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The article presents information about various books. The booklet "lndustry's Interest in the Older Worker and the Retired Employee," presents selected papers from the proceedings of a conference sponsored by the California Institute of Technology. The conference, grew out of, on the one hand, the Institute's studies of industrial retirement practices, benefits and preparation and, on the other, industry's interest in and need for guidance in developing effective retirement programs. The first paper noted such less well-known trends as the lengthening of retirement periods and the retirement of an increasing proportion of those over 65 years of age. Another book "A Handbook for the New Teacher," is obviously intended for the teacher just entering the field. It is generally illustrated with references to elementary level instructors but the points made by the author are quite applicable at any educational level. The chapter headings are eye catching and generally self-explanatory. The material suggests a new approach to occupational information.

This article presents a survey that examined the pattern of leisure activities among Jewish teenagers aged 13-18 in the Willesden district of London. The purpose of the Survey was to pilot the possibility of carrying out, over a wider geographical area, a fuller survey on the same lines. The paper is divided into six sections. The survey was limited to the Willesden district of London, the sample was drawn from the membership of three of the four United Synagogues sited in the area. The secretaries of these synagogues were asked to provide lists of synagogue members, omitting those whom they knew for certain to have no children in the 13-18 age group. While introducing a subjective element into the selection of the sample, the procedure was felt to be justified in order to economize on time and money as well as to avoid bothering unnecessarily a large number of synagogue members who had no children in the relevant age group. A large-scale survey of this type that is representative of the Jewish community as a whole might perhaps corroborate the findings presented in this paper, but people cannot at this stage draw general conclusions from results until further work has been carried out in other contrasting areas.

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The implications of how American families choose to utilize their time must be recognized by family-life workers. This paper raises the critical issue of the time factor in family life by highlighting some of the time pressures felt by family members. Presence of such pressure in society behooves all in the family-life field to be better prepared to teach and to counsel more constructively in this important area. A special plea to help responsible families to understand the importance of using some of their free time to work for the kind of tomorrow they want adds a program dimension to this exploration of an underdeveloped area of social concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study on the assignment of jobs to the travelling personnel of a small railway company. The jobs in question are those of engine driver, conductor, etc. On one hand, these jobs have different requirements; on the other, the employees have different qualifications. The problem is to match job requirements and employee qualifications. The problem is a dynamic one since employees are assigned jobs on consecutive days of the month and, at the same time, a number of constraints as to the succession of jobs assigned to an employee are to be respected. In addition, all employees should get their fair share of jobs of each kind, early and late ones, short and long ones. This job assignment planning was formerly done in the company by means of a planning board every month—a procedure which was time-consuming and did not distribute the jobs among the employees fairly enough. A computer solution was, therefore, called for which would reduce the planning cost and also give greater employee satisfaction—an important factor in these days of "overemployment" and increasing demand for more leisure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports the correlations between yielding score and a variety of other scores and ratings available on the experimental Ss. The correlations are based on the assessment data which were available on the two groups of Ss described above i.e., a college sample and former members of the Adolescent Growth Study (AGS). Most of the results reported here were secured as part of an intensive program of data collection on the AGS sample. Two interviews a week apart, one with a male psychologist and one with a female, provided follow-up information on occupation, home and family, leisure interests, and social activities, and were the basis for an extensive set of personality ratings made by the interviewers. The article presents correlations for AGS Ss between yielding score and a list of variables selected from the interviewers' rating schedule on the bases of probable relevance, representativeness, and degree of interjudge agreement. Correlations are product moment values relating the sum of the two interviewers' ratings on a given variable to normalized total yielding score.

This paper focuses on managerial leisure in Great Britain and the U.S. It states there are three aspects to managerial leisure: the amount of leisure taken by managers, the content of their leisure activities and how closely these relate to their work interests, and the subjective meaning of leisure activities to managers. It mentions that the comparative study of management in different countries has attracted increased interest. It comments that American executives tend to enjoy their jobs and experience feelings of creativity at work, while others claim they enjoy business entertaining activities. It mentions that managers in Great Britain tend to spend more time devoted to family and home and use leisure to escape from work.

The paper highlights results of two investigations on mass media of communication relating to radio and television and performed with a view to discovering their functions under the Polish conditions. In fact, the radio set is the only consumer durable which is truly common among the urban population. As for wireless sets, it is worth noticing in this connection that a certain ceiling has been reached of the number of radio sets in the Upper Silesia area, and that planned future purchases are probably connected with the planned replacement of old by new sets, the purchase of another set. In the hierarchy of needs, a particularly important part is played by needs related to leisure and rest. In turns out that the ways of spending leisure time on an ordinary working day by a considerable percentage of the town inhabitants studied include three mass media of communications--newspapers, radio and television. As for expenditures on non-material projects, first place well before the others was given to education, which appeared more frequently, and also more often as the first item, than the consumer goods industry and the services. Television, sports and the cinematography, followed in this order, the last-mentioned taking the last place.

The article presents a study on the use of incomplete sentences or sentence completion technique in measuring the attitudes of employee. It mentions the definition of attitudes to be measured including those related to life at work such as working situation as well as those related to life apart from work such as toward self and leisure. The participants in the study were women office workers in daily metropolitan newspaper, who were presented with the incomplete sentence blank (ISB) questionnaire. It concludes that the ISB is an effective method in measuring employee attitudes.

The article focuses on planning for outdoor recreation with economic consideration for optimal site selection and development. It reviews the methods that planners currently use to estimate the demand for outdoor recreation opportunities and how they apply their estimates to the selection and development of outdoor recreation sites. The paper draws from the literature of location economics and proposes a more systematic method for dealing with the problems of sitting and developing outdoor recreation facilities. In most cases locating a recreation facility should include essentially the same considerations that are involved in determining the optimal location and development of any retail store or industrial plant. The primary concern here is with developing a rational method for relating the demand for outdoor recreation in a given area to the location of the recreation facility and the activities that might best be developed at that location. Benefit-cost analysis has been applied to developing recreation facilities for nearly half a century. Benefit-cost analysis determines the demand for a recreation facility from the vantage point of its location.

This paper is an appeal for a more careful use of microeconomic insights in studies of the relationship between rates of income and the aggregate allocation of human effort to income acquisition or to leisure. Use of microeconomic models to study essentially macroeconomic relationships is justified by the convenient fact that smaller and more tractable descriptions of behavior embody a rough test of consistency with our own experience-a running exercise of intuitive empiricism. Where there are no significant aggregation problems, this use of micro theory is unexceptionable. But too often, such models ignore important difficulties that arise in moving from the analysis of an isolated individual to that of society. When these complications are suppressed, a simple extrapolation from the individual to society may lead to the use of inadequate data and an inappropriate model in the analysis of pressing macroeconomic questions. The allocation of effort to income and leisure is a case in point. Whether, as incomes increase, people typically will give more or less of their effort to income-producing activities is a question of quite central importance for fiscal and labor policy, for development planning, and, simply, for understanding growing economies. Yet the answer to this question has been sought in the restricted context of the single idealized consumer of microeconomic analysis.

The pur pose of this paper is two-fold : first an attempt is mode to dejine work and leisure in operational terms. Second, using the new définitions of work and leisure, several problems in économies are re-examined and an attempt is mode to illustrate how the new définition may give us new insights into old and current problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how trend extrapolation method is being used in future research in physical education. Trend extrapolation is a method of forecasting or projecting the future by assuming that events which fashioned recent history caused a trend, and that that trend will extend into the future. Trend extrapolation is one of the most widely tool being used in forecasting the future. The author refers to the concept of leisure time to presents an example of how trend extrapolation can be applied in physical education.

Empirical data from the 1950 Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes and Savings and from the 1955-56 LIFE Study of Consumer Expenditures make possible the testing of economic and sociological theories of leisure-spending behavior. Also some new hypotheses are presented here about the determinants of the demand for leisure goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a section of abstracts related to the marketing of specific goods and services. They include "Role of science in marine fisheries: limitations and potentialities," The new market for leisure goods" and "Wage guarantees and annual earnings: a case study of George A. Hormel and Company."

The article reports that the amazing and pervasive rise of sports and recreations was witnessed in the United States during 1850-1860. During the decades prior to the Civil War, the nation wrestled with Puritanism, pioneer optimism, religious revolutions, social reform, and the bewildering complexities of the industrial revolution. One of the outcomes was an alarming physical decline among the sedentary inhabitants of the city. America's school children and the young innocents had been denied the opportunity of organized sports activities, athletic competitions, and planned physical education programs. During 1850-1860, the avalanche of protest promoted the introduction of these activities in the public schools of America's eastern cities. The recession of the frontier and the pulsating rise of cities incited educators to cry out against the negative aspect of the new leisure. Many Americans, even in this early period, refused second best and demanded the triumphant combination of ideal bodily and mental training.

The article examines sports as a game occurrence, as an institutionalized game and as a social system. Games are playful in that they usually one or more elements of play such as freedom, separateness, uncertainty, make-believe, unproductiveness and order. In considering sports as an institutionalized game, it should be regarding a long-lasting pattern of culture and social structure. Sports can also be regarded as a social system because it is composed of a group of persons who interact and have a certain set of relationships.

The article emphasizes that a capacity for leisure and work is indispensable for health growth and creative development. The advancement of technological science and automation is causing a shrinkage of workaday world. Plans for a six-week vacation and a three-day weekend is now underway. Boris Pregel, former president of the New York Academy of Sciences, states that the work week will be reduced by 20 hours within the next decade. In his book "The Great Contest," Isaac Deutscher states that Russia has now a nation-wide plan of preparing its people for a three-hour workday by 1984.

The article provides a philosophical analysis of leisure and recreation. Industrialization has brought many advantages to man, but it also created many problems as well. Specialization in function has resulted in an uneven distribution of wealth. Leisure and education prospered when there was a surplus economy and declined when there is less of it. Definitions on leisure, recreation and play is provided. Naturalism is one the reasons which brought about the concept of leisure. From a metaphysical standpoint, there are two contrasting positions in regards to the nature of existence.

The article provides information on the philosophical definition of leisure. Those who are meeting the exigencies of existence has no time for leisure. The seriously ill, infants and those managing to live on a subsistence level therefore have no leisure time. Their energies are devoted to the task of living, rest and play are only occasions for recuperation and preparation. Leisure is different from recreational time, in that the latter is a period when men are readied for work through relaxation and rest.

The article discusses William Ellery Channing's philosophy of physical education and recreation. Channing is generally known for his essay "The Moral Argument against Calvanism" and for various discourses on Unitarian Christianity. He also exerted much influence in theology, American literature, social thought and education. He defines self-culture as the care that every man owes to himself, to the unfolding and perfecting of his nature. Self-culture can be considered under distinct headings such as moral, intellectual, social practical and religious.

Discusses excerpts of a study examining the distribution between work and leisure. Variations in leisure-time patterns; Country-by-country basis differences in working patterns; Lump-of-leisure theory.

The sociology of leisure can be illuminated by examining the four main themes that have preoccupied its contributors. These preoccupations are: the definitions of leisure, the diffusion of leisure, Leisure and life styles, Macro and micro-social perspectives on leisure. According to the Countryside Recreation and Research Advisory Group(CRRAG), leisure is the time available to the individual when the disciplines of work, sleep and other basic needs have been met. The essential elements of leisure, an antithesis to "work" as an economic function, a pleasant expectation and recollection, a minimum of involuntary social-role obligations, a psychological perception of freedom, a close relation to the values of the culture, the inclusion of an entire range from inconsequence and insignificance to weightiness and importance and often, but not necessarily, an activity characterized by the element of play. Leisure is none of these by itself but all together in one emphasis or another."

This method is used by the Ontario outdoor recreation planners for deciding their expenditure priorities. It allows for detecting the potential allocation of the province's recreational supply to its urban centres, by simulating the competition that takes place given simple assumptions. It was considered that the only supply effectively available to an urban conglomeration was the amount included in its K-hour travel zone-K being 2 hours for day trips and 3 for weekend trips; and that the population of the various urban centres compete for the use of the same opportunities, in proportion to their population pressures and in inverse proportion to a function of the travel times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate more effectively the impact of hospitalization on the post-hospital social adjustment of state hospital patina the Worcester Scale of Social Competence was administered to 159 psychiatric patients subsequent to hospitalization and one year following discharge. Analysis of pre- to post-hospitalization change scores revealed significant sex differences, particularly with regard to role orientation and adequacy with which leisure time was utilized. A shift in life style from a somewhat physically active, outwardly oriented role to one characterized by passivity and an inwardly oriented role was noted for both sexes, but was more prominent in male ex-patients. Findings were discussed in terms of social stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the impact of television on the human society. Television, according to the author, is gaining public acceptance at a rapid rate and its diffusion pattern is quickly building a broad base in the lower socio-economic levels. With its time-displacing effect upon leisure time activities already significant, its appeal to young children is the most intense in view of their relatively unstructured habits of leisure time use. Moreover, it is currently stimulating new interests and awareness within the family and enlarging the immediate circle of social relationships. However, the period of continuity for these trends can't be predicted. According to Oscar Katz, Director of Research, Columbia Broadcasting Systems Inc., research in this field can't be conducted as though television were now as established as radio. Whereas the simple but elusive fact is that television's effects are neither stable nor mature. Television is young, fluid, unpredictable in many aspects of its growth and any research on television should take this into account.

Enlisted men does read a good deal more and a good deal better books than many people think they does. What is liked to read and how the Army supplies it are detailed in this study of books at war. Men who rarely looked at a book before have become habitual readers in the Army. This, too, is especially true of soldiers overseas. Because of physical isolation, conditions of weather and terrain, the foreign language of the native population, or the nature of their work, they are often cut off from other forms of recreation. The problem of getting books to soldiers overseas has been met by the Army Special Services Division's Library Branch, with the over-all responsibility for providing reading material and library service for soldiers. With the exception of the Armed Services Editions and overseas editions of magazines, reading matter may be sent to a theater only in response to requisitions approved by the theater commander. The specially manufactured paperbound books known as Armed Services Editions were devised to fill the gaps in the distribution of normal-sized books and to insure that all troops overseas were regularly and amply supplied with reading material.

The article suggests some workable solution for an emerging problem in the allocation of water resource and investment funds for outdoor recreational development in the United States. Among public facilities, large federal reservoirs have had the greatest increase in visitor-days, exceeding the attendance at national parks and forests combined. It has been estimated that the over-all rate of growth in the use of all federal reservoirs for recreation has been over 10 percent annually or a doubling of visitor-days every 5 to 7 years. The importance of water-oriented recreation has persuaded some federal and state agencies to propose single-purpose reservoirs for recreation. Indeed the prominence of recreation has engendered legislative awareness of the need to include recreation as a full purpose of project planning comparable to flood control, power, water supply, and others. More opportunities can be supplied by a high density use of development-oriented reservoirs and thereby further protect the lower density use of resource-oriented streams.