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The incidence of pulmonary emphysema in a series of 50 necropsies on male subjects in Glasgow has been investigated. Emphysema was present in 37 lungs (74%) and found in more than trace amounts in 32 lungs (64%). These results are similar to those previously reported from London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff but emphysema in younger men appears to be more severe in Glasgow than in these other cities. Centrilobular emphysema was the commonest variety, found in 36 of the 50 lungs (72%); it was the only or predominant type in 17 (34%). Panlobular emphysema was found in 25 lungs (50%), but only in 5 (10%) was this the predominant or the only variety. In 15 cases (30%), significant amounts of both centrilobular and panlobular emphysema were present. Three methods were used to measure emphysema, including the recently introduced method which compares the severity of emphysma on paper-mounted large sections with standard charts arbitrarily graded according to severity. The method of scoring is quick and gave results comparable to those using Heard's method on the barium impregnated slice. It has the added advantage that paper-mounted sections, unlike barium-impregnated slices, are easily stored and thus provide a permanent record. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This section presents abstracts of studies on economics which were published in the December 1964 issue of Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik. The paper titled The Aging Populations -- A Transitory Phenomenon, by Franz Xaver Kaufmann, discusses the statistical and sociological explanations of the changes in age distribution of European population in the 20th century. The paper titled Monetary Analysis and the Postwar Rise in the Velocity of Money in the U.S., reviews some aspects of the postwar rise in the velocity of money in the U.S. and offers views concerning the rise in the corporate manufacturing sector in particular. The paper titled Changes in the Structure of the Swiss Money and Capital Market, by R. Lang, explores the major changes in the Swiss financial structure since 1927-1929 from the point of view of an experienced banker.

This paper formulates a demographic flow model that can be used to analyze the effects of university early-retirement policies on faculty appointment rates and rank and age distributions. In addition, it discusses a specific early-retirement plan designed to induce less productive older members of a faculty into voluntary withdrawal while offering significantly less encouragement to their more productive colleagues. The model is then used to examine the extent to which this plan is likely to achieve its intended results, namely an increase in the flow rate of new appointments, a reduction in the number of older faculty members in service, and a reduction in total personnel costs. Both short-run and equilibrium effects are analyzed with specific reference to the situation at Stanford University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper abridged nuptiality tables for the single population of India have been constructed for the three consecutive decades 1901-1911, 1911-1921 and 1921-1931. No significant time trend has been observed in the nuptiality rates among the single Population of India. The rates are initially small, but increase rapidly until they reach a maximum at ages 25-30 for bachelors and 15-20 for spinsters, following which they gradually decline. During 1901-1931, unlike Western countries, India had not experienced any revolution in marriage habits encompassing traditional child marriages. The distinctive marks of the Indian age patterns of marriage are higher age-specific marriage rates combined with lower ages at marriage and lower proportions of people who never marry with relative stability of marriage habits during the early part of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, which concerns a population model relating the birth rate to a stable age distribution and a stable rate of population growth, gives a nonlinear programming formulation based on this model that allows us to determine (1) the birth rate minimizing the sum of the costs due to changing the current birth rates and the costs of social goods and services associated with the resulting age distribution, and (2) the birth rate achieving a desired age distribution and population growth rate while minimizing the cost due to birth control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many studies have been made of geographic variation in the age at first marriage, few have considered the effect state laws specifying the minimum legal age of marriage without parental consent can have on comparative age distributions. This paper points out that, in a state permitting earlier marriage without parental approval, brides have a lower modal age than in a similar area with an older age requirement. Since American marriage data are compiled on a basis of place of occurrence and since migration for the purpose of marriage is considerable, it is not readily ascertainable what the differences would be if comparisons were made on a residence basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is suggested that a useful component of a fertility simulation would be proportions of females sterile by age. Data on this phenomenon are rather limited, but they indicate that proportional sterility may not easily be described by a simple function. We propose that rates of becoming sterile may be adequately described by an exponential function utilizing proper parameter values. Such exponential-model rates form the basis for computation of a fecundity decrement table presented in this paper. Sterility proportions from the table are compared to some empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two principal aims: (1) to analyze and measure how the demographic variables-mortality, fertility, and immigration- affect the cost of education; (2) to evaluate what possibilities developing countries, such as those of Latin America, have for a rapid educational improvement. The paper relates demographic and educational variables of three different populations: Sweden, 1840-1965; the United States, 1850-1960; and Latin America, 1930-2000. Three educational variables are also cone sidered: (a) school attendance rates by sex and age; (b) distribution of students of same age by grade; and (c) cost of student by grade. Demographic changes in countries such as Sweden and the United States were favorable for the development of education. For the future, unless an increase of fertility occurs, mortality and fertility changes will not have a significant effect on the cost of education in these countries. In current less developed countries the demographic changes during the past were less favorable to educational development. A future reduction of fertility will significantly help them to achieve a higher educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place-of-birth-by-residence data, tabulated by age and sex for the same areal units in two successive censuses, have been used to estimate intercensal net migration flows. However, a fuller use of the same data permits the estimation of place-to-place flows. This paper describes a method for estimating intercensal migration streams from place-of-birth- by-residence data and illustrates its application with data on the white female native population of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1965, Warner developed an interviewing procedure designed to eliminate evasive answer bias when questions of a sensitive nature are asked. He called the procedure "randomized response." The authors have been studying the technique for several years and, in this paper, are re- porting some of the estimates of induced abortion in urban North Carolina using randomized response. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during the past year among women 18-44 years of age are reported. For the study population indices were developed relating induced abortion to total conceptions for whites and nonwhites. The illegal abortion rate per 100 conceptions was estimated to be 14.9 for whites and 32.9 for nonwhites. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during their lifetime among women 18 years old or over are also shown, Among ever married women, the proportion having an abortion during their lifetime declined as education increased. Estimates were high for women with 5 or more pregnancies. Most of the respondents stated that they were satisfied that the randomized response approach would not reveal their personal situation. Furthermore, they did not think their friends would truthfully respond to a direct question regarding abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a common belief that children are better able than adults to learn a foreign language. This belief may be an illusion if children living in a foreign country learn the new language through play activity while their parents try to learn independently of physical behavior. Using Russian, this study compared the listening comprehension of 8-, 10- and 14-year-ole children, and college adults when each S was in physical action during retention tests. The results showed that (a) the adults were superior to the children of any age group at p < .0005; (b) the youngest children, the 8-year-olds, had the poorest retention; and (c) the 10- and 14-year-old children were intermediate between the adults and the 8-year-olds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preface or introduction of virtually every revised text or readings book in business administration makes at least passing mention of the rapid rate of change, which is taking place within the discipline with which the book is concerned. The justification for the publication of the new edition is very often supported by listings of new chapters or readings and revisions made in material taken from the previous edition. Authors and editors typically describe their discipline as dynamic and evolving, and as characterized by accelerating growth. A complete evaluation of these and similar claims is at best a difficult task. The purpose of this paper is to examine one possible indicator of the extent to which change is occurring within an academic discipline: namely, the citation age distributions (CADs) found within its journal articles. Three of the important core areas in business administration will be examined here: finance, management, and marketing. The CADs are affected by the nature of the communication system within the discipline, since lengthy delays between submission and publication of an article disrupt the communication process. Any explanation of the differences requires an analysis of the recent history of each of the disciplines.

This study of United States life tables analyzes the process of mortality transition during 1850-1968. Special features of the study are (1) a phase-specific, rather than an age-specific, analysis of mortality and (2) use of measures based on person-years of life (nLx) in phase-intervals, rather than survival rates (nPx) or expectation of life at given ages (ex°). The analysis suggests that the historical transition of mortality in the United States can be described as a three-stage process: an initial stage of slow improvement in life expectancy during 1850-1900, a second stage of rapid improvement during 1900-1950, and a third stage of slower improvement since 1950. Quantitative measures of rapidity of mortality decline in the several phases indicate that they are not identical for all phases and in all stages. The analysis also suggests that there have been rapid changes in the components of overall mortality differentials by sex and race in the United States. The paper draws attention to the need for studies of factors in variations of mortality at ages beyond 50 in the United States population subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of destination choices among metropolitan bound migrants in an already highly urban society is a means toward gauging trends in the urbanization process. The results of this paper indicated that destination choices were strongly influenced by SMSA size, with larger SMSAs and particularly their suburban rings attractive to migrants. This pattern suggested the further growth of the larger SMSAs, to the detriment of those smaller in size. In addition, the varied status of migrants entering the ring pointed toward its increased heterogeneity. Yet, among small SMSAs, the central city received more and higher-status migrants than the ring. Here, destination choice was also linked to similarity to the migrant's past residence. Regional differences emerged, and a closer examination of small and very large SMSAs suggested that destination choices were influenced by previous patterns of urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the pattern of fertility, mortality and interregional migration exhibited by the United States population during 1950-60 were to continue in the future, the proportions of persons in the various age groups and regions would fluctuate from decade to decade. These fluctuations would become less marked with time, however, and eventually all the proportions would stabilize at certain fixed values. This collection of values may be called a stable age by region composition corresponding to the given schedule of fertility, mortality and migration. The same phenomenon may be observed when individuals move between socioeconomic categories as, for example, socioeconomic status or educational attainment levels. The substantial differences between these various situations conceal remarkable similarities. In each case the continued operation of schedules of fertility, mortality and mobility between categories may result in a stable composition. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the nature of these stable compositions, on the interrelation between their various components, and on their relation to the patterns of fertility, mortality and mobility which generate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of the employment patterns of American wives in relation to the composition of their families. The data are taken from the 1960 United States Census, both from published tabulations and the 1/1000 sample. The population studied is non-Negro, non-farm, married, husband present women who are under the age of sixty. The methods of analysis used include the comparison of employment rates among sub-populations and a dummy variable regression technique. Aspects of family composition studied include age of the youngest child (in single years in order to determine whether there are discontinuities in the rates of employment when youngest children enter school, etc.), number of children in the family, and the presence of other relatives in the family. The paper concludes with a discussion of the meaning of family status differentials in employment including differential preferences for employment, differential fertility experience, and differential demands on the mother's time. Some discussion of the use of cross section data of this sort to infer life cycle patterns of employment is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a method to investigate the dependence of age structure and growth rate on a given sequence of fertility and mortality schedules under the conditions of unchanging mortality and absence of migration is discussed. The method consists in projecting an arbitrary population classified by age to the ends of successive periods assuming that a given age pattern of mortality will remain without change and that a given sequence of fertility schedules will repeatedly operate on the population in a cyclical fashion. It is shown that after a sufficiently large number of repetitions of the cycle, the shifts in age structure between the ends of successive periods and the changes in the growth of the different age groups from one period to the next show a cyclical pattern. Formulas are derived expressing the above changes in terms of a sequence of k growth multipliers, k being the number of schedules in the fertility sequence, and the survival rates in the mortality schedule. A numerical illustration of the theory is given using fertility data from Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Full details of the age-sex structure of the Soviet Union were published for 1926 and are now out-dated over a quarter of a century. From the 1939 All-Union Census only partial data were published, and the form in which this material was published suggests that the Soviet have been interested in suppressing factual information about certain aspects of the population structure. It is the purpose of the present paper to show in broad groupings the 1939 age-sex position of the USSR total, urban, and population. The method used in calculating the three age-sex compositions is described in the article. It is hoped that this material will not only increase the knowledge of the Soviet Union's population, but also, in view of the extensive use made by scholars of the 1939 partial data as a basis for making 1950-1970 population projections, contribute to a better understanding of the USSR's population at present and in the immediate future. In 1940 the Soviet government published a preliminary tabulation from the 1939 All-Union Census showing the distribution of 99.44 percent of the population among certain age classes, but with no indication of the sex ratios of the population within these age classes.

The conceptions individuals have of themselves as young, middle-aged, or old are, of course, related to their actual age. People in their sixties are certainly more likely than people in their thirties to think of themselves as old. But the variations in age identification between persons in the same age group and the similarities between those whose actual age differs indicate that chronological age is only a limiting condition and does not fully explain the changes in age identification that occur in the course of the individual's life span. In this paper, two topics will be discussed: first, the relative influence of chronological age and age identification on other aspects of the self-image of older persons, and second, some of the social factors that hasten or forestall changes in age identification among older people. Of course, the likelihood that people consider themselves old rather than middle-aged steadily increases as they grow older. Under 65, only 18 per cent define themselves as old, between 65 and 70, 37 per cent do so, but in the age group of 70 and over this proportion rises to 59 per cent.

The paper reports an attempt to use the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope on an unselected sample of all art students in 1 year's intake in a School of Art, and to compare their colour vision with that of an unselected control group of non-art students.There is evidence that male first year School of Art students match a yellow with a mixture of red and green containing slightly more green than the male control group of the same age. It would seem possible that there is an age effect for women matching green and blue with turquoise whereby the older women required more green in the match.Apart from these two points there appears to be no significant difference between the groups studied. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The registration of births and deaths in India, even at present, is too inadequate to be of much help in estimating fertility and mortality conditions in the country. From time to time, Indian census actuaries have constructed life tables indirectly by comparing one census age distribution with the preceding one. Because of inaccurate age reporting in Indian censuses, it was essential for those who constructed life tables to smooth the age distributions. The results obtained depended to a large extent on the method chosen for smoothing. This paper is an attempt to estimate some demographic measures for the nine census years between 1881 and 1961 by applying uniform computational methods to the data of all years. The measures, by sex, include an abridged life table, the growth rate, birth rate and death rate and as a by-product of, rather than a prerequisite for, obtaining other measures, the smoothed age distribution. The basic assumption underlying this paper is that, for all practical purposes, the Indian population can be considered as stable or quasi-stable for a period of 100 years in the immediate past.

This note comments briefly on the system of slave registration set up in the British colonies, and deals in particular with the data tabulated for the British Guiana slave population in the Parliamentary Papers, 1833. From the age distributions given there a life table has been constructed by a census differencing method. This life table shows the extremely high mortality then being experienced by slave populations in the West Indies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional methods of presenting long-term changes in the age compositions of general populations graphically make use of bar graphs and population pyramids. In the graphs the heights of the bars equal 100 percent subdivided by desired age-groups, the age-group proportions changing over a long-term period. In the population pyramid the sum of the percentages of the age and sex groups also equals 100 percent, thereby enabling one to compare age and sex compositions of different populations at a glance and to note roughly the "dative proportions of young and aged, males and females. For general purposes these two methods are useful. However, as in all scientific work, there are constant attempts to refine earlier methods of analysis in order to combine a host of factors into one single index or measure which will have the attributes of greater precision and ease of communication to others. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to suggest a single index for a measure of changing age distributions in general populations. For certain purposes, this index can be regarded as a refinement of the bar graph and the populations pyramid.

Three therapeutic modalities are available for the management of acute epiglottitis - medical, intubation, and tracheotomy. Helping the otolaryngologist discern the regimen of choice for a given situation is the format for this paper. The incidence of diagnosed epiglottitis is definitely increasing in our institution and in others; therefore, a rational individualized approach based on recent information is essential. Twelve cases formed the basis for the concepts presented. Our current management protocol for supraglottic infection is as follows: first, medical management for selected cases is given a two-hour trial. Should this prove unsuccessful, intubation is effected. Tracheotomy will no longer be performed unless the internal lumen of the tube placed is so small that crusting becomes a problem; the patient cannot be extubated in 48-72 hours; or in the very rare contingency that the patient could not be intubated. In this series, medical management alone sufficed in eight cases. Two cases received a tracheotomy. These were performed prior to the initiation of our current protocol. Two patients were intubated. The 12 cases were analyzed with regard to the parameters which might depict those cases that would not respond to medical management. The initial respiratory rate, pulse rate, and temperature elevation were not indicative. Rather, the potential and direction of change of the aforementioned recorded over a two-hour period was very significant. A significant medical response as manifested by a decreased respiratory rate was seen in four cases in less than one hour and within two hours in the remaining four cases. It is of significance that in one of the eight cases steroids were withheld for the first two hours with a significant deterioration in the patient's condition. Steroids were then given, and within two hours there was a definite clinical improvement. It should be noted that the steroid response could not be correlated with the length of symptoms prior to admission; also, those patients whose initial difficulty was primarily dysphagia seemed to have a more benign general course. Medical management was therapeutic in all of these cases. Information from our later cases supports this contention as well. An analysis of the four initial cases requiring airway intervention revealed a syndrome of cyanosis, exhaustion, and severe sternal retraction to indicate an initially poor medical response. Patients with this triad should be intubated as soon as possible and given appropriate antibiotics and steroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple regression analysis techniques are used to measure the impact of variations in fertility and mortality rates on the population of labor-force age. The results of this analysis suggest that the impact of reductions in mortality on age composition are dependent on the level of mortality already attained, whereas reductions in fertility, as expected, increase the population in the nondependent age groups. The direct effect of vital rates on potential per capita income is assessed using the results of the regression equations, and such results suggest that variations in per capita income as large as 20 percent could be accounted for by variations in vital rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study that discover the marital condition of the total population of Texas fifteen years of age and over as well as the conditions existing in the various classes of the population. The analysis does not attempt to consider specific age groups. An extension of the findings of this paper to include five or ten year age-division periods would prove more enlightening; for the percentage of a population who are married is dependent on the age distribution of the population. For instance, there is a smaller per cent of persons married under thirty years of age than over thirty. The margin of error in reports for the census is impossible to determine. Unbiased errors, where report was given by some one other than the person enumerated, probably offset each other. There has been an increase in the proportion of the males and of the females of each class that is married, with the single exception of the females of the foreign born white class. Correspondingly, there has been a decrease in the proportion of both sexes that is single.

Past empirical studies of the aggregate-consumption function have often assumed constancy of the age distribution of the population. This paper relaxes that assumption by specifying a multiperiod-consumption function which introduces age-distribution parameters explicitly into the model. This is accomplished by specifying a multiperiod constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) type utility function where the consumer's time horizon is determined by various age-distribution parameters such as median age, retirement age, etc. The proportion of lifetime income spent on current consumption is shown to depend on the rate of interest, the age-distribution parameters, and the parameters of the utility function. Lifetime income, in turn, depends on the interest rates and age parameters. The model, which is nonlinear, is estimated using annual data from 1948 to 1965. The effects of changes in interest rates and age parameters are assessed, and a prediction-interval test is applied to the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simple Keynesian model involves the distinction between consumption and investment only. True, several alternative definitions of consumption are possible and have actually been used in models. But once the choice is made- for instance with respect to the treatment of housing expenditure-the data needed for this type of analysis are the respective time series derived from national income statistics. Not so in one of the models. Here, each category of expenditure contains both an endogenous and an exogenous component. In other words, a cross classification is involved: (1) by category of expenditure and (2) with respect to its dependence on current income. For each forecasting period the analyst will have to make a judgment as to the amount of exogenous expenditures involved. This might prove particularly difficult with respect to consumer expenditures. There are a number of hypotheses which might be offered to explain the effect of changes in the population. For example, it is possible that there is a different propensity to consume for different age groups, that the foreign born have a different propensity to consume than the native born, or that the marginal propensity to consume is a function of other characteristics such as education or occupation or urban versus rural location.

New procedures are developed in this article for estimating parameters of the Pearsonian Type I curve which are particularly adaptive to factors influencing the pattern of age-specific fertility rates. It is shown that with this model the number of parameters required for the graduation and simulation of these rates can be reduced to only three--total fertility rate, mean and modal ages of fertility. The reduction in the number of fertility parameters offers considerable operational and analytical advantages, and makes the Pearsonian Type I curve particularly appropriate for the construction of a parametric model for fertility projections. In light of the results of empirical tests based on fertility data for Canada, the model's potential for birth projections appears quite promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies by Adelman and by Friedlander and Silver, which have investigated whether regression equations derived from cross-section data can be used to predict the impact of socioeconomic development on changing levels of fertility, are reviewed critically. Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error. The results suggest caution in the use of cross-section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a rapidly advancing scientific discipline, new contributions will supersede older ones. This selection in favor of recent literature should be observable in the distribution of footnote citations in a given discipline, by age of article cited. However, the age distribution of citations also depends on the rate of growth of the disciplinary literature. The effects of growth of the literature and of selection favoring recent articles can be separated, if certain assumptions hold, by use of `in exponential model that expands and clarifies earlier findings by Price. This model provides a reasonably good fit to age-distributions of footnotes in several disciplines, and its application suggests that citations in sociology tend to refer to older articles than those in the natural sciences. A parameter in the model, measuring the degree of selectivity its favor of recent articles, can be estimated and may be useful in comparative studies of the communication systems of various disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article by researcher, Daniel O. Price in the February 1947 issue of "American Sociological Review," there is contained an analysis indicating that on the basis of Selective Service data there was underenumeration in the 1940 Census for the age group 21-35 amounting to about 3% for total males and 15% for negro males. The analysis was made on the basis of projecting the 1940 Census for the six and half months to the date of the First Selective Service Registration. Price made his analysis by States which, has certain limitations because of differences in procedure in Census enumeration and Selective Service registration. In the comparison by States for negro males, only the 24 States with the largest negro populations were shown. For 8 such States, mostly northern urban ones, the negro registrants exceeded the negro "census" population by more than 20% and for the southern States the figures in general ranged between 10 and 15%, although being as low as 5% for Mississippi. This article's purpose is to present further data on "census" population versus Selective Service registrants, bringing into consideration the important factor of age.

Pleural plaques were found in 644 (6·6%) of 9,760 photofluorograms taken in 1965 in a region of Pelhřimov district; the incidence was highest in the age group 66-70 years. The advanced age of those affected may be explained by the greater frequency of the causative agent in the past. The disorder was known in Pelhřimov district as early as 1930; it was then thought to be posttuberculous. The past history of the cases was uninformative; as a rule, the only common previous disease was pleurisy with effusion, occurring in 9·7%. The general condition of those affected was excellent; only 8% were aware of the fact that pleural lesions were present. The disorder was found mainly in farmers, familial incidence was common, and if two generations of one family suffered from the condition, the older generation was affected in 100%. Pleural plaques consist morphologically of limited areas of hyalinized collagenous connective tissue with calcium salt deposits. Tubercle bacilli could not be cultivated from the lesions. Mineralological analysis showed no evidence of silicates in the pleural plaques and a normal content in the lungs. The aetiological factor responsible for the development of pleural plaques in Pelhřimov district is not known, but asbestos cannot be implicated. The unknown noxious agent is carried to the pleura by the lymph and blood stream. Pleural plaques are an endemic disorder. The traditional view that lesions are post-tuberculous appears, in the region submitted to this study, to be a possible explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author examines several published and unpublished literature concerning the study of tardive dyskinesia from 1967 to 1971. The paper is divided into various sections including the accounted frequency of the said disorder in patients treated with neuroleptic drug and the sample of subjects that were never exposed to the drug, the characteristics of patients with dyskinesia, the onset and evolution of the symptoms, the predisposing factors to the disorder and the possible treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Information regarding the anatomical and biochemical studies related to the condition is also discussed.

The article presents a study which discusses the division of childhood psychoses. They can be grouped into: (1) children with early onset and a slow chronic course; (2) children age three to five years with an acute course followed by regression; and (3) children aged over 5 years with a late onset and a fluctuating subacute course. Details of the researchers' ascertainment criteria in the study, the infantile psychosis and late onset psychoses are also discussed. Meanwhile, the study reported in the paper evaluates the value of distinction by age onset and creates the frequency of occurrence of the different signs in the different clinical groups.

The article presents the paper, the first of a series of reporting a five to fifteen year follow-up study of children with infantile psychoses, which attempts to provide a fairly detailed description of the children and their disorders in England. The group consisted of the 69 children who were all those who attended the Maudsley Hosspital between 1950 and 1958. The group is compared with a group of non-psychotic children who attended the same hospital at the same time, and who were individually matched for age, sex and intelligence levels.

This article focuses on the racial aspect of the differential fertility in California in 1930. In California, problems connected with the racial differential are particularly significant. The racial minorities are numerically important. They form rather distinct cultural groups and are, in the main, clearly set off from the majority by skin color. Many of them are denied the privilege of citizenship, and miscegenation is either prohibited by law or enforced by custom. And they are markedly differentiated from the white majority in another respect: they are not only guaranteeing the stability of their numbers in the future but were, in 1930, reproducing at a rate so high that they might be expected, when their age distribution becomes stabilized, to double in numbers in little more than a generation, while the reproductive level of the whites was, under the same conditions, at so low a level that a decline in numbers by about a third per generation might have been expected. The aim of this paper is to uncover some of the factors underlying this differential.

The article presents information on some of the comments raised by researcher J. Hajnal on some of the articles that were discussed earlier in the journal "Population Studies." As Hajnal points out, the reasons for using reproduction rates based on the female part of the population to the exclusion of the male part have never been fully stated. It is therefore worth while setting out the implicit assumptions involved when population replacement is measured by indexes referring to only one of the two sexes. If the rate of replacement of a population is measured by the net reproduction rate or the true rate of increase of one sex, this implies that rate is unaffected by the relative numbers and age distribution of the other sex.

In reality the age distribution at a given time is the result of past mortality and fertility trends. It so happens that mortality variations so far experienced in the human species have only a small effect on the age distribution. It follows that in a population with constant fertility and in which mortality varies in accordance with past experience, the age distribution will remain more or less constant. In other words, the population evolves as a semi-stable population. Such an evolution is precisely that followed so far by most of the developing countries. The author is consequently led to this important Conclusion: The populations of developing countries have so far evolved in the manner of semi-stable populations. Previous calculations which seemed so far exclusively theoretical therefore have great practical value. In the second part of this paper the author uses the preceding developments to make more precise the intuitive concept of the inertia of a population. That a population cannot change its course of evolution instantly is intuitively felt.

This article focuses on estimates of population size and growth from the 1952-54 and 1961 censuses of the Kingdom of Nepal. The Census of Nepal conducted in 1961 conforms to the generally accepted requirements for a national census. Some doubt could be raised about the previous census as part of the country was enumerated in 1952 and part in 1954. More serious doubts still could be entertained about earlier censuses, including their very existence, though there are persistent rumors that they were carried out every ten years or so since about the middle of the previous century. In this article age distributions from the two censuses of 1952-54 and 1961 only are used. Data from the other censuses perform hardly more than an introductory function. Occasionally they serve to confirm some of the suggestions arising out of the analysis of the two latest censuses. In the case of the two latest censuses the paper is limited to the evidence arising out of the analysis of sex and age distributions. In particular, data on nuptiality available from both censuses and retrospectively collected data on births and deaths in the 1961 census are not used in this article.

This article concerns the population structure of the Soviet Union in 1939. In a research paper entitled "A New Look at the Soviet Population Structure of 1939," the author and late professor of sociology Eugene M. Kulischer had presented a series of computations showing in broad groupings the 1939 age-sex composition of the Soviet Union's total, urban and rural population. Later in 1956, a sociology journal "Vestnik Statistiki" made public in the Soviet Union, certain data from the 1939 census with some refinements, due to the inclusion of data pertaining to the North and some insignificant corrections resulting from the final census totals. The revised statistics included a slightly higher total population and urban population, a corrected age distribution for the total population and adjustments of previous data which indicated the percentages of persons literate by broad age and sex groupings. Using these materials it is now possible to make the same type of computations as presented earlier by professor Kulischer.