) state for calculating regions of significance about interacting regressions. In particular, there has been special concern for the assumption of linearity. Debate has ranged from whether linearity referred to the functional relation of the criterion and predictor to whether it was in the context of a linear statistical model, if not both. This paper extends the Johnson-Neyman technique to the curvilinear case and then illustrates this extension by reanalyzing data from two previously published research studies which have considered only a linear relationship between a covariable criterion. A computer program is included in the appendix. (Author/RC)
- Published
- 1974
11. Cognitive Mechanisms of Children Exhibiting Learning Disabilities.
- Author
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Brown, Edward K.
- Abstract
Although a lot of data on the psychological characteristics of children having learning disabilities have been gathered, not very much has been done to discover the underlying mechanisms, processes, or phenomenon of learning disability. Without more investigations which attempt to get at these, we will continue to be at a loss to prescribe effective methods for improving the health, education, employment opportunity, and social health of these children. A homomorphic psychometric model has been proposed to show the integrative functions and relationships between and among psychometric measures of learning ability, aptitude, and/or achievement. If the proposed homomorphic psychometric model can be used to demonstrate interrelationships among psychometric measurements as do the cognitive structures of learning theorists and as do neuron during interfacilitation, then a systematic study of the distribution and interrelationships of such measures among high- and low-achieving children might offer insights into means by which each group proceeds to solve educational tasks. In a recent study an attempt was made to discover the differences between the cognitive functions of 109 high-and low-achieving eighth grade students. Six tests of cognitive ability and eight subtests of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were used in the analyses. (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1974
12. Discriminant Analysis.
- Author
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Huberty, Carl J.
- Abstract
Discriminant analysis is reviewed in terms of: (1) formulations, (2) interpretations, (3) uses, (4) issues and problems in applications, (5) recent developments and conceptualizations, and (6) general references and computer programs. Four aspects of a discriminant analysis are considered. They are: (1) separation: determining intergroup significant differences in terms of group centroids, (i.e., mean vectors), (2) discrimination: studying group separation with respect to dimensions and to (discriminator) variable contribution to separation, (3) estimation: obtaining estimates of interpopulation distances (between centroids) and of degree of relationship between the response variables and group membership, and (4) classification: setting up rules of assigning an individual to one of the predetermined exhaustive populations. Attention is given to the formal relationship between multiple regression analysis and two group discriminant analysis, as well as non-normal and incomplete data. Recommendations for reporting discriminant analysis results are given. A substantial list of references pertaining to discrimination and classification is supplied. (Author/RC)
- Published
- 1974
13. Dyadic Aggression: A 'Six-Second' Performance Theory About Children.
- Author
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Patterson, G. R.
- Abstract
This report is an attempt to analyze the aggression which occurs within extended dyadic interchanges of parent and child, husband and wife, or sibling and peers. An argument is made for a "performance" theory of children's noxious behaviors based on the assumption that most children, exposed to modeling and reinforcing contingencies through which they learn the techniques of coercive behaviors, differ with regard to performance rates. It is proposed that it is necessary to search for the immediately impinging stimuli associated with altered probabilities in ongoing noxious behaviors. These stimuli may be found in various dyadic interchanges between the child and other family members. Studies based on across-subjects' daya are reviewed which show networks of controlling stimuli for many noxious behaviors observed in family interactions. A pilot study using an extensive series of intraindividual data for one boy is described. The data replicated the stimulus network findings for noxious behaviors as well as the construction of response classes. The interactions between extended interchanges of response class and maintaining stimuli are described in a probability tree. The latter demonstrated the impact of the environment on the child as well as that of the child on the environment. (CS)
- Published
- 1973
14. The Prediction of Upper Grade Reading Acheivement with Measures of Intelligence, Divergent Thinking, and Self-Concept.
- Author
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Hatcher, Catherine
- Abstract
To answer questions concerning the simple and multivariate relationships of intelligence, divergent thinking, and self-concept with reading achievement, measures of verbal divergent thinking and self-concept were administered to 188 students from an urban, lower middle class, elementary school. Reading achievement and intelligence scores were identified from school records. Flexibility was the divergent thinking variable most highly related with reading. In the multiple regression analysis, flexibility appeared in each of the optimum prediction sets. The relationships of the other verbal divergent thinking variables (fluency and originality) and self-concept were complex and interactional with sex and grade level. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
15. Parent Reaction to Educational Innovation in North Dakota: A Theoretical Perspective and an Empirical Assessment.
- Author
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Patton, Michael Quinn
- Abstract
Parental reaction to open education in North Dakota was studied. The hypotheses predicted that there would be less parental acceptance of and support for the open classroom according to: the greater the classroom openness; the less the parents' cosmopoliteness, the smaller the town population, the older the parents, the lower the informational level about the innovation, the less parental involvement with and experience in open classrooms, the less the degree children are perceived as being happy with school; the less parents perceive their children as progressing in school, and the greater the perceived home discipline problems. Data were based on interviews with 276 parents with children in open classrooms during the 1971-72 school year in 16 communities. Interviews obtained data on the parents' (1) factual knowledge about the classroom, (2) reactions to the classrooms attitudinally; (3) perceptions of how the classroom may have affected their child's home behavior, (4) information about and perceptions of open education and the children, and (5) personal information. Both closed, multiple choice items and short-answer, open-ended questions were used. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis were presented, with preference for more detailed, nonparametric statistical analyses. Findings indicated that the child's perceived progress, town size, child's comparative enthusiasm for school, parent observed classroom, parent classroom participation, and changes in home discipline problems were first on the stepwise process. (Author/NQ)
- Published
- 1974
16. Some Empirical Evidence on the Stability of Discrepancy Measures Based on Observed and Predicted School Means on Achievement Tests.
- Author
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Gastright, Joseph F.
- Abstract
An investigation was undertaken of the intercorrelations among residuals obtained by applying regression techniques under two conditions: (1) mean sixth-grade Metropolitan Achievement Test reading scores predicted by mean second-grade Stanford Achievement Test reading scores, and (2) mean sixth-grade reading scores predicted by mean second-grade reading scores and mobility variables. The predictions were performed on data for 66 elementary schools for three consecutive years. The addition of mobility variables significantly improved the prediction model. Intercorrelations among residuals within year and across models were uniformly high. (.77 to .94). Intercorrelations across years were not improved by the addition of mobility variables (.46 to .51). (Author)
- Published
- 1974
17. Individual Differences as a Crucible in Theory Construction.
- Author
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Underwood, Benton J.
- Abstract
A proposal to formulate nomothetic theories -- general statements or scientific laws -- in a way to allow for an immediate test of individual differences is presented. The need for such a proposal is cited in recent developments in structural model building in the area of memory called information processing and in the concern to bring individual differences into the main stream of theory construction. It is felt that if a process or mechanism can be measured reliably outside of the situation for which it is serving a theoretical purpose, then an immediate test of the validity of the theoretical formulation is included in the theory. A broad perspective of theory construction is described, showing how the individual differences approach fits into this perspective. Three guidelines for a mechanism to mediate the observed empirical relationships between various independent variables and the key phenomenon of interest are outlined and illustrated. Some objections to the individual differences approach are discussed. The approach is defended for making individual differences variables as a fallout from nomothetic theory construction when such theories deal with fundamental processes of behavior. (Author/KSM)
- Published
- 1974
18. Cognitive Style, Achievement Motivation, Intelligence and Level of Moral Development Among Adolescents.
- Author
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Sperry, Len and Choy, Cathy
- Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of reflection-impulsivity, verbal comprehension, and achievement motivation to level of moral development. Reflection-impulsivity is a cognitive style; verbal comprehension a measurement of intelligence. A random sample of 40 boys and 40 girls was selected from the senior classes of two Catholic high schools and a battery of tests was administered to the sample. Results of the analysis showed that the total error measure of reflection-impulsivity and verbal comprehension correlated significantly with the level of moral development. However, only the error measure of reflection-impulsivity was found to be a predictor variable of level of moral development. (Author/ND)
- Published
- 1974
19. A Review and Critical Analysis of Mathematical Models Used for Estimating Enrollments in Educational Systems.
- Author
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North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh. Center for Occupational Education. and Wasik, John L.
- Abstract
This report examines existing mathematical methods that have been utilized to develop educational enrollment estimates and analyzes the applicability of these methods in the community college setting. Models surveyed are based on (1) extrapolation--by either survival cohort or cohort-regression, (2) structural flow, and (3) Markov-type procedures. The paper then presents some of the theoretical and practical problems associated with the formulation and implementation of these models. The final chapter presents a rationale for developing enrollment estimates by institution or curriculum in community colleges. (Author)
- Published
- 1971
20. Linear and Curvilinear Models for Aptitude-Treatment Interactions.
- Author
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Borich, Gary D.
- Abstract
Statistical procedures are presented for determining ordinal and disordinal aptitude-treatment interactions with linear and curvilinear data. The paper presents a method for testing the homogeneity of group regressions for a single aptitude and provides models for expanding this test to linear and curvilinear regression planes. Procedures are presented for constructing appropriate tests of significance and for isolating the specific source of interaction in complex aptitude-treatment interactions for which there are multiple aptitudes. (Author)
- Published
- 1972
21. A Critique of the Report by Irv Garfinkel and Edward M. Gramlich entitled 'A Statistical Analysis of the OEO Experiment in Performance Contracting.'
- Author
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O'Connor, Edward and Klein, Stephen
- Abstract
This paper shows that Garfinkel and Gramlich's conclusion about the average performance of the contractors is not supported by the data. The discussion focuses on three issues: (1) The study was conducted in such a way that performance contracting schools and the comparison schools were generally not comparable in terms of initial achievement, socioeconomic status, and a host of other demographic and social variables that may have influenced the results. Since the contractors were generally assigned to the schools with the lower achieving students, who also had lower S.E.S. and family income, the effect of the noncomparability of the comparison schools was to negatively bias the estimated effect of performance contracting. (2) The statistical adjustments used by Garfinkel and Gramlich were inadequate to offset these biases. (3) The data base was open to a wide variety of potential biases that were not assessed; e.g., the testing conditions (at some schools) were terrible, the tests may have been highly speeded and thus not measuring reading and mathematics ability per se, and there was no control on the control group in that they may have been trying harder to outdo the experimentals. (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1973
22. An Investigation of Sources of Bias in the Prediction of Job Performance. A Six-Year Study.
- Author
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Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. and Crooks, Lois A.
- Abstract
This invitational conference was convened to report the principal findings of a six-year study of possible sources of bias in the prediction of job performance. The research was conducted jointly by Educational Testing Service and the U.S. Civil Service Commission, supported by the Ford Foundation. Data were gathered on test and job performance of ethnic subgroups in three occupations in the Federal Government. The design of the study permitted a detailed analysis of the differential validity of selected aptitude tests for several kinds of performance criteria. Speakers at the conference were asked to respond to a draft of the technical report, to be published in 1973. Following an introduction to the project and a presentation of the major findings, the papers are provided. The titles and authors of the papers are as follows: "Technical Critique" by Anne Anastasi, "Implications for Employers in Government" by Raymond Jacobson, "Implications for Employers in Industry" by Lewis E. Albright, "Implications for Blacks" by Roscoe C. Brown, Jr., "Implications for Spanish Americans" by Edward J. Casavantes, "Implications for Governmental Regulatory Agencies" by Robert M. Guion, and "Implications for Future Research" by S. Rains Wallace. (Author/DB)
- Published
- 1972
23. How Errors of Measurement Affect ANOVA, Regression Analyses, ANCOVA and Factor Analyses.
- Author
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Porter, Andrew C.
- Abstract
In this paper problems caused by the existence of errors of measurement are identified for factor analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. At least one detrimental effect is shown to exist for each type of analysis. When a researcher's interest is with infallible variables, he runs the risk of biased results from all of the procedures except ANOVA. The estimates of parameters in all four procedures suffer from inflated error variance. Some partial solutions are indicated, but clearly more work is needed on several of the problems. Most statistical procedures have been developed for models where variables are assumed to be free from errors of measurement. Since almost all educational research involves use of fallible variables, it is important that the effects of errors of measurement for the various models be understood and that the understanding be reflected in current research practice. (Author/GS)
- Published
- 1971
24. The Use of Predictive Models in Forecasting Student Choice.
- Author
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Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. Inst. for Social Research. and Tuckman, Howard P.
- Abstract
This paper uses ordinary least squares regression to obtain probabilities for the post-graduation choices of high school seniors, and it presents an illustration of the use of these probabilities in calculating future income. Problems raised by the use of the least squares regression are discussed. The benefits of higher education and ways in which they may be used as predictors are considered. The estimates presented are based upon data collected by a questionnaire administered to 2453 public high school seniors in Dade County, Florida. (GS)
- Published
- 1971
25. Fertility Values: Why People Stop Having Children.
- Author
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Terhune, Kenneth W.
- Abstract
This methodological study investigated which fertility values are correlated with the variable of desired family size. Data was gathered from 310 Caucasian Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish women from the Buffalo metropolitan area. The subjects were between the ages of 15 and 44, lived with their husbands, and had either none, one, two, or four children. The survey imstrument employed two main methods of eliciting responses: a series of openended questions and a card sort task which indicated opinions on a pre-established list of potential fertility values. Results presented in data tables and figures show: (1) the fertility values most mentioned by the respondents, (2) most important fertility values from the card sort tasks, (3) fertility values correlating with desired family size, and (4) feeling about various family sizes among respondents desiring two children. The results are discussed in terms of the patterns of the correlations, the importance of personal benefits of husbands and wives in determining family size, the absence of motivators for large families, the relation of reward values to family size, and the religious differences reflected in the correlates of actual desired family size. (SDH)
- Published
- 1973
26. An Econometric Model for Estimating IQ Scores and Environmental Influences on the Pattern of IQ Scores Over Time.
- Author
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American Statistical Association, Washington, DC. and Kadane, Joseph B.
- Abstract
This paper offers a preliminary analysis of the effects of a semi-segregated school system on the IQ's of its students. The basic data consist of IQ scores for fourth, sixth, and eighth grades and associated environmental data obtained from their school records. A statistical model is developed to analyze longitudinal data when both process error and measurement error must be accounted for. IQ tests are used in this paper as convenient measures of a certain kind of performance thought to be important for success in schools and certain kinds of jobs. Most of the environmental variables included in the model can be construed to measure the nature or degree of contact with mainstream culture. The data were collected in the summer of 1971 from the cumulative school records of all students who had just finished the ninth grade in the Pittsburgh public school system. The time period examined is nine years between 1962 and 1970, during which time a proportion of the group passed from kindergarten to eighth grade in the Pittsburgh system. IQ tests were administered during this period to children in kindergarten, fourth, sixth, and eighth grades. The tests administered were the Detroit (kindergarten), Kuhlmann-Anderson (fourth grade), Otis Beta FM (sixth grade), and Otis Lennon (eighth grade). (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1973
27. Social Class, School Bureaucratization and Educational Aspirations.
- Author
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Anderson, Barry D. and Tissier, Ronald M.
- Abstract
A need to provide more data about the impact of schools on children in terms of manipulable variables prompted an examination of the relationship between school organization and student aspirations for further education. A causal model is examined which would enable investigation of the mechanism by which school contexts could alter aspiration. Data was collected from 17 tenth grade classes in Ontario. Variables measured by questionnaires are summarized for success, social class, type of program, aspiration for further education, bureaucratization, and alienation. A series of regression models ascertained the effect of schools and school bureaucratization on student aspiration levels. A causal model arrived at through path analysis showed the direction of causal influence felt to operate, reduce or raise the aspiration levels of students. Tentative conclusions state that the impact of differences between schools on educational aspirations is very small once the influence of individual characteristics have been partialled out. Path analysis was felt to offer a useful means of getting at the effect of school variables. The conclusion suggests research in the area of the effects of school environments by studying patterns of interaction between variables. Tables and references are included. (Author/KSM)
- Published
- 1972
28. Techniques for the Analysis of Social Mobility.
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France). and Keyfitz, Nathan
- Abstract
This survey of the literature on methods of analysis to measure equality of educational opportunity and social mobility emphasizes methods of analysis rather than substantive results. It also sketches some potentially important work using transition matrices and vacancy chains. Much is also done with two-way tables, sometimes summarized into two categories (nonmanual and manual) in each generation. Most of what is known about mobility is due to the combined scaling and multiple regression approach. Implicit in this approach is the view that variation among individuals in occupational level depends on ascribed and achieved characteristics, and that regression can break down the variance between characteristics that may be classified as ascribed and those classifiable as achieved. Rather than regression of all of the measurable causal characteristics simultaneously, the most effective work seems to use path coefficients in which some characteristics influence other through intermediate characteristics. Two problems are discussed in the summary section; that of how unmeasured characteristics such as having an honest appearance, or being motivated to material success are distributed, and also how to apportion the measured characteristics to the categories of ascribed and achieved. (Author/AM)
- Published
- 1974
29. The Prediction of Individual Mobility Plans.
- Author
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Jacobs, Keith W. and Koeppel, John C.
- Abstract
A relatively new area of psychological investigation is the identification of biographical and psychological variables which contribute to an individual's decision to move from or to stay in a geographical area. This study is an attempt to utilize biographical and psychological data on 50 college students in a multiple linear regression to predict a newly defined Mobility Index, which was derived from having subjects place themselves into groups according to mobility plans. Using the multiple linear regression (MLR) model, significantly better than chance prediction of Mobility Index was obtained from six biographical items, from three psychological scales, and from a combination of the psychological and biographical items. The variables investigated and the results obtained are summarized in tabular form. Using a hold-out cross validation sample (N=10), a cross validation R=.63 (RSQ=.40) was obtained. (Author)
- Published
- 1973
30. The Development and Demonstration of Multiple Regression Models for Operant Conditioning Questions.
- Author
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Fanning, Fr and Newman, Isadore
- Abstract
Based on the assumption that inferential statistics can make the operant conditioner more sensitive to possible significant relationships, regressions models were developed to test the statistical significance between slopes and Y intercepts of the experimental and control group subjects. These results were then compared to the traditional operant conditioning eyeball technique analysis. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
31. Effects of School on Learning: The IEA Findings.
- Author
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Coleman, James S.
- Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of school on learning as exhibited in this research. In all three studies, there were regressional analyses carried out in which the total variation to be accounted for was that between school averages, and regression analyses in which the total variation to be accounted for was the full variation between individual students. In examining overall effects of school variables, the between-student analysis should be used even though it includes a lot of variance due to individual differences within schools. It appears better to recognize that school variables can account only for that fraction of the total variance that lies between schools, and to use the between-student analysis for the study of effects of school variables. In the use of the between-student analysis, six countries are focused on which engaged in testing in literature, reading, and science: Chile, England, Finland, Italy, Sweden, and the United States. In addition, the analysis is confined to the 10 and 14 year-olds. Several general results are useful to state. For all three subjects, the total effect of home background is considerably greater than the total direct effect of school variables. Comparisons between ages 10 and 14 show a slightly higher total direct effect of schools at age 14 than at age 10 but a smaller proportion of it independent of home background. The data show fairly conclusively that reading achievement is more fully an outgrowth of home influences than are either of the two subjects, less a function of what takes place at school. (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1973
32. Regression Computer Programs for Setwise Regression and Three Related Analysis of Variance Techniques.
- Author
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Williams, John D. and Lindem, Alfred C.
- Abstract
Four computer programs using the general purpose multiple linear regression program have been developed. Setwise regression analysis is a stepwise procedure for sets of variables; there will be as many steps as there are sets. Covarmlt allows a solution to the analysis of covariance design with multiple covariates. A third program has three solutions to the two-way disproportionate analysis of variance: (a) the method of fitting constants, (b) the hierarchical model and (c) the unadjusted main effects solution. The fourth program yields three solutions to the two-way analysis of covariance, with or without proportionality, and with multiple covariates. The three solutions are similar to those described for a two-way analysis of variance with disproportionate cell frequencies. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
33. Basic Processes in Simple Problem Solving. Final Report.
- Author
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Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA. Dept. of Psychology. and Groen, Guy J.
- Abstract
This paper presents the results of three experiments studying routine problem-solving tasks in simple addition and subtraction. Indications are that children tend to solve such problems by internalized counting procedures which may be learned independently as a consequence of practice in problem solving. Brief descriptions of exploratory studies concerning word problems and sequential rules are also included. (LS)
- Published
- 1974
34. Prediction of Gymnastic Performance from Arousal and Anxiety Measures.
- Author
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Basler, Marilyn L.
- Abstract
This study predicts gymnastic performance, arousal, and anxiety measures from past performances. Pulse rate and the Palmar Sweat Index were utilized as indicants of arousal. Anxiety was assessed by means of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Eighteen members of the Ithaca College women's varsity gymnastic team were tested throughout the 1973-74 competitive season. Regression analysis revealed that past performance loaded most heavily in the prediction equation. Arousal and anxiety measures were of relative unimportance in the regression equation. Any attempt to predict gymnastic performance without taking into account past performance would be folly. (Author)
- Published
- 1974
35. Adjusting for Differences Among School Districts in the Costs of Educational Inputs. A Feasibility Report.
- Author
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Brazer, Harvey E. and Anderson, Ann P.
- Abstract
To the extent that costs do vary among school districts, neither an equal dollar distribution of funds nor an equal-yield per unit of tax effort can achieve equality of educational inputs or the capacity to acquire them. This document addresses problems relating to the development of guidelines to achieve equality in educational inputs, or resources, through provision for adjustments in State disbursements to school districts designed to take into account differences in input prices or costs. It develops a "pilot" adjustment index that measures the influence on teachers' salaries of factors that affect both the demand for teachers and their supply. The index is designed in such a fashion that, when applied to the initial amount of dollars available, the product of the index and that initial amount will be a sum sufficient to permit all districts to acquire the same quantity of teacher inputs. The approach, in effect, neutralizes differences in demand among districts and compensates for differences in supply conditions facing districts. The authors conclude that the methodology suggested in this paper is capable of providing appropriate guidelines for adjusting dollars per pupil so as to compensate for price differences in teacher salaries. (Author/DN)
- Published
- 1974
36. The Use of Contrast Coding to Simplify ANOVA and ANCOVA Procedures in Multiple Linear Regression.
- Author
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Lewis, Ernest L. and Mouw, John T.
- Abstract
This paper discusses the use of contrast coefficients in multiple linear regression models, and shows how they can provide for a logical method of analysis in both the analysis of variance and the analysis of covariance. (CK)
- Published
- 1972
37. The Relationship of Selected Variables to Counselor Performance.
- Author
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Donnangelo, Frank P.
- Abstract
A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed in order to explore the possibility of predicting the quality of a counselor's performance from the values of five predictor variables. The opportunity to make such predictions could prove useful to Deans of Students in making decisions concerning personnel deployment, in-service training, reappointment, tenure, and promotion. (Author)
- Published
- 1973
38. An Investigation of Cognitive Abilities, State Anxiety and Performance in a CAI Task under Conditions of No Feedback, Feedback and Learner Control.
- Author
-
Hansen, Joe B.
- Abstract
The major objectives of this study were: to determine whether information feedback provided during a difficult task would reduce State-Anxiety (A-State) and whether learner control of feedback would lead to further reductions in A-State. Another objective was to attempt to bridge cognitive and affective domains by examining relationships of the task variables of feedback and learner control by examining the relationships of the task variables of feedback and learner control with anxiety and cognitive abilities, specifically reasoning ability (R) and associative memory (Ma). Three objective-related hypotheses were investigated. Prior to taking the CAI course, each subject received a battery of five tests administered to small groups. The course contained a series of eight sets of three examples and three test items, illustrating eight consecutive rules comprising the task. A varimax factor analysis conducted on the ability scores produced two factors, R and Ma. A second analysis of variance, multiple linear regression analysis, a two covariable analysis of covariance, and a single covariable analysis were also performed. It was found that real reductions in A-State can be obtained through increased use of feedback. While feedback generally seems to reduce A-State, high A-State appears to interfere with the learner's capacity to utilize the feedback information effectively in performing the task requirements. Learner control seems to offer definite advantages both in terms of anxiety reduction and performance. (CK)
- Published
- 1972
39. Measurement Error and the Analysis of Panel Data. Studies of Educative Processes Report No. 5.
- Author
-
Wiley, David E. and Hornik, Robert
- Abstract
Early procedures for the analysis of multivariate panel data do not rest on well-specified statistical models. Recent approaches based on path analysis suffer from the defects of variable standardization and lack of attention to measurement error. The paper formulates a measurement model for quantitatively scaled multivariate panel data. The model is applied to a data set indexing two constructs measured at three time points. Multiple measurement of each construct in conjunction with the measurement model allows estimation of a true variance-covariance matrix. Analysis of this matrix produces substantially different interpretations of variable influence than similar analyses of the original data. (Author)
- Published
- 1973
40. A Study of the Use of Multiple Regression with Dummy Variables to Identify Instructor Contribution to Student Achievement.
- Author
-
Greenberg, Barry and Mejias, Ricardo
- Abstract
This study utilized linear multiple regression analysis with dummy variables to isolate one component of an educational accountability system, the contribution of the individual teacher to student achievement. Independent variables consisted of measures of each student's past academic record, the size of the class and a dummy variable to represent the student's instructor. The dependent variable was scores on a Social Science departmental final examination. Results revealed the effectiveness of this approach in isolating and rank ordering each instructor's contribution to student achievement. Obtained regression coefficients for instructors paralleled department chairman perceptions of their contribution. The discussion considered the possibility of this method for faculty evaluation and included some recommendations for those contemplating its use. (Author)
- Published
- 1972
41. 1971 AERA Conference Summaries: III. Educational Statistics.
- Author
-
ERIC Clearinghouse on Tests, Measurement, and Evaluation, Princeton, NJ. and Penfield, Douglas A.
- Abstract
Thirty-four papers on educational statistics which were presented at the 1971 AERA Conference are summarized. Six major interest areas are covered: (a) general information; (b) non-parametric methods; (c) errors of measurement and correlation techniques; (d) regression theory; (e) univariate and multivariate analysis; (f) factor analysis. (MS)
- Published
- 1972
42. A Re-analysis of Published Differential Validity Studies.
- Author
-
Ruch, William W.
- Abstract
A survey of recent literature was undertaken to locate validity studies of paper-and-pencil tests which met the following criteria: (1) Studies were conducted in a business or industrial (i.e. non-education, non-military) setting; (2) Separate statistics were available for blacks and whites; (3) Race was not confounded with some outside variable which would preclude meaningful interpretation; (4) Necessary data were reported to enable a test of homogeneity of regression between racial groups. For each of 20 studies which met these criteria, a homogeneity of regression analysis was conducted on each predictor-criterion pair to determine if there were significant differences between blacks and whites in standard errors, slopes, or intercepts of the regression lines. The number of significant differences in standard errors and in slopes was less than would be expected by chance, indicating that tests do not have differential validity between white and black groups. For intercepts, significant differences in excess of chance were obtained. The direction of the differences was such that job performance of blacks was overestimated by tests. (Author)
- Published
- 1972
43. Racial and Regional Inequalities in School Resources Relative to Their Educational Outcomes.
- Author
-
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD. Center for the Study of Social Organization of Schools., McPartland, James M., and Sprehe, J. Timothy
- Abstract
This paper uses the data from the 1966 Educational Opportunities Survey (EOS) to investigate regional and racial inequalities in education by applying a definition of inequalities that incorporates both school inputs and educational outcomes. Inequalities in school inputs are weighted by their importance for educational outputs, in order to empirically assess the extent and source of inequalities experienced by different racial and regional groups. A particular racial or regional group is said to experience inequalities relative to another group if its educational achievement is shown to change significantly when its own school inputs are replaced by the school inputs of the other group, while retaining its own family resources. Multiple regression techniques are used to obtain estimates of predicted average achievement for a racial or regional subgroup when they are assigned the average school resources from another group. The difference between the observed mean achievement and the predicted average achievement indicates the degree and direction of the inequality. (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1972
44. Predictors of Supervisor Teacher Conference Interaction.
- Author
-
Darr, Alice Dozier
- Abstract
The purposes of this study were (1) to provide an objective description of the supervisor-teacher conference behavior in a micro-teaching situation, (2) to determine the combinations of teacher and supervisor characteristics that predict conference behavior and conference effectiveness, and (3) to determine the supervisor characteristics that predict supervisors who change their behavior toward a more indirect and supportive conference. Test results, along with conference data and personal data, were used as supervisor and teacher variables for the statistical analysis. Through the use of the multiple regression technique, full and restricted models were tested to determine significant predictor sets. (Author)
- Published
- 1973
45. An Empirical Comparison of the Accuracy of Selected Multivariate Classification Rules.
- Author
-
Huberty, Carl J. and Blommers, Paul J.
- Abstract
This study involved two phases: first when classification was based on the calibration sample, and second in a cross-validation setting. Computer-generated data were used. Results obtained from rules based on probabilities of group membership were compared for accuracy when classifying in the discriminant space and in the predictor variable spaces. In the first phase accuracy was greater in the predictor variable spaces, while the reverse was true in the second phase. In general, rules based on probabilities of group membership were approximately equally accurate, and more accurate than a rule related to a multiple regression analysis. Other findings are also discussed. (Author)
- Published
- 1973
46. Prediction of Procrastination in a Self-Pacing Instructional System.
- Author
-
Ely, Donald D. and Hampton, John D.
- Abstract
The objective of the study was to predict potential procrastinators in a self-pacing instructional system. Seventy-five entering college freshmen were randomly selected to participate in a large scale individually-paced program. Those students (25) who procrastinated were classified as "no-start-procrastinators" (NSP); the remainder (52) were classified as "satisfactory progressists" (SP). This binary variable (NSP vs. SP) was regressed via step-wise multiple regression on the following predictors: ACT scales, Nelson-Denny scales, SSHA scales, Cooperative Algebra Test, Cooperative Trigonometry Test, high school percentile rank and "under-over" achievement. The multiple regression yielded a multiple correlation of .58. (Author)
- Published
- 1973
47. The Acceptability of Regression Solutions: Another Look at Computational Accuracy.
- Author
-
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. and Beaton, Albert E.
- Abstract
Longley proposed a set of data for use in testing regression programs. This paper shows that the numerically accurate solution is likely to be an unreasonable estimate of the regression coefficients for this problem. This is true because the accuracy of the data and appropriateness of the model may affect the solution more than the computational method. An easily computed index is derived that can be used to indicate such computational instability. The basic conclusion is that a concern about highly accurate computational methods must be tempered with a concern for whether the data are accurate enough to make the results of such computation meaningful. (Author)
- Published
- 1972
48. Contributions of Selected Perinatal Variables to Seven-Year Psychological and Achievement Test Scores.
- Author
-
Henderson, N. B.
- Abstract
Perinatal variables were used to predict 7-year outcome for 538 children, 32% Negro and 68% white. Mother's age, birthplace, education, occupation, marital status, neuropsychiatric status, family income, number supported, birth weight, one- and five-minute Apgar scores were regressed on 7-year Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ, Bender, Wide Range Reading, Arithmetic and Spelling, ITPA Auditory Vocal Association, and Draw-A-Man or -Woman test scores. Regressions were calculated for each race, sex, and total group. With all groups combined, perinatal variables correlated significantly with all 7-year tests except Draw-A-Man, -Woman. Although not all 7-year test scores were predicted significantly for the total group, nor was any test predicted for all subgroups, the Bender test was significantly predicted for seven of the nine groups. (Author/CK)
- Published
- 1971
49. Prediction of Job Performance for Negro and White Medical Technicians: The Prediction of Supervisors' Ratings from Aptitude Tests, Using a Cross-Ethnic Cross-Validation Procedure.
- Author
-
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. and Campbell, Joel T.
- Abstract
This paper, a continuation of the analysis of data collected on 455 Negro and white medical technicians (see ED 035 018) as part of a study on fairness in selection testing, investigates the prediction of supervisors' ratings from aptitude tests. (AG)
- Published
- 1970
50. ACOVSM: A General Computer Program for Analysis of Covariance Structures Including Generalized MANOVA.
- Author
-
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. and Joreskog, Karl G.
- Abstract
Joreskog's general method for analysis of covariance structures was developed for estimating a model involving structures of a very general form on means, variances, and covariances of multivariate observations. This method achieves a great deal of generality and flexibility, in that it is capable of handling most standard statistical models as well as many nonstandard and complicated ones. This paper describes a computer program for the method. When the variance-covariance matrix of the observed variables is unconstrained, the method may be used to estimate location parameters and to test linear hypotheses about them. For example, the program may be used to handle such standard problems as multivariate regression, ANOVA, and MANOVA. A unique feature of the method is that it can also be used when the variance-covariance matrix is constrained to be of a certain form. Various other models involving correlated errors or errors of measurement can also be handled. An illustration of how input data is set up, and what the printout looks like for two small sets of data, are included. (Author/CK)
- Published
- 1971
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