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System Optimization of Industrial Waste Treatment Design is a challenging topic in view of the ever-increasing pollution problems and the rapid development of new processes. An optimization procedure which integrates dynamic programming techniques into existing process design principles is presented. With the objective to identify the optimum combinations of various unit processes in a multistage plant, the most economic decisions are derived while meeting the ultimate design criteria. The analytical procedure utilizes the method of decision inversion in dynamic programming. A numerical example for typical paper and pulp industrial waste treatment design is presented for illustrative purposes. Many practical cost functions have also been developed for the analysis of the pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment system which consists of different process alternatives.

The frequency of occurrence of defects in electrical insulation can be shown to follow the Poisson law of probability. One of the more important defects in thin paper insulation is conducting particles. In this paper expressions are derived for the probable breakdown voltage as a function of conducting particle occurrence. It is shown by statistical evidence that large conducting particles exist in the insulating paper and bridge one or more layers of paper in the finished capacitor through chance reorientation caused by manufacturing processes and operation. The degree and frequency of reorientation of particles with a typical grade of paper is determined experimentally, and the probable insulation thickness and consequent voltage strength of various size capacitors is calculated. A method of determining the optimum voltage strength of this insulation is illustrated. It is concluded that conducting particles are a predominant factor in determining the voltage strength of present day capacitors and that one of the greatest opportunities for improvement lies in the reduction of the conducting particle content in the paper.

Detailed engineering studies on the energy balance profile, which resulted in the establishment of related per area energy costs in the drier section of a hypothetical 300-ton-per-day paper machine, have been converted into an economic model. Based upon these data, a conceptual design on of an equivalent paper machine in which microwave energy is substitued for more con ventional energy in selected areas has been made and an equivalent economic model developed. The comparison of these economic models is then used to demonstrate the relative merits of microwave energy as a useful source of power in paper manufacture. This comparison shows that while capital cost is somewhat increased, the overalI operating cost is decreased. Significant advantages include a more uniform moisture profile, and a substantially shortened paper machine length.

THE WINDER is one of the more important machines in the paper industry. In general, every paper machine has a winder intimately associated with it and there are many others used in the finishing room.

To an increasing degree, large machines designed for quantity production are being subdivided into their elements, each section being driven by a separate motor as contrasted with former practise of driving these machines, as a whole, from a single unit. With the paper machine, this is called the sectional-electric drive. In this paper, the author has confined himself largely to the history and development of the several types of the sectional drive and the relative merits of each particular type. An attempt has been made to set forth clearly the advantages of the sectional drive and to show that its field of application should increase with a fuller understanding of its advantages as to increased production, improved product and lower operating cost.

Filter paper electrophoretic analyses of serum were carried out in a series of eighteen proved cases of multiple myeloma, twenty-three normal controls and 130 patients with non-myelomatous diseases, and compared with the results of classical Tiselius electrophoresis and chemical fractionation. Abnormal electrophoretic patterns were found in all of the cases of multiple myeloma studied, and tall narrow spikes representing abnormal proteins with varying mobilities in the globulin range were demonstrated in 78 per cent. The latter were considered diagnostic of myelomatosis since similar patterns have not been described in any other disease and since none were observed in any of the present controls. In six of the eighteen cases the diagnosis was first established on the basis of these electrophoretic patterns and subsequently confirmed by bone marrow biopsy. In eight others they were merely confirmatory in previously diagnosed cases. Of special interest were the diagnostic patterns found in four patients in whom myelomatosis was not suspected. There were significant quantitative differences between the results obtained by filter paper and classical electrophoresis, and the results of both differed from those of chemical fractionation. However, the diagnostic peaks of myelomatosis were equally well demonstrated by both electrophoretic methods. It is concluded (1) that the electrophoretic patterns of serum obtained by both the filter paper and Tiselius methods exhibit highly characteristic peaks in a high proportion of individuals with multiple myeloma, (2) that such patterns are of great diagnostic value and (3) that the filter paper method offers the advantages of simplicity, low cost and speed, without any loss in sensitivity or specificity, which make it especially valuable for screening large numbers of specimens in patients suspected of having myelomatosis.

The MANUFACTURE OF PAPER is an art as old as civilisation. Until comparatively lately in the world's history, demand for paper could be satisfied by hand manufacture; however, the invention of printing, allied with a steady growth in literacy have necessitated the development of mechanical means of paper‐making.

The longer “Mitsumata” is boiled the worse effects the paper manufactured in the boiling of the refined bast of “Mitsumata”.When we do the repeated use of the waste liquor we should avoid to last boiling long.Because of the boiling lasts long lignin decomosition increases and the repeated use of the liquor consume unnecessary amount of caustic soda. According to Shimoda formula, the author recognize that it is calculated the economic repeating number to use the waste liquor.The chemical analysis of refined bast of “Mitsumata” grown in Ehime Prefecture and Mitsumata pulp have been done.

A simple method is described for determining the uric acid: creatinine ratio (UA/C ratio) in urine collected on filter paper. Uric acid and creatinine can be eluted quantitatively from Schleicher and Schuell 903 filter paper in alkaline buffer; the eluate is analyzed for the two compounds simultaneously by an automated method. The mean UA/C ratio was defined in 820 newborn infants in the postnatal period of life. After the third day, the average is 1.49 ± 0.60 (mean ± 1SD), falling from a high value of 2.25 ± 0.85 on the second day. There is no significant sex difference or diurnal variation at this age and neither gestational age nor birth weight apparently affects the ratio. The technique can be used to screen population, particularly the neonate after the 3rd day of life, for disorders of purine metabolism. An abnormal ratio (i.e., above 3.29 or > 3SD above the mean) would indicate such a disorder. Transient high UA/C ratios can be anticipated in at least 0.5% of samples often because of acquired perinatal complications.

A sample of 147 men drawn from the workers in a pulp mill was compared with one of 124 men from a paper mill. The former included those exposed to chlorine and to sulphur dioxide. No significant differences were found in respiratory symptoms or in simple tests of ventilatory function in the two samples, but men working in chlorine had a somewhat poorer respiratory function and more shortness of breath than those working in sulphur dioxide. The working population of both mills together had a lower prevalence of respiratory disease than that of the male population of Berlin, N.H., previously studied, suggesting that working populations may not be representative of the general population. Further, a low prevalence of disease in a working population exposed to pollutants may not indicate their `safety9 in general populations.

Pressure pulses of 8.2 × 107 dyn cm-2, each lasting for about 0.01 sec, were applied to paper, and the scattered light from it was measured simultaneously in order to study the response of pores in paper under dynamic conditions. During the compression phase the deformation in pore surface, i.e. the loss in fibre-air interface, is found to be linearly related to the square root of pressure, and the minimum pressure required to compress a paper to the non-porous state is estimated to be around 5 × 108 dyn cm-2, depending on the type of paper. The decompression curve, however, always follows a different path; thus, a cycle of compression and decompression shows large hysteresis. An approximate calculation is made of the energy loss per cycle, and this shows the associated temperature rise to be less than 1 degc. The delayed recovery from compression is large compared with the elastic recovery, but the permanent set is very small. Both the resistance of pores to compression and the energy loss per unit volume seem to be related to the paper density.

This study investigated effects of industrial wastes of a paper mill on fish. Chemical analyses were made of the effluent and of the river water before it entered the mill and at the effluent entry point. Static bioassay techniques were used to determine tolerances to the effluent of ten fish species which were abundant in the paper mill area. Fish were collected from the effluent entry point into the river. An abundant fish fauna was found. Charmin Paper Products Company, Cheboygan, Michigan, treats its waste products thoroughly and is an example of what an industry can do to reduce water pollution. The common shiner, Notropis cornutus , was found to be intolerant to even low concentrations of the effluent. Thus, its presence in an area would indicate a very low level of pollution of this type.

In dc cables the resistivity of the insulation is a very important parameter, as it determines the stress distribution and the power losses in the insulation. This paper gives the results of several tests on plane capacitors, from which the steady-state resistivity of four different kinds of paper and impregnants appear to be almost identical from this point of view. The transient behavior of one of the dielectrics is also shown, giving the current density as a function of time after the application of a direct voltage, for different temperatures and stresses.

WATER is an integral part of the manufacture of pulp, paper, and paperboard. It plays a critical role in virtually every step of paper making, from the processing of pulp to the carrying of fibers to the paper-making machines. Water also is used to generate steam for power generation and for process use. Most of the water requirements are met by surface supplies (rivers and lakes) with the remainder from wells. Some mills also use city water. Since water-quality requirements for steam generation are well documented, this article will focus directly on process-water requirements and problems.

A new technique for measuring peak pressures of repeated high amplitude sound pulses in liquids is described. The method involves the transfer of carbon from carbon paper to white `printing-out paper' as a result of the pressure exerted by a pulse. The darkening produced on the white paper was estimated photometrically and used as a measure of the peak pressure in the pulse. Using this procedure, measurements were made in a water column of pulse peak pressures up to 700 atm.

THE HISTORY of the paper industry and the history of paper machine drives is a story of continued progress; progress in improved performance, increased reliability, and operator convenience.

This paper discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of on-line color control that is used successfully on a paper machine at Consolidated Papers, Inc. The control design schemes for digital controllers are given. Simulation and actual process results are also reported.

This paper describes the computer control system used in the paper mill of Oy Nokia Ab in Nokia, Finland. The computer controlled Yankee Paper Machine produces paper with basis weight from 17 to 72 grams/m 2 . The operational principles of this paper machine and its control system are described. The control system software includes data collecting and reporting programs as well as supervisory programs. The most important variables and conditions of the paper machine are measured and reported. Among the control application programs the basis weight and moisture control can be considered as the most important. The target values of both moisture and basis weight are maintained by the computer. Thus the operation of the paper machine enables us to obtain maximum permissible moisture values of the produced paper. The computer also controls the non-continuous or continuous proportioning by the amounts of pulp components. Thus, an economic and exact proportioning is reached. The computer also controls the changes of grade, which are thus made accurately and fast. The computer measures continuously the lengths of the machine reel and the customer rolls on the winding machine, and tells the proper times for changes, and so the lengths are optimized. The conclusion includes the experiences we have gathered when using this computer control system.

Among the factors affecting the stiffness of paper, the effects of density, loading and basis weight were studied on the hand-made sheets. A formula and a diagram, by which the effect of basis weight on the stiffness can be calculated independently of pulp variety, beating equipment and pulp freeness, were derived and the concept of stiffness factor was defined as follows.log S =log a+1.832 log WStiffness factor=S(100/W)1.832where S=stiffnessW=basis weight in g/m2 α=α constantAlthough “Koshi”, one of the Japanese traditional methods evaluating paper quality is not a mere stiffness but it depends on the sense of human being, a formula evaluating “Koshi” was derived and it was named “Composed Stiffness”.Composed Stiffness= [S- (1.0-D)× 86.7]× D×T.S.where S= StiffnessD=Density in g/cm3 T.S = Tensile strength in kg

The paper industry is the third largest discharger of industrial waste in the U.S. A great deal of experience has been gained in the design and operation of such treatment facilities. This information is contained in the records of the National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. The experience contained in these records is translated into design parameters. The application of these design parameters is illustrated with the case histories of two highly successful treatment plants. The first case history deals with an aerated stabilization basin system. The design of this plant shows excellent foresight in providing for the flexibility necessary in treating paper mill wastes and also reserve capacity necessary to protect the receiving stream under any conditions. The second case history is of an activated sludge system. This system illustrates an application where a high degree of treatment is needed at all times.

This paper is a sequel to the author's report of the Gakunan Pulp and Paper Industry District published in the Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 35 (1962), No. 9. In this paper an attempt is made to illustrate how a small local industrial area has lost or left its local characteristics. The recent tremendous growth of industry in Japan is still taking place largely in the already highly industrialized areas and in their vicinities. After the Korean War, under the nation's new economic policy, which intended to foster concentration of manufacturing production, still it is gradually having an impact on many other parts of the country. In this trend, Shizuoka Prefecture came to rank seventh in the manufacturing production of Japan. In this prefecture the Gakunan District has played an important role in its industrial growth, especially in such industrial groups as machineries and chemicals. There were three stages in industrialization of this district as the author pointed out before. Concentration of manufacturing production has long been lasting since the economic depression after World War I, or the second stage in industrialization. In this process most paper factories, which were initially established by local landowners, came into the hands of some paper commission merchants, because of fall of landowners. Through this stage, most landowners fell and few could be industrial capitalists. Daishowa-Seishi was established in 1938 by those merchants, being heir to old enterprisers' properties. In the period of World War II, some monopolistic enterprises such as Toshiba and Nissan, which are now ones of the leading producers of electrical machineries and automobiles respectively, opened their factories in the Gakunan District. The factories were moved and located here from the Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial Belt in response to expanding military demands. Besides, consideration of danger from air attack was an innegligible factor in such industrial localization. A quite similar tendency is becoming visible in other newly opened establishments by monopolistic enterprisers. This phenomenon is today's typical pattern of industrial localization in formerly locally developed industrial areas. It shows that a small local industrial area is losing its old-type local characteristic which industries were based on local labor, and means that the next stage in industrialization is taking place. Under the circumstances mentioned above, the primary industry is declining. Small-scale fishing activity in coastal water is completely gone, and agricultural industry is declining. Along part of the Tokaido Railroad or surrounding sites of the Tagonoura Port, a very spacious cultivated land, mostly for paddy fields, is changing into industrial purposes including residential sections belonging to some large-scale factories. Figure 2 shows industrial impact on agricultural land. Black sign indicates intustrial land use, faint colored sign is for settlements. Old small factories by local capital are located in and near old settlements, and in contrast, new large factories by monopolistic capital are located along the Tokaido Line encroaching on paddy fields. Thus, many farmers lost a large portion of their farming land, in some cases even their own homes. They must have jobs other than agriculture. In this industrialized district, farmers have many oppotunities to obtain jobs, so most of them stay in their towns or villages and get livelihood there. Though many families in rural settlements change their occupations to those of secondary or tertiary industries, they do not become pure wage workers rapidly as so expected, by completely leaving agriculture and because of their low wages. Part-time farming families are increasing year by year. Side work ratio to the total farming families is now over 85%.

The basic criteria for development of a suitable per cent moisture gauge for paper are discussed and the paper industry requirements analysed. The theory of operation for the infra-red gauge is explained and the various components of the system described at length. Installation methods for fixed point and traversing mechanisms are set forth. The significance of the calibration technique being used is discussed. A wide range of current installations is described and the extension of applications on the paper machine suggested.

The pulp and paper industry has fallen on evil days since 1929. It is still our largest manufacturing industry both in value of output and amount of payroll, and still ranks second only to wheat among the export staples on which our economic life is built: in the calendar year 1934, wheat provided just over 20 per cent, of the value of our exports; pulp and paper, 17¼ per cent, a gain of 4¼ per cent, since 1930. Unhappily it is also second only to wheat in the calamities which have overtaken it. In 1933, its salary payments were barely 68 per cent, of the pre-depression figure, its wage bill not quite 50 per cent., its bond and debenture interest payments less than 15 per cent., its dividends about 9 per cent. Mr. C. P. Fell, in his valuable chapter in The Canadian Economy and its Problems, says that “mills having 58 per cent, of the total Canadian [newsprint] capacity are in bankruptcy or receivership, or are passing, or have recently passed through, some form of reorganization; … they include five out of eight of the larger newsprint manufacturers in North America.”The general decline in prices and consumption will explain only a small part of the disaster. It is tempting to dismiss the rest as no more than an instance of the common plight of all export industries; especially as the only section of the pulp and paper industry in a reasonably satisfactory financial position is the small group of firms producing fine paper and specialty goods for the protected home market. But this explanation also is hardly adequate. The Canadian wheat grower has had to contend against the vagaries of nature, against foreign tariffs, quotas, and other such restrictions, against a considerable expansion of home production in his chief markets, and against the formidable competition of exporters from countries with depreciated exchanges. The Canadian newsprint manufacturer, on the other hand, faces no such obstacles. On the contrary, he has free entry into the United States market, and, until the worst of the depression was past, enjoyed the advantages of a depreciated exchange, netting him at times as much as $8.00 a ton, and an average of $3.00 in 1933. It is necessary, therefore, to look deeper to discover why the industry has suffered such exceptionally severe losses.

T X SHE British government in April, I94I, issued a "White Paper" entitled An Analysis of the Sources of War Finance and an Estimate of the National Income and Expenditure in I938 and I940 (Cmd. 626i). "This paper contains two series of statistical estimates, the first prepared in the Treasury and designed to analyse the sources of war finance; and the second an estimate of the national income and expenditure in the calendar years I938 and I940, prepared in the Central Statistical Office and designed to measure in money terms the main elements in the nation's income, expenditure and savings and the net amount of funds available for government purposes from private sources." This document presents Treasury receipts from taxation, borrowing, and extraordinary sources for the first year and the first half of the second year of the war; an examination of categories of public borrowing, including an estimate of purchases of Treasury issues out of proceeds of assets sold abroad by the British and out of the net inflow of balances from abroad; and an estimate of the important sources of funds channeled into the market for Treasury issues. These are funds from overseas, tax accruals (not yet due), savings of local authorities and undistributed profits of companies, net current personal savings, and reinvestments of sums realized from certain domestic capital assets. The second part of this valuable document contains the best work yet made available on British national income, personal expenditures, expenditures of the government, net investment (and disinvestment), personal income, and the disposal of personal income-all restricted, however, to the calendar years I938 and I940. Economists should be grateful for this document, which

This paper tells about a computer application in the control and supervision of paper manufacture. The operating system and the control program modules as well as the opportunities of the process operator to interact with the execution of the programs are described in addition to the computer equipment. Control objects are the basis weight, humidity, machine speed and headbox level and pressure. Their essential features are described together with a description of the supervision, which consists of quality and production reports.

By the mid-197o's, an estimated 63 million Americans will be enrolled in the nation's schools and colleges. Total attendance in higher education alone will exceed i61,2 million. With almost one million earned baccalaureates, over a quarter of a million master's degrees, and nearly 50,000 doctorates awarded each year, servicing the academic world will be lucrative for many educational vendors, including equipment manufacturers, textbook publishers, as well as a new breed of supplier-commercial firms which provide ghost-written term papers for students.' For years, educators have known about fraternity files and the exchange of papers among students. The assistance rendered by relatives and friends in the preparing of assignments has sometimes been met with academic oversight and even acquiescence. Only the most flagrant cases of plagiarism from known and traceable published sources have resulted in disciplinary action (warning, reprimand, grade reduction, failure, revocation of privileges, probation or, in rare cases, suspension or

— The use of paper electrophoresis for the routine examination of urinary proteins in the dog has been studied. In the majority of dogs with nephritis the A/G ratios of the urinary proteins were found to be greater than those of corresponding sera and the electropherograms were fairly well defined. In a few cases the ratios were much smaller, and they were usually associated with high relative percentages of the β- and γ-fractions. Post-renal protein due to cystitis alone produced poorly defined electropherograms. These also resulted when both conditions were present. Urinary proteins with high relative percentages of β- and γ-globulins were also investigated and their electropherograms compared with those of γ-globulin preparations and with seminal plasma from male dog ejaculate. Urinary proteins from dogs suffering from a combination of diseases, e.g. nephritis and liver disorders, gave electropherograms that were not characteristic, although low A/G ratios appeared to be associated with prostatitis, with a case of splenic haematoma, and with some cases showing severe liver damage. It is concluded that paper electrophoresis of urinary proteins, particularly when performed on small “grab” samples has only limited use in routine clinical diagnosis. Resume— L'tlectrophorere au papier a ete employee pour I'etude des proteines dam l'urine du chien. Chez la majorite des chiens le rapport A/G dans l'albumine de l'urine a ete trouve augmente. Dans peu de cas, le rapport etait plus petit, quand le pourcentage Beta et Gamma etait plus eleve. L'albuminaire due a des cystites ne donnait que des electrophograms mediocres. Il en etait de meme quand une nephrite venait compliquer une cystite. Les proteines urinaires ayant une forte teneur de beta et de gamma globulines furent egalement etudiees, et leur electropherogramme compares au liquide seminal de chiens males. Les proteines urinaires de chiens souffrant simultanement de plusieurs maladies telles que nephrite et desordres hepatiques, donnerent des cliches peu caracteristiques, bien qu'un rapport A/G diminue semble etre associe a une prostatite, a un hematome splenique, et dam quelques cas de graves leions hepatiques. La conclusion est que l'electrophorese au papier, des proteines de l'urine, est d'un interet clinique limite, particulierement quand la quantite d'urine fournie est petite. Zusammenfassung— Die Anwendbarkeit der Papierelektrophorese zur Untersuchung der Harn-proteine des Hundes wurde studiert. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass in der Mehrzahl der Hunde, die an Nephritis litten, die A/G Quotienten der Harnproteine hoher waren als der entsprechenden Sera und die erhalten Elektro-pherogramme waren ziemlich scharf definiert. In einigen wenigen Fallen waren die Quotienten betrachtlich kleiner und dann fand sich gewohnlich auch ein relativ hoher zugehoriger Anteil der Beta und Gamma Fraktion. Postrenales Protein, das lediglich durch Zystitis hervorgerufen war, zeigte verwaschene Elektrophorogramme. Solche Resultate wurden auch dann gesehen, wenn beide Erkrankungen zusammen vorlagen. Harnproteine mit einem relativ grossen Anteil von Beta und Gammaglobulin wurden ebenfalls untersucht und die erhaltenen Elektrophorogramme wurden mit solchen verglichen, die man rnit Gammaglobulin oder mit der Samenflussigkeit mannlicher Hunde erhielt. Hamproteine von Hunden, die an einer Kombination von verschiedenen Erkrankungen litten, 2.B. von Nephritis und Leberkrankheit, ergaben uncharakteristische Elektrophorogramme, es erschien jedoch, dass niedrige A/G Quotienten bei Prostatitis, bei einem Fall von Milzhaematom und bei einigen Fallen rnit schwerer Leberschadigung gefunden wurden. Es kann abschliessend gesagt werden, dass die Papierelektrophorese der Hamproteine, desonders wenn sie nur an gelegentlichen kleinen Proben ausgefuhrt wird, nur einen beschrankt klinisch diagnostischen Wert besitzt.

The pulp and paper industry is a major one in the United States and utilizes many complex processes. The first control computer was installed in 1961, and the number of installations has increased steadily to about 47 in March, 1969. The applications at many of these installations have been published in some technical detail. This paper briefly describes the processes, many of the control problems and the solutions that have been used. Although the paper deals primarily with the U. S. industry, significant developments abroad are mentioned. Economic and technical results published by companies which have installed 21 of the total computers are summarized.

Deposits of coal dust collected on filter paper from airborne clouds have been studied in connexion with their light screening power. This depends on the nature of the paper as well as the size and concentration of the particles. Nine kinds of paper were investigated, two of them in detail. Some idea has been obtained of the qualities necessary in a filter paper in order that the dust deposits will have maximum optical density. Theoretical expressions are derived for light screening according to how the particles are dispersed in the paper. Maximum screening would result if each particle shadowed individually, but this is only possible in very sparse deposits; otherwise, overlapping of the particles has to be allowed for. Diffraction of light by the particles and the effects of diffusion of light in the paper are discussed.

THERE are two distinct types of paper machines to be found in the industry; the Fourdrinier machine, named after its sponsor, and the cylinder machine. These machines with modifications are used in the manufacture of all grades of paper and paperboard.

This paper discusses about the strength of two kinds of paper bags. One is a commercial packing bags made of bleached wrapping papers and the other, kraft paper bags. With the former, the results of falling test were compared with the Japanese standard strength test and special strength test.It was found that the _??_ type paper strengh, _??_ type paper strength and folding endurance have a good correlation factor to the results of falling test. (see fig 7-13, table 3) With the kraft paper bags, the rotation drum test and falling test by hand and by the instrument were experimented.It was found that the fluctuation of the rotation drum test is less than the fluctuation of the falling test by hand and by the instrument. (see table 5, 8, 9, 10).

This paper takes the reader through the steps of a control system design using both optimal control theory and sensitivity analysis. The problem is to control color on a paper machine. The physical aspects of color are briefly described and a model for the paper machine is given. The model responses are compared with responses obtained experimentally on a small-scale machine. The retention turns out to be an unknown and variable parameter. A sampled-data design is carried out for the nominal case where the retention is 100 percent using the linear-regulator theory. A parameter \rho weighing the control effort in the quadratic cost function is then used as a design parameter.

Several analysis of wet sheet drying mechanism in the multi-cylinder dryer part have been informed and we have introduced our own idea and developed the new formulae.That is, we have succeeded in computing the changing processes of moisture content and tempenature of wet sheet by using these formulae.Many different elements-basic weight, dryer surface temperature, property and tension of dryer clothing-which have effects on the wet sheet drying are used as the functions of drying speed.As a result, the construction of dryer part are able to be determined by these formulae where certain basic design data are provided.The test results and the formulae are presented in this paper.

High rates of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) reduction (nitrogenase activity) were observed in woodroom effluent from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical mill under aerobic (up to 644 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) and under anaerobic (up to 135 nmol of C 2 H 4 produced per ml per h) conditions. Pasteurized effluent developed C 2 H 2 reduction activity when incubated under anaerobic but not under aerobic conditions. Activities were increased by addition of 0.5 to 3.0% glucose or xylose. Enrichment and enumeration studies showed that N 2 -fixing Azotobacter and Klebsiella were abundant, and N 2 -fixing Bacillus was present. Of 129 isolates of Klebsiella from pulp mills, lakes, rivers, and drainage and sewage systems, 32% possessed nitrogen-fixing ability.

The hypothesis of oxidative and fatigue abrasion phenomena as the major cause of tire tread wear in normal operation has led to development of a laboratory test machine for which low severity, obtained by using paper tape as abrading material, and full temperature control are outstanding characteristics. Good uniformity and reproducibility of abrasion are obtained if proper care is taken. Proof of the basic theory and of its applicability to such a machine has been obtained through a survey of the effects of antioxidants in compounds and of test temperature variation. Application of this test method to tire tread compounds has given fair results here it has been possible to establish testing conditions sufficiently related to those in road tests. When these latter include a large range of severities, comparisons are less favorable and further study is being made to try to accommodate such cases.

Interrelationships between the microorganisms in paper mill slimes were investigated by observing the effect of culture filtrates from some of the organisms upon the growth of others, as well as by studying their growth in mixed culture. The most common effect was a stimulation of growth. "White water" from the mill increased the growth rate of several fungi, but had no effect on the bacterial isolates. When considered in relation to the nutritional and physical conditions prevailing within the mill system, the results suggest that there is an interdependence of vitamin-deficient organisms in slimes and that synergistic growth mechanisms do occur.

Mechanical behavior of the paper for power cable under dry condition was studied. The samples w ere impregnated with insulating-oil or microcrystaline wax after drying, and tensile strength, elongation, folding endurance, bursting strength and tear resistance were measured.(1) Comparing the mechanical strength under dry condition with that RH 65 %, there was remarkable change in the elongation of C. D (cross direction) and the folding endurance of both directions, C. D and the M. D (machine direction). Especially, the folding endurance of M. D showed the decreases of about 98%.(2) The order of properties which had been effected by heating was as follows;folding endurance>bursting strength>tear strength>elongation>tensile strength.(3) Comparing the heating in the air with that in the vacuum, so much difference was not approved by heating of 110°C and 130°C in all the properties, but remarkable change was recognized at 150°C.(4) Some difference was shown on the extreme decrease both direction, M. D and C. D by heating and remarkable difference was shown in the folding endurance and elongation by heating in the air.

The employment of radio-frequencies for chemical analysis was suggested and commenced by the author in 1936. Brief mention is made of the gradual development of the “conductrimetric tube” with references to papers by him and other workers, and a new application of external electrodes and displacement currents to chromatography is presented. A circuit diagram is given in which both rectification and amplification are achieved by the use of a “Transistor”.

Static switching control, with its greatly improved reliability, is another step toward automated industrial sytems. A general view of this field including a specific application to a paper mill digester is presented.

Using the principles of elementary dynamics limits are put on the speeds with which a paper transport mechanism which is required to stop at a given character can be expected to work. It is shown that these speeds are nearly four times those so far achieved.

A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR HUMAN PITUITARY LUTEINISING HORMONE USING PAPER CHROMATO-ELECTROPHORESIS

Summary The electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins has been studied in 30 infants suffering from toxicosis. During the stage of acute dehydration the main changes were a moderate or marked increase of alpha globulin, particularly of the α2 fraction and a decrease of albumin. In some cases there was also an increase of the gamma globulin. During recovery the alpha globulin decreases while albumin increases. However, the return to normal of the electrophoretic pattern is not always achieved when clinical recovery occurs. The absolute amounts of total serum proteins have also been estimated and their significance has been discussed. Electrophorese sur papier des proteines du serum au cours de la toxicose. L'aspect electrophoretique des proteines du serum a eteetudie chez 30 ehfants presentant une toxicose. Au cours de la periode de deshydratation aigue, on a pu noter une augmentation nette des alphaglobulines (en particulier la fraction alpha 2), et une diminution de l'albumine. Dans quelques cas, on a pu noter aussi une augmentation des gammaglobulines. La diminution des alphaglobulines, et l'augmentation de l'albumine est survenue avec la guerison. Neanmoins, le retour a la normale de la courbe d'electrophorese n'est pas toujours acheve au moment de la guerison elinique. Papierelektrophorese von Serum-Protein bei Sauglingstoxikose. Die Elektrophoresebefunde von Serumproteinen sind bei 30 an Toxikose leidenden Sauglingen untersucht worden. Wahrend des Stadiums der akuten Dehydration waren die Hauptveranderungen eine massige oder ausgepragte Zunahme des Alpha-Globulins, insbesondere der α2-Fraktion und eine Abnahme des Albumins. In einigen Fallen be-stand auch eine Zunahme des Gamma-Globulins. Wahrend der Genesung nimmt das Alpha-Globulin ab, wahrend das Albumin ansteigt. Jedoch ist der Ruckgang zum nor-malen elektrophoretischen Bild nicht immer vollendet wenn die klinische Genesung eintritt. Electroforesis en papel de las proteinas sericas en la toxicosis. Se estudiaron las imagenes electroforeticas de las proteinas sericas en 30 lactantes afectos de toxicosis. Durante el periodo de deshidratacion aguda, los cambios mas notables fueron un moderado o marcado aumento de la alfa globulina, especialmente de alfa 2. Durante la convalecencia, la fraecion alfa globulina disminuyo mientras au-mentaba la albumina. Sin embargo, la vuelta a la imagen electroforetica normal no siempre es completa al ocurrir, la mejoria clinica.