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Progress of the industrial safety and occupational health movements in the United States toward their common goal of protecting the physical welfare of workers is discussed in this article. When these activities and workmen's compensation began, about a half century ago, it was anticipated that they would be "complementary and mutually sustaining." Besides presenting historical accounts of the safety and health movements, the authors evaluate the current problems and relationships among safety, health, and compensation activities. This article constitutes part of a broader study by the authors to be published under the title, Workmen's Compensation and Occupational Disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was undertaken to validate the widely held assumption that a course a an Industrial Rehabilitation Unit may improve clients' attitudes. By means of a pilot study two major attitudes, labelled `Inadequacy' and `Keenness for Work' were identified, and scales were constructed to measure them. These were administered to 327 men on entry to an Industrial Rehabilitation Unit and again to the 213 of these still available five weeks later. Results supported the hypotheses that a reduction of Inadequacy but no change in Keenness for Work would occur during industrial rehabilitation. Further analysis showed that keenness for work was related to employment status six months tater, age, and amount of family responsibility. Inadequacy was related to psychiatric classification. Implications for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper briefly reviews past accident research, particularly pointing out two areas which have bred misconceptions: accident proneness and unicausality. It puts forward a model of the accident process which could provide a more fruitful basis for future work as well as an explanation of past research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the correlation of the tendency to report injuries to accident proneness. The study investigates total injury and non-occupational visit frequency of 245 craftsmen who were all employed at a large research laboratory as well as determine the systematic variance in the two-year injury distribution by measuring the correlation coefficient between the first and second year. The study reveals that the tendency to report injuries is not correlated to the number of initial non-occupational dispensary visits.

Focuses on the adverse side effects of technological innovation on the workers' health and safety. Emphasis on the need for undertakings to take environmental aspects into consideration when planning technological change; Impact of the cost of innovation on the workforce; Need for the formulation of international guidelines.

Analyzes the progress made for the campaign against occupational hazards. Information on the survey conducted which focuses on the occupational safety and health system; Efforts on occupational safety and health in 1919.

The article addresses issues pertaining to industrial safety in Germany, focusing specifically on company medical officers and security experts. Statistics related to industrial accidents are discussed and the use of modern technology in improving safety in the workplace is considered. Additionally, the role of occupational disease prevention is examined.

The article presents the views of the author on the definition of the term "working condition." According to the author, working condition includes sanitation, industrial safety, apprenticeship and industrial education, classification of workmen, and employee grievance redressal system. The author argues that issue related to irregularity of employment, methods of decasualizing industry and all forms of welfare work should be placed under the joint control of labor and the management.

In the following article Dr. Bedford, Investigator of the Industrial Health Research Board, outlines the main requirements of good industrial ventilation and heating. He then mentions some practical considerations and refers particularly to ‘black-out’ conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following article Mr. Meredith argues that the problem of ‘transfer of training’ has proved elusive hitherto, not merely on account of its inherent complexity but because the phrase has been used in a variety of senses. In its widest and most important sense, it concerns the social relevance of education. This is not a problem which lends itself readily to experiment owing to the numerous variables involved. Although a fairly large number of experiments have been carried out, based on a narrower meaning for the phrase, few, if any, throw light on the problem in its wider sense. In discussing theoretical issues, Mr. Meredith suggests that the best formula for securing transfer appears to be ‘explicit generalization’, but that it is premature to look for a valid psychological theory of transfer. He stresses the critical role of language. In conclusion Mr. Meredith emphasizes the view that training is likely to be effectively generalized only if it is adapted to individual needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the works and recommendations of the Departmental Committee on Lighting in Factories in Great Britain. It also provides an overview on the Fifth Report of the Committee issued in the autumn of 1940. The development of lighting in factories since 1901, and the importance of good industrial lighting on health and production efficiency are also mentioned in the article. It was believed that general standard of lighting in factories rise, however, improvement is still needed in many quarters, and the importance of bringing about the issue hardly needs emphasizing.

Discusses the role of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the inspection and enforcement of job safety and health in the workplace. History of the agency; Congressional authority of OSHA; Employee rights; Employer rights; Development of special programs that target health hazards.

Describes how the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission has developed its judiciary role in the effort to achieve job safety and health. Background on the agency; Limits to what the Commission can do; Power to impose and limit penalties; Issue of public interest.

Examines the role of the U.S. federal government in job safety and health. Enforcement of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970; History of Federal-State cooperation; Criteria for an approvable State plan; Characteristics of the kinds of plans the States have produced; Integration of the program.

The article focuses on various aspects related to industrial accidents and provides information on preventive measures that have been implemented in the recent past. One of the immediate effects of the industrial revolution with its mechanization of industry was a tremendous increase in the number of health and accident hazards faced by the worker, and the subsequent evolution of industry has facilitated a cumulative increase in such hazards. In the pursuit of a livelihood wage earners are subjected to varying risks and hazards, some of which are peculiar to their own occupation; while others arise as a result of their own or others' carelessness. The striking decline of both frequency and severity rates in 1930 from the 1929 levels may be attributed to two factors. First, the improvement reflects in no small degree the increasing effectiveness of safety campaigns and safety work in industry. Secondly, 1929 was a prosperous year with a correspondingly high rate of employment. Massachusetts was the first American State to pass legislation looking towards accident prevention when in 1852 a bill regarding the safety of steam machines was enacted and in 1870 the supervision of steam boilers was required. The workmen's compensation laws have had a decided influence in the reduction of industrial accidents and industrial diseases. In addition to the legal requirements for the safety and protection of their workmen large industrial establishments are now beginning to see the advantages of industrial-health service both from an economic and a social standpoint.

This article examines the progress of industrial safety in the U.S. as of October 1946. Many managements, particularly of smaller industries, are nor inclined to take the trouble to study the economic advantages of maintaining vigorous accident-control programs. A further explanation of our halted safety progress can be attributed to safety coasters among managements. This term aptly applies to concerns that substantially reduced accident-frequency rates during the war but are now inclined to rest on the record and are proceeding to retrench by reducing safety personnel. Managements longer experienced in operating safety programs know well that this coasting inevitably means an upward turn in accidents. Relaxation of positive safety action on the part of management inevitably is followed by relaxation of alertness on the part of workmen. If we are to hold the gains already made in accident control and to advance further forward adequate protection of millions of wage earners against work hazards, there must be no coasting on past records; no relaxation in efforts to sell safety to managements still unsold; no suspension of safety-education projects that increasingly spread the knowledge of how accidents can be prevented.

A status report is presented on the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 indicating the activities of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and of the Department of Labor. The significance of these activities for occupational health is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the report from the Industrial Health Research Board of the Medical Research Council, which examines the work of women in factories during World War II. The main purpose of the study is to determine the views of these women about their work. The result shows that majority of women admit that they are satisfied with their jobs and with working conditions. Moreover, there were few general complaints. However, worries and difficulties associated with home life were many and disturbing.

Discusses key issues concerning efforts by many countries to control the working conditions of children and adults. Initiatives to ensure that they do not enter employment prematurely and do not take up work unsuitable from a health standpoint, physically or morally; Analysis of pertinent topics and relevant issues; Implications on public health.

The article shares the author's predictions about the occupational health in the U.S. He stresses that the occupational health will become a part of the total health care system, thus, there is a need for practitioners to assume a greater role in the health planning processes. He claims that workers can take part directly in monitoring their environment to protect themselves against the hazards of the workplace. He asserts that there will be an increasing allocation of resources in response to public pressure and the mandated needs for manpower, research and development in occupational health.

The article reports that the American Textile Manufacturers Institute (ATMI) has protested against federal regulations governing the temperature of work environments for industrial employees. ATMI says that information available on heat stress problems of all industrial employees suggests that heat illness is so rare it does not constitute an industrial health problem. ATMI also argues that the studies on which the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has based its proposed standard are not relevant to actual industrial conditions.

The problem of health and safety hazards in plants employing small groups of workers is presented here. Emphasis is placed on its character as a community affair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the high number of women employed in assembly line work. The author believes that one reason for this is the fact that their wages can be kept lower since tasks can be separated into smaller operations. He also discusses research centering around the physical and psychological effects of rationalized and assembly line work due to the separation of tasks into small parts.

The article presents information on the reports contained in the documents of the International Labour Conference held in Geneva in the year 1963, published by the International Labour Office. Report IV contained in the documents summarizes the proceedings of the 47th Session of the Conference related to the concern for hygiene in commerce and offices. Report V of this document summarizes the conference proceedings related to the benefits to be given in case of industrial accidents and occupational diseases.