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The effective operation of free enterprise in creating the envisioned information service industry is dependent upon three accomplishments: (1) the restructuring of our information processing industry so that a clear division of costs is mode among computing, communications, and the development of information services; (2) the wide use of multiaccess system concepts so that information services may share in the use of computer installations and so that the cost of their construction is reasonable; and (3) the development of public, message-switched communications services so that adequate provisions are made for Information security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the proposed American Standard, "Eleven-Sixteenths Inch Perforated Paper Tape." This standard covers the physical dimensions of the paper tape and its perforations. This standard is for perforated paper tape with fully punched round holes. The punched tape shall have an overall width of 0.686 inch plus or minus 0.003 inch after the tape has been conditioned to within 69.5 degrees F to 76.5 degrees F and 48 percent to 52 percent relative humidity for a period of 24 hours. The tape shall be used for recording up to five levels of information across the tape. The feed holes in the tape shall be fully punched and round with a diameter of 0.046 inch plus 0.002 minus 0.001 inch. All holes punched in the tape shall nominally center on the true intersection of longitudinal and perpendicular transverse center lines spaced 0.100 inch apart. Tolerances on locations of code holes in any one transverse row, relative to the center lines of the feed hole in that row, shall be plus or minus 0.002 inch in the transverse direction and plus or minus 0.003 inch in the longitudinal direction.

The article focuses on the use of a new computer system by brokerage house Hornblower & Weeks. Its chairman of executive committee Howard E. Buhse mentions that he wanted a traditional brokerage service that could deal with any type of order without losing money or track of it in which he decided to employ a computer system. In addition, Hornblower's computer system eliminates back-office paperwork and effectively changed the company's operations as well as personnel assignments.

Discusses some of the thinking and philosophy behind changes in the communications of the journal of "Association for Computing Machines." Logistical and administrative reasons for the intended changes; Purposes and goals of the periodical; Technical papers relevant to the computer industry that are sought by the periodical.

The article informs about some activities of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The ACM's Washington D.C. Chapter's 1973 Technical Symposium will take place at the National Bureau of Standards, Oaithersburg, Maryland, on June 21. Program Chairman is Helmut E. Thiess. The article also informs that the 4th Annual Symposium of the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Systems Installation Management is scheduled for October 18-19 in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Papers are invited on the following topics: security; virtual systems evaluation; data entry systems-COM; personnel evaluation, measurement, and development; nonprofessional status of data processing personnel; job estimation; etc. The American Society of Indexers will hold its Second Annual All-Day Meeting on Saturday, April 28, at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Editors, indexers, librarians and index users will participate in forums and speeches concerned with "Index Traps and Pitfalls: Human Generated/Computer Generated." Three speakers for the morning session include Jessica L. Harris, a professor.

The article reports on certain upcoming conferences, exhibitions, symposiums, and other events related to computing machinery. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Southwest Region will sponsor a meeting on the "Philosophical, Moral, and Ethical Problems of the Computer Scientist in the Computerized Society." In addition to contributed papers by ACM members in the Southwest Region, the program will include special presentations. Donn B. Parker, ACM secretary, will speak on the New ACM Code of Professional Ethics. The Computing Center of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, and the Long Island Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery are jointly sponsoring the Third Annual Stony Brook Conference on "Advances in Computing" to be held at Stony Brook on June 9, 1967. The International Business Machines Corp. is providing financial assistance for the conference. "Spectrum of Data Processing" is the title of a one-day technical symposium to be held on May 26, 1967, that will be sponsored by the San Diego, California, chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery.

The article focuses on the system launched by Midwest Stock Exchange president Michael F. Tobin to help securities dealers clear up their paperwork problems. Signet 80 is a shared communications and computing system that will automatically relay orders from the branch offices of brokers to traders on any exchange floor. It will provide medium-sized brokerage houses with the chance to see how the system works out. According to Tobin, the demise of the trading floor is possible and the system puts the Exchange in a good position to meet any changes.

A calendar of events for the Association for Computing Machinery from August 1973 to November 1974 is presented. The Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages to be held in Boston, Massachusetts on October 1-3, 1973. The 4th Symposium on Programming Languages Principles will be held in New York on October 15-17, 1973. The 6th National American Society of Civil Engineers Conference on Electronic Computation will be held in Atlanta, Georgia on August 7-9, 1974.

The article presents information on various meetings to be held in the field of computing in 1971. The Southeastern Region of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is holding its Tenth Annual Conference in Mobile, Alabama on June 19, 2005 at the Admiral Semmes Hotel. The conference is being chaired by Ted E. Turner. The Washington Chapter of the ACM will hold its Tenth Annual Technical Symposium on June 24, 2005 at the National Bureau of Standards. The one-day symposium will consist of panel discussions and papers reviewing ten years of growth and change in the computing industry and looking into the future. The sixth annual ACM Urban Symposium will be held on October 29, 1971, at the New York Hilton Hotel. Sponsored by the New York Metropolitan Chapters of ACM, this Symposium brings together interested professionals from the computing field and from the urban problem areas, and provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, experiences, and information. The Technical Committee on Computer Architecture and the Midwest Area Committee of the IEEE Computer Society are co-Sponsoring a Workshop on Modular Computer Systems.

A comprehensive system for transformational grammar has been designed and implemented on the IBM 360/67 computer. The system deals with the transformational model of syntax, along the lines of Chomsky's Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The major innovations include a full, formal description of the syntax of a transformational grammar, a directed random phrase structure generator, a lexical insertion algorithm, an extended definition of analysis, and simple problem-oriented programming language in which the algorithm for application of transformations can be expressed. In this paper we present the system as a whole, first discussing the general attitudes underlying the development of the system, then outlining the system and discussing its more important special features. References are given to papers which consider some particular aspect of the system in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a calendar of events about the computer industry. The "1967 Spring Joint Committee Conference," which will be held on April 18-20, 1967 in Atlantic City, New Jersey invites papers to be presented during the conference. The American Documentation Institute will hold a convention on October 3-7, 1967 in Santa Monica, California. The International Federation of Information Processing Societies will hold its "1968 Congress" on August 5-10, 1968 in Edinburgh, Scotland.

In a companion paper to this, "I Methodology and Experiences," the automatic Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature scheme was described and how each quadrature formula used in the scheme requires a cosine transformation of the integrand values was shown. The high cost of these cosine transformations has been a serious drawback in using Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature. Two other problems related to the cosine transformation have also been troublesome. First, ... conventional computation of the cosine transformation by recurrence relation is numerically unstable, particularly at the low frequencies which have the largest effect upon the integral. Second, in case the automatic scheme should require refinement of the sampling, storage is required to save the integrand values after the cosine transformation is computed. This second part of the paper shows how the cosine transformation can be computed by a modification of the fast Fourier transform and all three problems overcome. The modification is also applicable in other circumstances requiring cosine or sine transformations, such as polynomial interpolation through the Chebyshev points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature is a particularly important automatic quadrature scheme for a variety of reasons, especially the high accuracy obtained from relatively few integrand values. However, it has received little use because it requires the computation of a cosine transformation, and the arithmetic cost of this has been prohibitive. This paper is in two parts; a companion paper, "II Computing the Cosine Transformation," shows that this objection can be overcome by computing the cosine transformation by a modification of the fast Fourier transform algorithm. This first part discusses the strategy and various error estimates, and summarizes experience with a particular implementation of the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of some computer simulation languages and of some of the packages by which each is implemented. Some considerations involved in comparing software packages for digital computers are discussed In Part I. The issue is obvious: users of digital computers must choose from available languages or write their own. Substantial costs can occur, particularly in training, implementation and computer time if an inappropriate language is chosen. More and more computer simulation languages are being developed: comparisons and evaluations of existing languages are useful for designers and implementers as well as users. The second part is devoted to computer simulation and simulation languages. The computational characteristics of simulation are discussed with special attention being paid to a distinction between continuous and discrete change models. Part III presents a detailed comparison of six simulation languages and packages: SIMSCRIPT, CLP, CSL, GASP, GPSS and SOL. The characteristics of each are summarized in a series of tables. The implications of this analysis for designers of languages, for users, and for implementers are developed. The conclusion of the paper is that the packages now available for computer simulation offer features which none of the more general-purpose packages do and that analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each suggests ways in which both current and future simulation languages and packages can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the schedule of certain upcoming conferences, annual meetings, etc., related to computing machinery supposed to be held in the United States. The Atlantic Systems Conference will be held on April 6-7, 1967, in New York. The ACM San Francisco Bay Area Chapter Technical Symposium will be held on April 7, 1967, in Sunnyvale, California. The Electronic Information Handling Conference will be held on April 12-14, 1967, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Spring Joint Computer Conference will be held on April 18-20, 1967, in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The Tenth Annual Conference of Records Executives and Administrators will be held on May 24-26, 1967, in New York. The Spectrum of Data Processing, ACM San Diego Chapter One Day Technical Symposium will be held on May 26, 1967, in San Diego, California. The Symposium on Automatic Photointerpretation will be held from May 31 to June 2, 1967, in Silver Spring, Maryland. The Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) Annual Meeting will be held from May 31 to June 2, 1967, in New York.

This article presents several forthcoming events related to the computing machinery. The University of Illinois 5th Annual Review of Electronics will be held from November 20-22 at Urbana. The conference is for researchers, development engineers and technical managers in government and industry, and will include laboratory visits and individual discussions with university faculty. Short technical papers will be given on solid state and quantum electronics, cybernetics and computers, and electromagnetics and plasma research. A conference on "Optimization" will be held at the University of Keele in Staffordshire from March 25-28, 1968. Survey papers will be presented on "unconstrained optimization," "constrained optimization by hill-climbing methods" and "non-linear programming by linear programming methods," and offers of original papers that are relevant to any of these three fields are invited. The program for the 8th Annual Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory to be held in Austin, Texas from October 18-20 has been completed.

The article offers news briefs on production technology in the U.S. as of June 23, 1962. Gulf States Paper Corp. is planning to install Prodac 580 highspeed computer systems in its Demopolis Alabama plant in 1963. Henes Mfg. Co. developed the HYDRH²O Model S welding machine that uses distilled water as a fuel and operates on an electrolytic principle. The Automation Division of U.S. Industries Inc. has developed a sensing device that uses the color of the parts for sorting them in the right position.

The article comments on the origin and history of publications in computing. Prior to the second World War, there was only disordered and infrequent publication about computing. The journals related to mathematics, science and engineering, carried occasional contributions concerning computations with mechanical aids. There was a scarce amount of publication concerning methods for efficient computing and the editors of the mathematical journals seemed to consider that papers concerning the process of actually dealing with complex numbers had insufficient content to justify publication by them. The publication started to increase in the early 1950s. A new journal was published in 1949, with the title "Digital Computer Newsletter of the Office of Naval Research," which provided a medium for the interchange among interested persons of information concerning recent developments in various digital computing projects. The first publications of the Association for Computing Machinery were the 1952 Proceedings of the Association meetings in Pittsburgh and Toronto.

Sussenguth suggests in a paper (1963) that a file should be organized as a doubly-chained tree structure if it is necessary both to search and to update frequently. Such a structure provides a compromise between the fast search/slow update characteristics of binary searching and the slow search/fast update characteristics of serial searching. His method, however, contains the limiting restriction that all terminal nodes lie on the same level of the tree. This paper considers the effect of relaxing this restriction. First, trees which have the property that a priori the filial set of each node is well defined are studied. It is proved that coding the nodes within each filial set with respect to the number of terminal nodes reachable from each is necessary and sufficient to guarantee minimum average search time. Then the more general case (that is, where the entire structure of the tree is changeable) is treated. A procedure is developed for constructing a tree with a minimum average search time. A simple closed expression for this minimum average search time is obtained as a function of the number of terminal nodes. The storage capacity required to implement the doubly-chained tree structure on a digital computer is also determined. Finally, the total cost of the structure, using Sussenguth's cost criterion, is computed. It is shown that significant improvements in both the average search time and the total cost can be obtained by relaxing Sussenguth's restriction that all terminal nodes lie on the same level of the tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many recent computer system designs, hardware facilities have been provided for easing the problems of storage allocation. A method of characterizing dynamic storage allocation systems—according to the functional capabilities provided and the underlying techniques used—is presented. The basic purpose of the paper is to provide o useful perspective from which the utility of various hardware facilities may be assessed. A brief survey of storage allocation facilities in several representative computer systems is included as an appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of calculations in high-energy elementary particle physics involve the manipulation of complicated algebraic expressions containing both tensor and noncommutative matrix quantities. Many of these calculations take several months to complete, although the operations involved follow straightforward rules. In this paper program is described, which has been developed in LISP far solving such problems. The manner in which these problems are encountered is outlined, and their representation in the computer discussed. At present, about six months of human work takes less than Fifteen minutes on an IBM 7090. Limitations of the present system and future plans are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a proposed reorganization of the Computer Systems Department of the Association for Computing Machinery. Information that the department has been divided into two sub-departments: Computer Architecture and Measurement, and Performance Evaluation; Functions and roles of the departments; Information on the steps taken by the association for the publication of valuable papers related to the field of computer science in the periodical "Communications of the ACM."

The article presents an overview on the acceleration of the pace of change in the news industry in the U.S. It highlights the adoption of the Associated Press (AP) on the new technology, choosing a system developed by Londonderry, New Hampshire-based Hendrix Electronics Inc. The innovation uses a modified cathode-ray-tub device (CRT), combining a television screen and a keyboard linked to a central computer. The investment in new machines contributes major advantages at deadline time. It highlights the certainties of news executives on their investment despite complaints of some reporters and desk-men on adjustment problems.

The article presents information about various events related to computer machinery. Changing Patterns in Information Retrieval will be the theme of the 10th Annual National Information Retrieval Colloquium on May 3-4, 1973, at the Independence Mall Holiday Inn, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Sixth Annual Simulation Symposium will be held in Tampa, Florida, on March 7-9, 1973. The Symposium provides an excellent opportunity to hear about latest developments in the field of digital computer simulation as well as opportunity to meet informally with other active members of the simulation community. The Second Texas Conference on Computing Systems will be held in Austin on November 12-13, 1973. The conference is an annual forum for the presentation of state-of-the-art practice in computing systems and research results. The second annual Computer Communications Conference will be held on January 24-25, 1973, at California State University, San Jose. Theme of the conference is "Time-Sharing: Past, Present, and Future."

The HASP Execution Task Monitor periodically rearranges the OS/360 dispatching chain to give tasks preemptive execution priority in inverse order to that of their cpu utilization history. The effect is to keep the I/O bound tasks active and to prevent cpu bound tasks from locking out other tasks. This paper develops a simple model of the Execution Task Monitor and employs it to study the effectiveness of the monitor in improving system performance. A modified strategy for monitor control is investigated for the case of task execution in a memory heirarchy of varying speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Users of linear programming computer codes have realized the necessity of evaluating the capacity, effectiveness, and accuracy of the solutions provided by such codes. Large scale linear programming codes at most installations are assumed to be generating correct solutions without ever having been "benche-marked" by test problems with known solutions. The reason for this fail- ure to adequately test the codes is that rarely are there large problems with known solutions readily available. This paper presents a theoretical justification and an illustrative implementation of a method for generating linear programming test problems with known solutions. The method permits the generation of test problems that are of arbitrary size and have a wide range of numerical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various issues related to the three-dimensional plot programming and algorithm 483. PLOT3D will accept three-dimensional data in various forms, rotate it in three-space, and plot the projection of the resulting figure onto the x-y plane. Those lines or portions of lines that should be hidden by previous lines are masked. Each call to PLOT3D causes one line to be plotted. A line consists of a sequence of points in three-space that will be connected using linear interpolation between adjacent points. This sequence of points is specified by three sequences of real numbers, the x, y, and z components of each point. Each of these sequences of real numbers can be specified either as being equally spaced, and therefore denoted by an initial value and an increment, or as being contained in a real array. PLOT3D attempts to minimize plotter movement by beginning at the alternate end of successive lines. A more detailed description of the parameters is contained in the comments at the beginning of the program listing. This routine was developed at the Applied Research Laboratories on their Control Data Corp. 3200 computer system.

UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive operating system for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number of features seldom found even in larger operating systems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorporating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, and inter-process I/O; (3) the ability to initiate asynchronous processes; (4) system command language selectable on a per-user basis; and (5) over 100 subsystems including a dozen languages. This paper discusses the nature and implementation of the file system and of the user command interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs related to the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ACM national chairman George Heller has certified the New Milford High School Computer Club as the first Secondary School Computer Club in Connecticut assisted by the association. Christophe Dupont and A. Kuevangueven were announced as winners of a student paper competition hosted by the French National Institute for Research in Computing and Automation.

The article focuses on the objectives of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for 1970. The ACM's literature is its most basic service to its members. Not every ACM member attends chapter meetings regularly; only a fraction of the members attend national conferences. But every member regularly receives the ACM publications. It is suggested that a fair fraction of the issues for the next two years be assigned to the largest and most active Special Interest Groups (SIG). Each designated SIG would be responsible for selecting and obtaining subject matter for one such special issue. The process of organizing the technical program for national conferences needs overhauling. The "call for papers" philosophy too often results in mish-mash sessions. Panel sessions can be simply excuses for delivering full papers--which escape refereeing and do not appear in the proceedings. The Professional Development program has had a very successful first year. It has brought high quality technical seminars to many cities throughout the country. It needs continued support, so as to offer more subjects in more cities. How can the ACM better serve the business data processing community, which represents over one-half of the computer field, for this the ACM needs a much more vigorous program addressed to supporting the technical competence of these people.

Because of the problems created by the explosion of papers in the mathematical sciences and the drawbacks that this places on research, it is suggested that a tree of all mathematical results and terminology be maintained in a multiterminal computer system. Users of the system can store in the computer an updated file of their current knowledge, and on selecting a paper to read, they can obtain from the computer the minimum subtree of theorems required to bring them from what they already know to the background knowledge which the paper assumes. Under certain conditions, means are also provided for the contribution of useful comments by the readers of a work and for interaction between commentators and with the author. This paper describes how the system can be organized and the role required of readers, writers, and commentators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with certain aspects of contention for main memory resources in a multiproagrammed computer system operating under demand paging. In the model presented, the number of page- frames of main memory allocated to a problem program varies in time. These changes in memory configuration are represented explicitly in the model, CPU requirements and page exception characteristics of program material being described statistically. Expressions for the distribution of the number of page-frames allocated to an executing program, the long run expected fraction of a program's execution time in a given number of page-frames, and the average execution interval of the multi- programmed load are obtained. It is pointed out heuristically and demonstrated numerically that an increase is obtainable in the average execution interval of the multiprogrammed load over that resulting from equal fixed partitioning of main memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models constitute a useful means of investigating computer system performance. This paper examines the interrelationships between models and other methods for evaluating the performance of computer systems and establishes circumstances under which the use of a model is appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to writing specifications for parts of software systems. The main goal is to provide specifications sufficiently precise and complete that other pieces of software can be written to interact with the piece specified without additional information. The secondary goal is to include in the specification no more information than necessary to meet the first goal. The technique is illustrated by means of a variety of examples from a tutorial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]