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The article discusses the issues concerning the access to official papers in Great Britain. The Prime Minister stated that there is a reduction in the access to public documents from fifty to thirty years. The author presents several implications of the changes in policy in the conduct of research and teaching in public administration. Since the Prime Minister's statements in 1966, the Civil Service Department has been established and a major development in training under the direction of the new Civil Service College is under way. furthermore, the author presents the limitations to the access of public documents for training and academic purposes.

The article focuses on the White Paper: A Framework for Expansion--the ten year plan of the government for education in Great Britain. It hedges much of its planning by saying there is room for flexibility and many points still remain for decision. It is planned that the public expenditure on maintained nursery, primary and secondary schools will rise from 1475 million pounds in 1971 to 2,000 million pounds in 1981 at 1972 survey prices. This means an assumed growth rate of 3 per cent compared with two and half percent for the decade 1961-62 to 1971-72. Thus, the White Paper shifts the emphasis of public spending and it is important since the growth in numbers in primary and secondary education will ease off in the current decade. The commitment to universal nursery education, in-service education for teachers, improvements in staffing standards, the reduction in class sizes and the rapid acceleration in primary and secondary school improvements to buildings, are the hardcore objectives. The first 16 pages of the report deal with them.

The article presents the author's comparison of the patterns of publicity, privacy, and secrecy between the U.S. and Great Britain. In Great Britain, the equilibrium of publicity, privacy, and secrecy is more stable, and its deviations from the normal state are smaller than they are in the U.S. The British governmental papers which are not published at the time as part of government policy, are opened to scholarly inspection only after a very long lapse of time and even then with restrictions. On the other hand, in the U.S., government documents are made available to historians without long delay.

In this paper we examine the effects of the policies of wage and price restraint that have at various times been employed in Britain since 1945. We have taken the two-equation model that has been studied extensively in the context of data for both the United Kingdom and the United States,[2] and have assumed that, although far from perfect, this model will be a good enough statistical description of wage and price inflation to allow it to catch any major influence of wage and price restraints. In order to see how the potential effects of incomes policies should be specified in this two-equation model, we are forced to examine the derivation of the equations in some detail. In this process we discover that shift dummies which have been used by other investigators[3] to catch the effects of incomes policies are inappropriate and that their use can give rise to misleading results. After conducting tests more satisfactory than those employing shift dummies, we conclude that the data are not inconsistent with the view that wage and price restraints have usually been ineffective in restraining inflation, and also that the restraints have sometimes actually had the effect of raising the rate of inflation above what it would otherwise have been. This perverse effect is very noticeable in the most recent periods of "restraint" since 1966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to assess the adequacy of the British unemployment data in the light of these criteria, looking mainly at the period 1966-1970. It attempts both to define the main gaps and shortcomings in the evidence, and to present the record of change where the evidence is stronger.
The main weaknesses of the statistics are as follows: They have seriously underestimated the downturn in the labor market since 1966. They give a misleading picture of the industrial incidence of the fall in the demand for labor since 1966. Finally they do not give us information on unemployment rates by skill level, information needed because other evidence clearly shows that the specific unemployment rate for the unskilled is much higher than the general rate. After looking at other areas in which the data are stronger the paper closes with some suggestions for improving the statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses social and economic policies in Great Britain as of April 1964, arguing that social services have not been increased to match advancements in living standards. Topics include the health, education, and transportation services provided by a welfare state, economic conditions and growth in Great Britain, capacity bottlenecks, and a Government White Paper on Public Expenditure. Challenges in hospital construction, income distribution, and educational expansion are described. Taxation policy, public spending policy, and government planning are emphasized.

Major changes in the legislation relating to the nationalized transport industry are proposed in the Transport Bill published in December 1967. Among these changes is a new approach to the problem of unremunerative passenger railway services, and it is this particular change which is the subject of the present paper. Of course, the change in policy was evolved over a period of time, in fact from late 1964 to the publication of the White Paper Railway Policy in November 1967: the Bill is merely the formal conclusion of this rethinking process. In this paper we shall outline the changing policy since 1962 on the closure of passenger services, and changes in the machinery for deciding on railway closure proposals. This will lead to an examination of how far the final outcome amounts to a consistent, operational policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the American and British attitudes toward Soviet Union. The problem is also a challenging one theoretically, because of the more basic character of some of the deeper attitudes or values that may be involved, such as the attitudes toward economic justice, economic stability, racial equality, religion, freedom of speech, independence of small nations, and solidarity of the United Nations. Any systematic approach to these underlying, value-systems should throw some light upon basic elements of attitude-determination in both national and International affairs. The United Nations was a fighting alliance, with the Soviet Union carrying the heaviest burden of the actual fighting. Most of the information about the Soviet Union in the American newspapers, films, and radio programs was favorable. Books like Mission to Moscow and One World were being widely read.

This article is a regression analysis of the demand for wheeled farm tractors by Great Britain agriculture using annual data from 1948 to 1965. As a corollary, some information is generated on the effect of government policy on this area of investment and of the influence of the policy of tractor manufacturers on total demand as opposed to market share. The results emphasize that the demand for tractors has been a derived demand for services, representing an adjustment process toward a desired stock level. The dominating explanatory variable of this adjustment is the ratio of tractor price to labor earnings, allowing for quality change in tractors. The estimated long-run elasticity of stock with respect to this variable is quite high. Gross investment is the decision variable operated upon by farmers in this adjustment process and is more volatile than the level of stocks. It shows a marked response to changes in the price ratios, the estimated elasticity at the mean of gross investment. Since the stock level, and therefore, the input of services has increased over the period while labor input has decreased, it can be concluded that tractor services have been substituted for labor services in response to changes in prices.

This article presents an assessment of the work of the National Board for Prices and Incomes in Great Britain. The author in this article explores the prices and incomes policy as justification for the existence of the Board. The influence of increases of incomes on the state of the economy is to determine the demand for consumer goods, and hence the economy's capacity for other things, notably exports and public investment. The general principles applying to all the versions of the prices and incomes policy as described in the various White Papers are also discussed in the article.

The article discusses marketing in Great Britain in the late 1940's. The author begins by explaining some of the differences between the market structure in the United States and Great Britain. Much of the power industries have been taken over by the government and those that have not are indirectly controlled by it, through allocation of resources and consumer rationing. The diminished infrastructure in Great Britain is also a limiting factor in export trade, where the United States was untouched after the war. Three major features are the heart of British marketing, the right to buy, inflationary tendencies, and discrimination by buyers. An increase in output of factories has resulted in a relaxing of rationing by the government and export sales have become more of a focus.

The article reports on the implications of the advent of the Atomic Age on the policies and programs undertaken by the government in Great Britain. The discovery and development of nuclear energy has, in some measure, been influenced by the atomic technology. After the Second World War, Britain has established a sizeable organization concerned with atomic energy. The motive for starting this organization was to develop the experience necessary to exploit the applications of atomic energy. Government support for nuclear physics was deliberate policy. The provision of better financial support was by no means all that was necessary to build up nuclear physics research.

The article discusses the comparison of government organization of science in the U.S. and Great Britain. The science policy in Great Britain originated from the concept of general research organization and as an addition to any research organization existing in the government, while the U.S. government organization of science was later organized with emphasis on military purposes. The differing organizational patterns between the two countries lie on the level at which the highest policymaking committees operate and how their respective leaders react to the matters. Moreover, both countries are distinct in the way in which science policies are scrutinized in their respective legislative bodies.

This article examines the principles of profit and compensation that were employed during the nationalization process to determine the resulting effects on the finances of the industries in Great Britain. Factors influencing compensation, an overview of postwar compensation experience and the implications for corporate finance are all discussed. The assumption of the liability for interest and principal payments on the compensation bonds was incorporated into the firms' capital structure. Previous cases of compensation for the British sugar, coal and transportation industry are also discussed.

Major technological changes are currently planned in an investment programme for the British steel industry. The relatively inefficient open-hearth technology is to be made redundant and production concentrated in large-scale plants employing the basic oxygen process. Further, rich foreign ores are more cheaply transported in large bulk carriers and therefore, production costs will be lowest at integrated plants with ready access to deep water ports. The impact of innovation must have consequences for the geographical distribution of the steel industry's workforce, irrespective of whether it foreshadows a change in the capital-labour ratio and/or in the total labour requirements. The British Steel Corp. and the government recognize that, the concentration of modern steelmaking at a few large works mean that older and smaller units at less suitable sites must be phased out, with the loss of the jobs in them. However, the proposed development strategy is, in the government's judgement, the course best calculated to assure for Great Britain an efficient, profitable, modern industry able to compete with the rest of the world and to assure future employment. In fact, given that the technological development of the British steel industry lags behind many of its competitors, it is perhaps surprising that innovation was not introduced earlier.

The article focuses on the economics and regional policies in Great Britain. According to the author, its regional policies were essentially economic, which produce few political innovations, and its political regionalism is popular but lacks strong economic foundations. The analysis suggests for more discriminating policies based on social and economic processes. Thus, the country's regional policies have been directed to a simple but pressing needs for work and wages.

The authors reflects on the efforts of local authority associations to adopt a coherent and environmentally sound transport policy in relation to the lorry issue in Great Britain. They think that the government will have difficulty resisting moves toward a change in its transport priorities as the powerful political pressure on roads lobby existed. The authors emphasize that the associations have been consistently supporting voluntary organizations for the lorry issue to influence policymakers.

This article presents information on the role of the National Advisory Council on the Training and Supply of Teachers in Great Britain. The council was set up in 1949 to provide the Minister of Education with the means of obtaining advice on national policy relating to the training, qualification, recruitment and distribution of teachers. The advisory function of the NACTST, endorsed proposals put before it by the Minister. References to such endorsements are found in the Ministry of Education's Annual Reports during the 1950s and it is evident that the proposals put to the Council were generally of a minor and non-controversial nature. In 1949 the first task of the Council was to review the future supply of teachers for maintained schools. This it did in its Report on the Training and Supply of Teachers, in May 1951. In all these early published Reports the NACTST were operating within narrow fields of inquiry, and they produced unanimous recommendations which were either acceptable to the Ministry and subsequently implemented, or were quietly shelved until official policy had been formulated.

The article presents an analysis of British politics in relation to Europe. It focuses on the British policy regarding the post-war construction in Europe, noting how domestic politics may affect Great Britain's international relations. Consequences of the country' political difficulty are enumerated, suggesting to investigate such consequences and to further consider how the question of Europe may be integrated into the British politics. The process of domestic politics is defined as well as offers a description of the business of politics and the structure of politics. Also provided are various impairments of the British political system including inadequacy, corruption, and disloyalty.

The article focuses on the Regional Development Fund for Great Britain. The fund was agreed in a meeting in Paris and is expected to take effect on January 1974. According to the author, it interprets a diplomatic triumph of the British delegation. It also strengthens the position of Labor pro-marketers, where it answers the fears on several necessities of the fund, like coherent policies. Moreover, discussions on the treaty and regional policy associated with the issue are presented.

The article discusses the transportation policy of the British Labour Party from 1947 through 1967. An overview of the British government's policy on its railways, including its railway modernisation efforts during the 1950s, is provided. The role that the British government plays in regulating the country's roads, including the licenses for public hauliers of the transportation industry, is discussed. An overview of the Labour Party politician and British Minister of Transport Barbara Castle's perspective on the country's transportation policy is also provided.