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A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to classify and differentiate between the processes that result in teeth lacking dental pulp is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the First District Dental Society of the State of New York held in New York City on February 2, 1920.

The following six papers examine a broad range of disease processes and relevant social conditions, such as urban living, social disorganization, poverty, socioeconomic status, and emotional conflict and instability, and show that much illness and death is caused, directly and indirectly, by social and personality factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the evolution of subungual epidermoid inclusions and discusses their aetiology. They are shown to develop from the tips of the rete ridges by a process of bulbous proliferation. Ultimately they may lose their connection with the epidermis and come to lie deeply within the dermis of the nail bed. Although the lesions are usually microscopic in size they may be large and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nail bed swellings. The aetiology of these lesions is still obscure. They may follow trauma and are found in finger clubbing anti it is probable that different stimuli can produce them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was not be debate the etiology of the calf pain and ecchymosis but merely to point out that the relatively recently described ‘coup de fouet’ syndrome is the same entity as the well-known tennis leg. Both consist of the acute onset of pain in the calf, often accompanied by a snapping sound, followed by edema and ecchymosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the case of a baby with coronary calcinosis born to a mother suffering from pseudoxanthoma elasticum. The aetiology of infantile coronary calcification is discussed, and the point is made that the dystrophic type is a disease of elastic tissue. Both conditions are rare genetic diseases and show dystrophic changes of the elastic tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the aetiology and treatment of acne vulgaris. Topics discussed include endocrine imbalance, psychosomatic factors, seborrhoeic or greasy skins, pityriasis capitis, and hypertrichosis tends. Treatment includes Proluton C, progesterone injection, X-radiation therapy, and special diets.

A conference paper on the etiology of periodontoclasia is presented. It discusses the history of periodontal etiology and examines various theories relating to periodontal disease. Details are provided about the relationship between periodontal disease pathology and etiology and the functions of the periodontium are also explored.

Epidemiologic studies of status inconsistency, mobility, and disease have generally not taken account of some important methodological problems raised in recent years. In this paper, those issues are outlined and their implications for epidemiological research are demonstrated both in principle and in practice. After a review of the literature on status inconsistency, mobility, and coronary heart disease (CHD), data from two major studies that reported evidence for inconsistency and/or mobility effects on CHD are re-analyzed using multivariate techniques to deal with the methodological issues. Little support is found for an etiological role for these sociological variables in CHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the relationship between all forms of pemphigus and malignancy or thymoma, a search of the world literature was carried out. Fifty-nine case reports or isolated citations for pemphigus with malignancies or thymomas were noted, including twenty-one reports published before the histological separation by Lever of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid in 1953. Of these cases, twenty-six were acceptable for analysis. In approximately 54% of patients surveyed with these associations, the malignancy involved the lymphoid or reticuloendothelial systems. Approximately 48% of the patients with pemphigus and malignancy or thymoma had associated autoimmune diseases. Pemphigus with malignancies or thymomas may be related through some intervening variables such as immuno-suppressive therapy or the antigenic and cross-reacting nature of the primary tumour, or through an immunological consequence of associated autoimmune disease. Although reports of pemphigus and concurrent malignancy or thymoma have appeared sporadically in the literature (Skog, 1964; Beutner et al., 1968; Krain et al., 1973), added impetus to the study of these associations has been provided by the demonstration of the production of pemphigus antibodies by a lymphoid neoplasm (Saikia, 1972). It is generally acknowledged that autoimmune mechanisms play an important though as yet ill-defined role in the pathogenesis of pemphigus (Beutner et al., 1968; Beutner, Chorzelski & Jordon, 1970), of thymomas (Stillman& Baer, 1972; Vetters et al., 1973) and of some malignant tumours (Moragas, Winkelmann & Jordon, 1970; Alexander, 1972; Saikia, 1972). In addition, immunosuppressive therapy employed in the management of patients with pemphigus and other autoimmune diseases has been incriminated as a possible inductive mechanism in the subsequent development of malignancy (Harris, 1971; Lowney, 1972; Krain & Bierman, 1973). Saikia (1973) has suggested that every patient with pemphigus should be investigated as far as is practicable to exclude the possibility of a co-existent malignancy, especially in those cases in which systemic corticosteroid therapy is unsatisfactory in controlling the pemphigus. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature on the association of pemphigus with malignancy or thymoma and to examine critically the factors involved in these inter-relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the pathogenesis and the microscopic and cytological features of the pemphigus group of diseases. The immunological aspects of acantholysis are discussed. The statement by several authors that pemphigus is an autoimmune disease is questioned and evidence from the literature against this hypothesis is cited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on various papers related to dermatology. One of the papers discussed "The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Paronychia," by J. Esteves. The author describes the principal clinical characteristics of paronychia and reviews its pathogenesis stressing the fact that the mechanisms of infection, trauma and prolonged immersion of the hands in water are not sufficient to explain the chronic forms of the disease. He attributes fundamental importance to the nature of the host-medium, which reveals itself in these cases above all by peripheral vascular disturbances.

Hidradenoid vestibuloacanthoma is recommended as a term which can be applied to many superficially based neoplasms of the skin in which there is sudoriferous metaplasia. Such tumours have strong follicular associations, both as regards mode of origin and type of proliferating epithelium. Their cell patterns correspond to those found in the vestibules and primordial zones of the follicles, contrasting thereby with hidroacanthoma simplex whose matrix cells resemble those of the epidermis. The existence of hidradenoid vestibuloacanthoma emphasizes the phylogenetic derivation of sweat glands from follicular vestibules. In the normal ontogenetic process many sweat glands arise from embryonic vestibular epithelium, and a proportion of these subsequently function in an eccrine manner. In this paper we have described those benign tumours whose differentiation is of this non-apocrine variety. Overt examples of non-apocrine hidradenoid vestibuloacanthoma subdivide into two general categories, vestibulo-adnexal and adnexal, with related subtypes whose morphology reflects the time of onset and degree of the adnexal deviation. Tumours exist in which the sudoriferous metaplasia is restricted to small areas; these imperfect forms represent elaborated seborrhoeic warts. The main sources of these tumours are the auriculo-facial region, hands and feet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Case report of unilateral brachial artery stenosis with thrombosis as a result of ergotamine toxicity is presented. The etiology, mechanism of vascular injury, diagnostic principle and therapy of ergotism are discussed. Ergot poisoning occurred in epidemic form in the Middle Ages as a result of fungal contamination of rye. Recently reported cases of ergotism have been iatrogenic. Migraine sufferers have a relative immunity to the side effects of ergotamine, and the use of dihydrogenated compounds in the treatment of migraine has reduced the toxicity even further in this form of therapy. Consequently, it is rarely reported in the literature. In reporting such a case this paper perhaps goes further calling attention again to the subject of drug induced angiitis. Recent reports incriminate similar features with Methysergide and drug abuses, notably, Methamphetamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship among hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and hypertensive heart disease has been well established, in large epidemiologic studies. However, hypercholesterolemia should be long lasting in order to be considered as a factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This paper deals with a case of hypercholesterolemia encountered during the first decade of life, associated with hypertension and coarctation of the abdominal aorta. The association of the three syndromes in this patient, may be of interest in studying their pathogenetic relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several theories have been proposed to explain the cause of varices. e.g., constitutional, possibly hereditary weakness of the veins and their valves, degenerative changes of the connective tissue of the veins, endocrine influence on venous tone, increased venous pressure and prolonged standing. The actual cause of the disorder, however, still baffles research. By definition a varix is a "dilated, elongated and tortuous vein.'" An approach to the etiology of varices may include a study of these three morphologic criteria of the disease. This paper concerns the tortuosity of varicose veins, especially their peculiar serpentine course. The investigation was prompted by Leopold and Wolman's article entitled, ''River meanders," in which meanders of a river are described as being formed by erosion and sedimentation of material from the river banks and a consequent reshaping of the river to a regular serpentine pattern. The underlying mechanism of this modification of the course of a river has been cleared up by Leopold and Langbein, According to observations of Leopold and Langbein, a river meander is the form in which a river bends with a minimal loss of energy. They stated, "The most probable geometry for a river is one in which the angular direction of the channel at any point with respect to the mean downvalley direction is a sine function of the distance measured along the channel." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief critical review of prevailing theories on the etiology of varicose veins is given. It is emphasized that the subject of varicose veins needs drastic revision. In primary varicose veins valvular incompetence seems to be characteristic of the advanced stages of the disorder and, consequently, is of no etiologic significance. The author's investigations, reviewed in this paper, have introduced three new findings in the field of varicose veins: 1. Prolonged, excessive use of ethyl alcohol appears to con tribute to the development of varicose veins. 2. Generalized scantiness of body hair is characteristic of patients with primary varicose veins. 3. In patients with portal cirrhosis the incidence of varicose veins is high regardless of the presence or absence of ascites. It is suggested that extreme vasodilation caused by alcohol may be equivalent to the effect of arteriovenous fistulas in the development of varicose formations. The fact that varicose veins are frequently seen in those individuals who consume alcohol suggests the possibility of other exogenous or endogenous chemical substances as causative agents in varicose veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews and evaluates medical literature reports and hospital records in an attempt to elucidate the apparent relationship between the activity of the suprarenal cortex, particularly 17-ketosteroids, and arteriosclerosis. The .suggestion obtained is that a shortage of 17-ketosteroids, especially dehydroepiandrosterone, seems to accompany, and possibly have causal significance in, cases of arteriosclerotic disease. Persons with an overabundance of 17-ketosteroids, and perhaps more specifically of dehydroepiandrosterone, may be relatively protected. Preliminary results of a treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone are presented in an addendum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on hyperkinesis contains considerable disagreement regarding the disorder's terminology, etiology, behavioral correlates, and treatment techniques. This paper explores the possibility that two distinct patterns of hyperkinesis exist and that the failure to delineate these has resulted in the conflicting reports evidenced throughout the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper on medico-dental case records is presented. It discusses a clinico-pathological study which examines the role of oral sepsis in the development of general toxemia. A summary is provided which describes the observation and diagnosis of a patient who suffers from tooth infection along with other diseases.

The article presents a speech by John Oppie McCall at a meeting of the Pathodontia Section of the First Dental Society of the State of New York at the New York Academy of Medicine on March 11, 1926. MaCall discusses the etiology of approximal and gingival dental caries. Particular attention is paid to the classification of etiology into "pit and fissure" cavities, "smooth surface" cavities, "superficial enamel decay" and "senile caries." Theories concerning acidity in the formation of plaque are considered.

A number of cases have been reported earlier in which surgical intervention for pulmonary tuberculosis was followed by fever, associated with hematologic changes resembling those in infectious mononucleosis. An account is given in the present paper of a similar complication as a sequel of blood vessel grafting. The case illustrates some of the diagnostic problems which may arise, despite the benign nature of the condition. Certain possible etiologic factors are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the 34th spring conference of the Woods Schools in cooperation with the Technical Planning Project of the American Association on Mental Deficiency and Other Private and Governmental Agencies that will be held on May 1 to 3, 1959 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It includes fundamental issues in research strategy, principles and philosophy. The diverse aspects of measurement problems as matching, cooperative utilization of data, analyses of populations in institutions for the mentally retarded and the study of personality development in pre-adolescent mentally retarded children. Also included are some concepts of medical, psychological and sociological variables in the etiology of mental retardation.

The article presents information on the research paper "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Clinical and Pathological Study," by Stephen C. Gold and N.F.C. Gowing. It is considered that the discoid and systemic varieties of lupus erythematosus are intimately related. The discoid is a morphological skin reaction denoting sensitivity to an infective focus and the type of skin reaction depends particularly on the effect of weather. No pathological criterion for the differentiation of the discoid and systemic variants is available, the conditions being separated only by clinical judgment. Fibrinoid degeneration is a classical feature of the morbid anatomy of the systemic disease. This occurs experimentally in induced and in known hypersensitivity states.

This article presents an abstract of the article titled "A Rapid Method of Staining for Fungus and Monilial Infection," by S. Chermsirivathana. It is opined that any technique which involves the flushing of reagents under the coverslip with a piece of blotting-paper is handicapped from the start. Chermsirivathana opines that the old-fashioned potash technique is superior for thick specimens.

The article presents a comparative study on the pattern of intellectual development of the etiological group in Mongolism in the U.S. This paper compares two equated groups of brain injured and familial mental defectives in the areas of verbal production and concrete performance. The subject of this study include middle grade or low grade defective intellectual level.

The article discusses several research papers related to crippling conditions and special health problems which were published between June 1962 and June 1965. The extent of illness among children under age 15 was reported by two researchers in 1963 from data taken from the U.S. National Health Survey, collected by household interviews from 1959 to 1961. Several follow-up studies have been made on premature infants. A group of researchers in 1964 examined 319 premature and 32 full-term infants neurologically and psychologically two and one-half years after birth. In an analysis of the extensive literature on intrauterine occurrences of developmental anomalies and their known etiological factors, a researcher in 1963 concluded that approximately 1 percent of all live-born infants are certified as being congenitally malformed and that this incidence is understated because of the inability to detect some anomalies at birth. He found some support for the assertion that frequency and severity of abnormality decrease from the earliest embryonic stages onward.

We have examined hairs from psoriatic patients by scanning electron microscopy and compared them with hairs from normal subjects. Micropits were seen in normal hair cuticle cells and in those from psoriatic subjects. Their significance is unknown. Dystrophic changes of these cells are associated with the psoriatic diathesis, occurring significantly more often in hairs from unaffected as well as from affected skin of patients with psorlasis compared with controls. We confirm previous observations that the hairs growing from psoriatic plaques are significantly thinner than those growing elsewhere on psoriatic subjects and than those of normal controls. These studies confirm and expand previous evidence of hair shaft abnormalities in psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents clinical information on nonspecific mesenteric adenitis. Etiology of the disease; Pathological description; Symptoms associated with the disease; Recommended treatments.

The article discusses the methods for controlling cross-infections caused by gram negative bacilli on the Pediatric Contagion Unit of Meadowbrook Hospital in Long Island, New York. Between March 1 and April 30, 1964, ten children who were admitted at the hospital because of capillary bronchiolitis or laryngotracheobronchitis developed gastroenteritis. The children, all under two years of age, developed severe vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration several days after their hospital admission. The possible etiologic agents for the disease were Aerobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were spread by contaminated equipment at the hospital. To prevent cross infection with gram negative bacilli the hospital decided to establish accurate cleaning and disinfection technics for hospital equipment.

This article presents a number of social correlates for the relatively integrated, defective super-ego and weak ego types of delinquents. In the nature of the research it was not possible to ascertain whether the social correlates are primarily operative in defining the psychological types or whether they are important as factors in the etiology of these types of delinquency. The purpose of the article has been to examine certain social factors to suggest hypotheses concerning the relation of these factors to delinquency. The research design employed in isolating the correlates cannot be assumed to offer a satisfactory test of the hypotheses. Rather, a research design which employs an intensive analysis of each individual case to show how the social milieu structures the personal controls of the delinquent and how social situations exercise social control over the behavior of the delinquent appears essential to a further test of the hypotheses.

Analyzes lateral dominance and right-left awareness in normal children. Number of children included in the study; Laterality preferences for the group of normal children; Age specificity of hand and eye preferences; Comparison of group with Piaget age norms on left-right conceptions; Implications of age specificity in lateralization and right-left discrimination for the etiology of reading disability.

Concepts regarding the causes of strokes have undergone marked evolution during the past several years. Treatment has been revised accordingly. Development of safe cervical-cerebral angiography has been a potent factor in bringing about these changes, for it is through increasing use of angiography that accurate evaluation of the cerebrovascular system has been made possible, and a focal anatomical diagnosis the rule. Segmental arterial disease in the neck has emerged as an important cause of hemiplegia. Surgical restoration of blood flow through or around vertebral artery and carotid artery occlusions may, in certain cases, cure the patient with stroke or prevent further attacks, whereas anticoagulant medication has been shown to be beneficial for many of those with proved cerebral artery occlusions. Clinical neurologic evaluation of the patient with cerebrovascular disease may point with considerable accuracy to the zone or zones of cerebral dysfunction, but may often fail to indicate the precise location of the lesion responsible for such dysfunction. A variety of different distant lesions may, unfortunately, produce the same neurologic signs and symptoms. It is the thesis of this paper that the clinical syndrome known as stroke is a symptom complex representing cerebral dysfunction, the precise form of this dysfunction being dependent upon a number of complex variables in cervical-cerebral circulatory structure and function. These vascular unknowns are best investigated with the use of serial cervical-cerebral angiography. In many instances accurate diagnosis is possible only by use of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a study that examines the genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia through twin and family studies. One development being tackled in the paper is the study of a large sample of schizophrenic twins in a non-Western culture. A register of all twins seen at the Medical Research Council's Psychiatric Genetics Unit of the Maudsley and Bethlehem Royal Joint Hospital in London, England has been kept from 1948 onwards. Based on 16 years' consecutive admissions to out-patient facilities, the need to make better provision for cases with a good prognosis than previous schizophrenic twin samples is concluded.

The article looks at several rodent model systems used in research on periodontal disease. The advantages of using rats rather than hamsters or other laboratory rodents are discussed. Theoretical considerations that must be made prior to the use of animal models in experiments are reviewed, including etiological factors.

The article analyzes certain aspects in the selection and potential use of communicable disease agents for biological warfare. While epidemiologists can formulate the set of circumstances which determine epidemics, the great number of biological variables involved in the host-parasite-environment complex frustrates attempts at quantitative or qualitative prediction of individual epidemics. The use of mathematical probability theory to improve predictability in the inception and development of an epidemic has met thus far with little success, although work has been fairly meager in this field.

This article reviews recent publications in the medical journals which suggest that organizational roles, particularly overloading roles, are a significant risk factor in the etiology of coronary disease. It also resents data from a laboratory experiment directed toward this problem. It is concluded, both from the literature review and from the laboratory experiment, that overloading roles can exert a marked deleterious effect upon the health of overloaded individuals. In addition, it is suggested that organizational roles, whether overloading or not, exert their most harmful effect upon those organizational members who experience the lowest job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the research paper "Pretibial Myxoedema," by T.M.D. Gimlette. The paper describes some findings in 23 patients. The usual order of onset of symptoms is hyperthyroidism, exophthalrnos, pretibial myxoedema and rarely thyroid acropachy. The incidence in hyperthyroidism is probably over 5%. The mild cases usually resolve after hyperthyroidism is controlled, but there is no satisfactory treatment for severe cases which tend to occur after thyroidectomy and where treatment induces hypothyroidism. The paper also discusses theories of aetiology.

The article discusses the paper entitled "Histologic Observation on the Human Apokrine Sweat Gland in Health and Disease," by W.B. Shelley and E.J. Levy, which was published in the 1955 issue of "Journal of Investigative Dermatology." A remarkable reaction of the gland to banal inflammation, most convincingly portrayed in the microphotographs, the authors call squamous metaplasia.

This article focuses on a research paper "Endogenous Eczema and Nephrotic Syndrome," by G.W. Korting. The paper presents a report of a case of asthma-eczema associated with nephrosis. There was a family history of eczema and kidney disease. Despite the absence of reference to the association of these two conditions, the author considers that there is an etiological connection. The association is well known in the pediatric literature.

This article presents information on the paper "An Evaluation of the Etiology of Otitis Externa With Additional Studies," by Stuart C. Way, A. Memmesheimer and Albert H. Rowe. The patients referred to in the study discussed in this paper were seen in Germany and America. The authors consider that the incidence of otitis externa is increasing and that several factors are involved; infection, allergy to the infecting organisms, to foods and pollens and sensitization to medicaments used and to other contacts such as nickel.

The article presents information on the research paper "The Aetiology of Knuckle-Pads," by A. Veltman, published in the 1954 issue of the journal Dermatologica. According to the paper, knuckle-pads were found in a man, his son and his daughter, without any suggestion of an occupational or other local cause, or indeed any cause other than inheritance.

The article presents information on the research paper "Concerning So-Called Thrombophlebitis Migrans," by M. Ruiter, published in 1953. The paper postulates an allergic aetiology as a result of detailed histological examination.

The article discusses the paper "Antibiotic Therapy in Some Skin Conditions of Unknown Aetiology," by T. Tacialenza and A.G. Bolloni. This paper is a useful and straightforward account of the treatment of cases of pemphigus, dermatitis herpetiformis, acrodermatitis of Hallopeau, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, herpes zoster, Weber-Christian disease, and others, in which various antibiotics have been given in considerable strength for varying lengths of time.

The article focuses on the research papers "An Etiologic Appraisal of Hand Dermatitis: The Role of Soap and Detergents as Sensitizers," by J.J. Jambor and R.R. Suskind, and "An Etiologic Appraisal of Hand Dermatitis: The Role of Soaps and Detergents as Primary Irritants," by J.J. Jambor, which were published in a 1955 issue of the "Journal of Investigative Dermatology." In these studies, patients with symmetrical eczematoid dermatitis of the hands who had blamed either soap or detergents as the cause of it were considered.

Reports that a new theory for the etiology of multiple sclerosis links the disease to an inadequate intake of vitamin D and calcium during a critical stage in the development of the central nervous system, i.e. during puberty;.

Twelve cases of actinic reticuloid have been investigated using immunological procedures. It was shown that the patients were fully competent immunologically and no evidence was found to support a photo-allergic mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disease. The importance of the basement membrane zone as a site of tissue damage was observed by the finding of a localized band of fibrin deposition in this site using immunofluorescence techniques. Further, it was shown that, by irradiating uninvolved skin at 360 nm, an infiltrate simulating a lymphoma was produced by 24 h. It was concluded that the fibrin deposition was secondary to the infiltrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smodingium argutum possesses in its sap a C17-catechol which brings about a dermatitis of poison-ivy type. Mass spectrometry shows that American poison ivy, an oriental sumac and Smodingium all produce in differing amounts a series of related compounds which are responsible for skin reactions. History, ecology, botany, histology and treatment are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]