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The papers in this issue comprise those given at the first day's session of the Fourth Chemical Finishing Conference of the National Cotton Council of America, held at Atlantic City, N. J., September 20-21, 1955. The remaining papers will appear in the February issue. A reprint of the entire proceedings, bound in a cover, will be dis tributed through the National Cotton Council.

The paper analyzes conflict formations now prevailing in contemporary international society. The study begins with the assertion that the development of capitalism and anticapitalist move ments in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics and to the emergence of an international society. This society is here conceived as an antagonistic totality made up particularly of the following conflict formations: intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, inter-socialist, inner-Third World, and formations of structural violence where in ternational and national conflict formations intersect.The paper includes a short discussion on some fundamental principles of peace and social justice in international society. It concludes with some preliminary remarks on the foundation of a structural theory of international society. The author stresses that a further analysis of inter national society will have to look closely into the production relations and the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal and combined development is given particular importance. The author con tends that on this basis, causes and regularities of conflict formation dynamics can be better understood than by the highly abstract approaches of the last ten to fifteen years, particularly those of the conventional systems analysis.

Handwriting Recognition Technology has been improving much under the purview of pattern recognition and image processing since a few decades. This paper focuses on the comprehensive survey on on-line handwriting recognition system along with the real application by taking Nepali natural handwriting (a real example of one of the cursive handwritings). The survey mainly includes pre-processing, feature vector and similarity measures in between the non-linear 2D sequences of coordinates, and their effective applications. A very highlighting topic "Dynamic Time Warping Algorithm'' (DTW) is introduced, which has been popular in determining the distance between two non-linear sequences ranging from handwriting to speech recognition. Besides these contemporary research issues/areas, stroke number and order free Nepalese natural handwritten recognition system is presented in the second step. Writing one's own style brings unevenness in writing units, which is the most difficult part to classify. Writing units reveal number, shape, size, order of stroke, and speed in writing. Variation in the number of strokes, their order, shapes and sizes, tilting angles and similarities among characters from one another are the important factors, which are to be considered in classification for Nepali. This paper utilizes structural properties of those alphanumeric characters, which have variable writing units. It uses a string of pen tip's positions and tangent angles of every consecutive point as a feature vector sequence of a stroke. We constructed a prototype recognizer that uses the DTW algorithm to align handwritten strokes with stored strokes' templates and determine their similarity. Separate system is trained for original and preprocessed writing samples and achieved recognition rates of 85.87% and 88.59% respectively. This introduces novel real time handwriting recognition on Nepalese alphanumeric characters, which are independent of number of strokes, as well as their order. Key Words: Handwriting Recognition System; Pre-processing; Feature Vector; Dynamic Time Warping; Agglomerating Hierarchical Clustering; Nepali. DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v5i1.2845 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.5, No.1, January 2009, pp 31-55

In recognizing the increasing availability of various composite materials, this paper promotes a new approach to the design of the plate and shell structures. It is based on the loading and shape require ments of the structure to determine a particular composite whose constituents and their geometric arrangements are such that a certain design criterion will be satisfied. For the preliminary study of such an approach, a momentless criterion is adopted in the present paper for the design of axisymmetrically loaded shells of revolution. To maintain the shell in a momentless state, the general equation which governs the shape, loadings and the material properties of the shell, and the displacements equations have been derived. Applications to the pressure vessels with ellipsoidal bulkheads show that composite materials with variable elastic constants will be needed for constructing a momentless vessel. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method of approach and provide as guidelines for the development of new composites.

This paper addresses several social concerns: population trends; quality of urban life; policies for urban growth; and the unexpected, ineffective, or detrimental results often generated by government programs. Society becomes frustrated as repeated attacks on deficiencies in social systems lead only to worse symptoms. Legislation is debated and passed with great hope, but many programs prove to be ineffective. Results are often far short of expectations. Because dynamic behavior of social systems is not understood, government programs often cause exactly the reverse of desired results. The field of system dynamics now can explain how such contrary results happen. Fundamental reasons cause people to misjudge behavior of social systems. Orderly processes in creating human judgment and intuition lead people to wrong decisions when faced with complex and highly interacting systems. Until we reach a much better public understanding of social systems, attempts to develop corrective programs for social troubles will continue to be disappointing. This paper cautions against continuing to depend on the same past approaches that have led to present feelings of frustration. New methods developed over the last 30 years will lead to a better understanding of social systems and thereby to more effective policies for guiding the future.

This paper describes the application of a new interferometric method by holography to photoelasticity. Interferometric photoelasticity is a well established and elegant method; however, its use is still not commonplace in laboratories engaged in stress-optics. In the past few years, there has been a rapid growth in holographic activities. The stress-optic method described in this paper shows an alternate (holographic) method for determining both isochromatic and isopachic interference families, thus enabling a relatively easy and quick solution to plane-elasticity problems. It is also shown how the two material constants which are required can be determined simultaneously with a single calibration test.

Since the publication of the four-part article on multivariate methods [1, 2, 3 and 4], this author has received many requests to prepare a paper at the same level on regression. This paper will briefly review the estimating and testing procedures commo..

An important part of the work of an actuary consists in making and testing graduations of mortality statistics. Much space has been devoted in the Journal to methods of graduation, but for many years, apart from the recent paper by H. L. Seal (J.I.A. Vol. lxxi, p. 5), little attention seems to have been paid to the testing of graduations. Although statistical methods are usually employed in making the tests, consideration has not often been given to ascertaining whether mortality statistics fulfil the conditions necessary for the tests to be strictly applicable. It is the purpose of this paper to set out some investigations into this question. Such matters may be thought to be of only theoretical interest, since, in practice, the tests work satisfactorily as a general rule; but actuaries should not employ their tools in a mechanical fashion without realizing fully their limitations and implications, and the question therefore takes on a practical as well as a theoretical aspect. It is hoped that this paper will show how far the tests of a graduation are satisfactory in theory and practice and indicate where modifications are required.

This paper and a subsequent one will present the results of an investiga tion which analytically relates the fiber/matrix nonlinearities to the post- yielding behavior of symmetric laminates made from unidirectional plies. This first paper is primarily concerned with the behavior of the single ply and the means for anticipating its response within a laminate. Boron and carbon/epoxies are considered along with a metal matrix composite. The qualitative features of the response of these unidirectional materials to normal, shear, and combined loads are discussed. The analysis (based on triangular finite element idealizations of regularly-spaced inclusion arrays) anticipates the level of nonlinearity that has been observed in composite shear and transverse tensile tests. Also, it reveals a nonlinear coupling that may exist between the combined shear and normal stress response.

This paper stems from a suggestion that it would be worth while to bring to the notice of the profession the progress which has been made and the statistical problems that have arisen in the study of epidemiology in its wider sense, viz. the study, not merely of the spread of communicable disease as was formerly implied by this term, but of the natural history of disease; its prevalence, causation, symptomology and prognosis. It would, however, require a series of papers to cover so wide a field and would demand medical as well as statistical competence. It therefore seemed advisable to use the more restrictive title chosen in order to emphasize the fact that, in the main, consideration is devoted to statistical rather than to clinical aspects.

SummaryStandard techniques of mass-transfer theory are used for the prediction of ablation rates; the thermodynamic and chemical-kinetic material properties are introduced by way of enthalpy-composition diagrams; the interface condition is given as the root of a single non-linear equation involving material properties. The paper treats both steady ablation and unsteady ablation, the latter by means of a quasi-steady assumption which confines transient effects to the solid phase.Detailed comparisons are made with the methods of Sutton, Bethe and Adams, and Lees. The formulations of the paper are shown to be equivalent to, but more general than, those of the earlier authors; it is suggested that they are simpler as well. Some improvements over previous practice are recommended in connection with the calculation of the shear stress at the interface.

The first paper of this series proposed and defined a means of attaining the fully-relaxed state of plain-knit fabric. This paper establishes the validity of this definition, which is shown to essentially discriminate relaxation shrinkage, due only to loop relaxation, from felting fiber migration to a more compact state without loop distortion. This discrimination is achieved by analyzing dimensions of the fabrics through 10 wash and tumble-dry cycles. We find that area shrinkage from any stage in processing to the fully-relaxed state depends on loop length and yarn count and, to a lesser extent, on fiber quality and yarn twist. Analysis of the dimensional changes from the fully-relaxed state through multiple washing and tumble-drying cycles shows: (1) for yarns spun from WURLAN shrink resist-treated top, area shrinkage increases linearly with the number of wash and tumble-dry cycles, but nonlinearly for untreated yarns; (2) for untreated yarns, shrinkages in length, width, and area depend on fiber quality, yarn twist, and loop length, with complex interactions among these variables; (3) at a low treatment level, linear and area shrinkages depend to a smaller extent on all these variables; (4) at a high treatment level, the WURLAN treatment adequately restricts felting to within an acceptable 8% area shrinkage limit; in this case, changes in length, width, and area from the fully-relaxed state are independent of all fiber, yarn, and fabric variables studied. We also find that change in length and width from the dry-relaxed to the fully relaxed state depends greatly on loop length, to a minor extent on fiber quality and yarn twist, and not at all on treatment level. These changes were always isotropic, that is, dimensions always decreased during relaxation.

This paper develops a simulation model which can be used to investigate a wide variety of stock market invest ment strategies. A brief review of the literature of stock market forecasting is given. The paper describes the de tails that any simulation of a stock market investor would have to include if the model is to be realistically com pared to the performance of real investors. An outline of the necessary features of any program which is to be used to investigate may different combinations of invest ment strategies and forecasting devices is also given. The program is described in detail and a few preliminary results are given.

This paper focuses on the role of simulation tools, such as the Simulated Highways for Intelligent Vehicle Algorithms (SHIVA), which enable researchers to design and rapidly prototype potential reasoning systems that can help demonstrate competent tactical-level behavior. The paper also describes PolySAPIENT (distributed Situation Awareness Planner Implementing Effective Navigation in Traffic), a tactical driving system consisting of multiple independent reasoning agents. The authors discuss how PolySAPIENT relies on simulation to optimize values for internal parameters and how it creates realistic driving scenarios using techniques derived from situation awareness theory.

The development of sickness insurance of the type dealt with in this paper has been a long process, commencing in a tentative fashion, probably a century ago, in Europe. In 1900, E. Hamza, at that time actuary of a Russian insurance company, contributed to the Third International Congress a paper of interesting historical significance which is clearly based on long experience in Germany. In his paper he developed an approach fundamentally different from the traditional British approach. British methods—which can be described with complete adequacy at this stage as a continuation of Friendly Society actuarial technique—have stood the test of time for at least 150 years and it is the purpose of this paper to analyse the two lines of development; to pose the question of their efficacy in the future; and to outline alternative methods depending on modern mathematical techniques.

This paper is in effect an illustrative case study based in part on an actual study but including also a large amount of subsequent work.In the previous paper the cost structure of an air transport system was considered and some models appropriate to capital investment and procurement programmes were discussed. The importance of obtaining optimal utilisation of this capital equipment was stressed, and delays, especially during turn-round of aircraft at airports, were mentioned as one group of factors which reduce utilisation both of aircraft and airports and which therefore merit attention by the OR scientist.Instead of proceeding immediately with the broad survey of models referred to in the second article, the opportunity is taken at this point to consider intensively one particular set of investigations focused on this problem area. It is based on field work done some years ago on the apron of an airport by A. M. Lee and the author, and is concerned with the human controller of turn-round operations.It is of special interest in that it demonstrates the increasing ability of science to tackle problems previously considered intractable to any rigorous scientific method.

Almost every kind of material and fabrication process now has to be used to meet the demands of ocean engineering, ranging as it does from hydrofoils to research submersibles, and from giant tankers to offshore drilling rigs. Some of the difficulties are obvious, for example when aircraft-like design procedures must be adopted for hovercraft to operate at sea; others, such as the vagaries of corrosion and the risks of brittle fracture, are more subtle. This paper briefly reviews the history of the use of materials in ocean engineering and touches upon their impact on contemporary affairs; some present material capabilities and weaknesses are discussed, and the new philosophy of structural validation and some of the supporting techniques being introduced into the Navy are outlined. Some case histories of the use and abuse of materials in ocean engineering are also described and the paper closes with a glance to the future and some suggested golden rules which may help designers to minimize the abuse of materials.

This paper describes the results of an investigation into the feasibility of an automatic patching system for an analog or hybrid computer. The objective of the study is to reduce the number of switches required to a "rea sonable" number. Actual design of hardware is not con sidered. The final result is a "paper" design, which is evaluated by attempting to program several problems to see if enough paths exist. The proposed design uses about 8,000 switches for an EAI-680-sized computer, which is far fewer switches than are required by any previously proposed system. The evaluation shows that this system is more than adequate and that, in fact, about 2,000 switches could be saved by modifying the design slightly.

Conventional probability plotting paper can be readily augmented to permit graphical determination of quantiles for order statistics. An example of such paper is given for the normal family of distributions. The use of order statistic quantiles in testi..

In an earlier paper, methods were presented for the construction of accounts and models for spatial demographic analysis. In this paper we show how these methods can be extended to deal with age-sex disaggregated populations. At the outset a new notation is introduced which facilitates disaggregation. The accounts are then defined and the basic accounting equations constructed. The appropriate rates and ‘at-risk’ populations are introduced as a preliminary to developing the equations of the account-based model. The model is also presented in transition-rate form, which facilitates comparison with alternative models.

Shot processes may be used as models for a wide class of naturally occurring random processes ranging from non-Gaussian impulse processes to nearly Gaussian processes. This paper shows how shot processes with desired spectral properties may be simulated easily. Sev eral models are proposed for using shot processes as locally generated noise sources with statistical charac teristics which conform to many naturally occurring noise processes. More general models could be considered and the range of applicability can be extended beyond that men tioned in this paper. However, even the basic models treated can provide a much wider range of noise envi ronment than that usually considered in simulation tech niques.

VER A DECADE HAS PASSED since Richard Wollheim (1962) presented "a paradox in the theory of democracy." In that paper, Wollheim himself tried to sketch a solution to the paradox, and there subsequently have appeared at least four other such attempts. While the literature that has grown up around this problem has certainly not been totally unproductive, a good deal of further clarification is needed. It is something of an embarrassment to modern political philosophy that no approach has yet been published which both makes plain what is truly paradoxical about Wollheim's paradox and solves the paradox in a correct and complete manner. In this paper, I set myself the immodest task of doing just that. Moreover, this solution will also provide a way out of the controversy between actand rule-utilitarians. In the first part, 1 will present Wollheim's paradox and comment on his solution. In the second part, I will summarize and criticize the solutions of the other writers on this subject. And in the third part, I will give my own solutions to the paradox of democracy.

GASP IV is a FORTRAN-based simulation language which provides the framework for modeling systems involving both continuous and discrete phenomena. A general ization of the definition of "event" allows for time to be advanced in a next-event fashion while permit ting a step-wise evaluation of system state variables described by difference or differential equations. Subprograms are included in GASP IV to handle the details of state and event control (including state- variable integration when necessary), information storage and retrieval, collection and analysis of data on system performance, and generation of reports and plots. In this paper, the GASP IV philosophy and modeling approach are described. Descriptions of the subpro grams included in GASP IV and the required user- written subprograms are given. The types of applica tions that have utilized GASP IV are listed. A com panion paper (beginning on p. 71) presents a detailed example of the use of GASP IV for simulating a continuous reaction process involving discrete startups and shutdowns.

This paper contains some comments on the paper by M. F. Massoud published in TRJ 41, 793-800 (1971). It also gives some information about the latest results in computation of the shape of a fiber in space on the theory of large bending and torsional deformations.

A set of hypotheses on the structure of foreign news, which had been presented by Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge, is tested empirically by comparing New York Times' coverage of Sino-Indian relations in 1962 with the 'actual' relations of the two countries as reflected in their official correspondence, published by the Indian government in a series of White Papers. Four of the six hypotheses tested are confirmed. It is found that international relations, according to the newspaper, is comprised as predicted of a series of simple, discrete. and dramatic events, whose nature is such as to tend to confirm our expectations of what will happen. On the other hand, predictions that the newspaper would over-select events which are rare or unexpected, and overemphasize events which are more negative in their consequences, were not confirmed. Since the New York Times is generally considered one of the world's most complete and factual newspapers, these findings probably apply with even greater force to most other news papers in the world. Therefore, in reporting international news, newspapers should place more emphasis on background material, on complex and ambiguous events, and on dissonant events. Although Galtung and Ruge had only hypothesized, rather than demonstrated, the existence of the twelve factors influencing news selection discussed in their paper, this study seems to confirm that most, it not all, of the factors do exist and do exert a distorting effect on the news selection process.

1 The original version of this paper was written at the Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics at Yale University, under Contract Nonr-358 (01), NR 047-006 of the Cowles Foundation with the Office of Naval Research. It was distributed as Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 46. A revised version of this paper was presented at the Princeton Conference on Game Theory and Negotiations in October, 1961. The paper has benefited from comments by the other participants of the Conference. 2 But of course there are exceptions. For a model dealing with the case where the players do not know one another's utility functions, see (Luce and Adams, 1956). know (and know they do not know) each other's utility functions. I shall also indicate some interesting problems our analysis raises for empirical research.

This paper is mainly concerned with the division of a trust fund between the beneficiaries, when an actuary is asked for a solution which, in his opinion, is fair to all parties concerned. It may be that the beneficiaries are all sui juris and form a closed class, in which case they approach the actuary as umpire, and adopt a passive role, at least until they have considered the implications of his recommendations. Alternatively, the actuary's report may be required to assist the Court to approve a scheme involving beneficiaries, e.g. infants, whom it is the Court's object to protect. In that case the actuary's role—as discussed later in the paper—is rather different, but it may still be necessary for him to state what in his judgment would be an impartial solution.

In this paper we consider a Poisson process where there is uncertainty as to the exactvalue of the parameter (λ) of the process. The usual Bayesian procedure is to select a gamma prior distribution on the λ values. When the process is observed (i.e. a certain number of Poisson events are observed in a particular time period), use of Bayes's Rule gives a posterior distribution which is still a member of the gamma family. However, this updating procedure assumes that the true λ value, although unknown, does not change with time. In practical applications, such as the modelling of consumer purchasing behaviour, the assumption of a stationary value of λ is inappropriate. In this paper we investigate the consequences (in terms of an implied updating procedure) of allowing λ to change at specified points in time, the changes being probabilistic in nature. Included is a discussion of how the various parameters might be estimated.

The purpose of this paper is to summarise some recent results obtained at Standford University regarding the buckling of thin shells. A detailed review of work done by other investigators will not be given here because this was done recently in two papers written by the author. However, a few important steps in the evolution of our knowledge of the buckling of thin .shells will be mentioned to put the new results in proper perspective.

Leadership has long been a topic of considerable interest in the social sciences. Nearly every aspect of leadership has been the subject of some degree of study. The present paper is concerned with some of the situational factors which determine the form of leadership which will arise and be accepted in a group. Two basic questions will be considered: 1. Under what conditions will there be pressure toward centralized authoritarian leadership? 2. Under what conditions is a more participative democratic form of leadership likely to arise? While this is certainly not a new topic, this paper attempts to develop a somewhat more systematic approach than has ordinarily been undertaken toward this subject. I feel that the "model" developed in this paper provides a framework or structure for further experimentation and theoretical development that has perhaps previously been lacking. My initial interest in making such a study was stimulated by observations made last summer in Indonesia and Burma of a strong desire, particularly among certain high government officials, for centralized control. I observed this same trend beginning to develop in Malaya. Recent releases from Ghana suggest that this situation is not confined to Asia. Particularly in Indonesia, which is the situation most familiar to me, there was an eadership has long been a topic of conoriginal attempt at developing a free society and a free enterprise economy. In each of the countries mentioned there was no revo

The effect of the short fiber content of a cotton on yarn and fabric properties and processing efficiency, long a speculative and controversial subject, is investigated to a limited extent in this paper by the technique of cutting sliver into and ¼- and ½-in. segments and adding the resulting short fibers to the parent cotton. The results indicate that increases in short fibers are detrimental to virtually all yarn and fabric properties and require increased roving twist for efficient drafting during spinning. A 1% increase in fibers shorter than 3/8 in. causes a strength loss in yarns of somewhat more than 1%. The quantities of cotton processed for this paper were insufficient to draw conclusions on neps, waste, or processing efficiency. The effect of short fibers on these properties will be considered in subsequent papers.

This paper describes the application of digital and hybrid simulation to the problem of deliberate unba lancing of production lines to obtain shorter produc tion times. The paper demonstrates that hybrid simulation tech niques adequately match the accuracy of digital simulation of the same system. The hybrid provided more flexibility with a reduction in cost.

This paper describes a batch-mode FORTRAN-based continuous-system simulation language possessing most of the desirable features specified by the Simulation Council's CSSL committee. Of course, there are already many continuous-system simulation languages, such as DSL/90 and CSMP (block- oriented), MIMIC, SL-1, CSSL III, etc.; however, to the writers' knowledge, only MIMIC and CSSL III are currently available for CDC-6000 series systems. MIMIC, while equation-oriented, is not as powerful as CSSL III, is somewhat rigid in format, and hard to modify. CSSL III usage involves a surcharge to the program originator, and is thus not attractive for educational applications. DARE IIIB, locally developed under NSF sponsorship, is a modern CSSL-type language, almost as powerful as CSSL III, that is available to any potential user for the cost of a magnetic tape. DARE IIIB is structured to permit convenient user modification, e.g., it is relatively easy to add new integration rules, run-time strategies, or special library subprograms. Problem equations are entered in a form close to ordinary mathematical notation; the associated proce dural language is FORTRAN. User-chosen variable names in the problem description are accommodated by a translation phase. Run-time data is entered via standard FORTRAN IV namelist data cards. A variety of output options are provided, including line- printer listings and plots, and CalComp plotter dis plays. Single- or multiple-run problems may be specified, with storage files used for saving output data for subsequent cross-plotting, reentry into future runs, etc. In addition to an internal collection of library functions, special functions may be specified in FORTRAN, and one-or-two variable table lookup function generation is provided. DARE IIIB provides a choice of several internal fixed- and variable-step integra tion rules; the user can insert his own run-time con trol subroutine for special application. The system is presently implemented on a CDC 6400 with 65K of core memory (SCOPE 3.2 operating system), and an off-line CalComp plotter. DARE IIIB can accommodate problems with 100 parameters, 200 state variables, and 350 output variables. This paper describes the major features of the lan guage, and presents basic user information, and several examples. Inquiries regarding this software package should be addressed to Professor John V. Wait.

This is the third of three papers describing a model of housing demand calibrated with data for Reading, Berkshire. The first paper, “A residential model: 1. Theory”, presents the assumptions and the theoretical framework for the model which is based on ideas in modern microeconomics. The second paper, “A residential model: 2. Implicit prices for housing services”, describes results for housing price indices, and implicit demand prices for housing characteristics and accessibility measures as services. This third paper contains demand equations, obtained by multiple regression, for housing services aggregated at three levels as a function of household attributes such as income, social status, household size, and stage in family cycle. Further, the paper includes a study of tenure where the real housing costs paid for similar housing by different households are calculated.

In this paper the spring-dashpot theory which has been applied in previous papers in this series to single fibers and to yarns is applied here to the experimental investi gations of a plush fabric which have been published by Fox and Schwarz. This serves to outline the experimental methods which should be followed if the data are to have maximum theoretical significance.

The following four papers were presented during the February 1968 AIME Annual Meeting, at a symposium sponsored by the Pyrometallurgy Committee of the Extractive Metallurgy Division of The Metallurgical Society. The single theme of the symposium was copper converters—their history, modern construction and operation, and process by-products. Additional papers from this symposium will be published in the September issue.

International audience

Background: Drug research and development has entered into the new epoch of innovation formulation, and the drug delivery system has been in the forefront of pharmaceutical innovation. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, due to its well-known biocompatibility and biodegradability, it has been widely used in drug delivery, immunostimulation, tissue regeneration, blood coagulation, wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering. Chitosan has become a valuable vaccine adjuvant and delivery carrier, which have attracted increasing attention for its applications. In this paper, we reviewed chitosan nanoparticles, which is a promising biomaterial as vaccine adjuvant and delivery carrier, including characteristics, preparation methods and applications, or even its limitations. We also investigated the mucosal immune delivery route for drug loaded chitosan nanoparticles, such as the routes of oral and nasal. Due to the low toxicity, better biodegradability and adhesivity of chitosan nanoparticles, it can be used as the delivery carrier of vaccine antigens and drugs. These promising studies laid a foundation for the applications of chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery carrier in the vaccine or drug. Methods: We undertook a structured research of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles of chitosan used as a delivery carrier for the mucosal immunity of vaccine. We have searched the bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature. The outstanding characteristics of the screened papers were described respectively, and a systematic content analysis methodology was used to analyse the findings. Results: Sixty-three papers were included in the review, the majority defined leadership and governance approaches that had impacted upon the polymeric nanoparticles as the delivery carrier for the mucosal immunity of vaccine in therapeutic applications and developments. Thirty-five papers outlined the superiority characteristics of chitosan nanoparticles that applied in the field of vaccine. Twenty-eight papers overviewed the application prospects of chitosan derivatives used as drug delivery systerm. These included current advances in research and clinical applications of chitosan derivatives. This review identified the drug delivery systerm of chitosan or its derivatives, and we described the synthesis methods, applications and challenges of chitosan. Conclusion: The findings of this review identified that the chitosan derivatives were used as delivery carrier for vaccines. It also indicates that the chitosan or its derivatives play a vital role in the drug and vaccine delivery systerm.

In the last couple of decades, a logician or a philosopher has run a risk whenever he has put the term “information” into the title of one of his papers. In these days, the term “information” often creates an expectation that the paper has something to do with that impressive body of results in communication theory which was first known as theory of transmission of information but which now is elliptically called information theory (in the United States at least).1 For the purposes of this paper, I shall speak of it as statistical information theory. I want to begin by making it clear that I have nothing to contribute to this statistical information theory as it is usually developed.

This is a calculation of the chordwise lift distribution, total lift, and moment on a two-dimensional wing striking a sharp-edged gust a t supersonic speed. A direct solution is established by considering a distribution of sources in a fluid at rest. An alternate method using Busemann's conical flow is also shown to be applicable. The time history of the total lift and mid-chord moment is discussed. I t is shown tha t the total lift increases with time and reaches a maximum that corresponds to the steadystate phase of the flow. The mid-chord moment goes through a maximum independent of the Mach Number if the latter value is larger than 4/7r, while this maximum can become infinite for a range of Mach Numbers between 4/TT and 1. (1) INTRODUCTION CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION has been given lately to nonstationary flow problems of wings flying at supersonic speeds. Most of the work, however, has been concerned with the aerodynamic forces on an oscillating airfoil from the standpoint of flutter analysis. The problem of the wing hitting a sharp-edged gust is of a different nature and turns out to be actually much simpler than the oscillating airfoil problems. It is shown in section 2 that it may be treated by a distribution of sources of a simple type along the chord and that the pressure distribution may be derived by elementary methods. The procedure does not introduce a moving fluid but considers a fluid at rest in which nonstationary sources are distributed in a layer of variable extent. This point of view, which is closer to acoustics than to aerodynamics, is somewhat novel and seems to present advantages of simplicity and closeness to physical reality in certain categories of problems. The pressure distribution derived by this method is applied to the calculation of the time history of lift and moment on the wing in section 3. Particular attention is given to the value of the mid-chord moment;.-which starts from zero, rises to a maximum,,and goes back to zero. The value of this maximum and related 4ata is evaluated in section 4. These results are of particular interest to the designer. The derivation of the pressure as given in section 1 is only one of the methods that may be used in this problem. As an independent check and as an illustration of the application of Busemann's method of conical flow to a nonstationary problem, an alternate derivation is given for the pressure distribution in section 4. Received August 15, 1948. * Member of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory consulting staff. Also Professor of Applied Physical Sciences, Brown University. In a paper by Schwarz procedures used in oscillating airfoil theory are extended to the problem of a wing striking a sharp-edged gust at supersonic speed. Results for an oscillating down-wash lead to the gust problem by a Fourier integral representation. This method constitutes a considerable detour and introduces intermediate results of a transcendental nature which are actually not needed and are more complicated than the result. I t may be verified that the expression derived in the present paper for the pressure distribution is equivalent to that derived by Schwarz. He does not, however, discuss the physical aspects of the problem or derive expressions for lift and moment. (2) DERIVATION OF THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION The wing of chord / enters a uniform gust of upward velocity i/0 at the supersonic velocity V (Fig. 1). The velocity component normal to the wing must remain zero, and this condition is equivalent to the generation of a velocity normal to the wing which cancels the gust velocity (Fig. 2). This may also be considered as a "reflection" of the gust on the wing. Because the velocity is supersonic, the pressure distribution on. one side does not influence the pressure on the other, and therefore we need only consider the bottom side. The pressure distribution on top will be the same except for a reversal of sign. For the same reason the pressure distribution is not influenced by the trailing edge, and

In a recent paper(1) Collar discussed some aeronautical applications of linear differential equations with variable coefficients. Part of the paper deals with the approximate solution:of the differential equationThis asymptotic approximation, which dates back at least to Liouville, has an interesting history(2). It is widely known as the WKB approximation because of its use in quantum theory by Wentzel, Kramers and Brillouin. It has been applied to compressible flow by Imai(3).While very useful it breaks down at the zeros of n(t) and there are problems in joining solutions passing through such points. Recently(2,4,5) extensions of the approximation which circumvent this difficulty have been developed. This note deals with the extension due to Bailey.This approximation can be developed from the equivalence of equation (2) and the Riccati equation: —

Proper use of soil and water resources in major stream source areas is vital both for the short- term advantage of the local economy and for the long- term advantage of the whole community. This paper is a case study of official conservation policies and their impact on the partly deforested and densely settled stream-source area of the Uluguru mountains of Tanzania. Conservation policy in this area has been marked by radical shifts of emphasis and direction. These are described and analysed. Such a review of past ex- periences, together with newly-available technical data presented in papers which follow, forms a basis for comment concerning the future conservation measures in this area.

A model is presented which produces the locus on the B-H plane of a ferromagnetic specimen subject to dynamic operating conditions. The model accurately represents the magnetisation curve and the saturation Zoop as well as exhibiting the correct inner loop behaviour. The concept of a primitive magnetic eZe ment is introduced, and the paper illustrates how a finite number of these elements may be combined and their characteristics chosen so as to represent the hysteretic behaviour of a ferromagnetic device. Validation is achieved by comparing experimental and computed results for both symmetrical and asymmetri caZ inner Zoop behaviour. The incremental inductance of an electro-magnetic device may be readily calculat ed from the proposed model which is presented in a form suitable for either digital or analog computer simulation.

This paper is based on a study prepared for the National Insurance Institute. Originally a comprehensive field study was envisaged, to include empirical data concerning the compensation of victims of automobile accidents in Israel, with the intention of examining the possibilities of necessary reform. It transpired that the field study needed substantial expansion in connection with a separate and independent study of the National Insurance Institute, relating to the rehabilitation of accident victims. It was therefore decided to deal with those areas which did not depend directly upon the empirical data. The absence of such data, however, restricted the possibility of drawing definite conclusions as to the state of affairs in Israel.The first public proposals in the matter appeared in the Report of the Ben-Ze'ev Committee, appointed by the Ministers of Justice and of Labour in 1964, which was published in the summer of 1966. The gist of the Report lay in the recommendation to leave the implementation of the proposed scheme to the National Insurance Institute. The insurance companies and others came out in opposition and for that reason apparently the Report was shelved.

SummaryIn this paper, a systematic study of the triple shock confluence point is presented for the case of an overexpanded jet which impinges on a perpendicular flat plate at small displacements from the nozzle. The jet is uniform upstream of the free jet shock wave. Non-homentropic effects are taken into account and lead to modifications to the accepted flow patterns at a triple point for the case of strong incident shock waves. Where more than one thermodynamically possible solution to the triple point equations exists, the alternative solutions are re-examined, taking non-homentropic effects into consideration. Some discussion of the possibility of infinite shock curvatures is also included. Qualitative flow patterns of the impinging flow are constructed, based on the triple point solutions and the known boundary conditions. The interesting cases where the tail shock flow is supersonic are given particular attention and two possible flow patterns are distinguished. Finally, some experimental evidence in the form of schlieren pictures is presented. Although not conclusive, this evidence supports the theory.

This paper extends the discussion of the burden of the draft as a tax to Abstract whether draftee-casualties in time of war are distributed in an equitable manner. Clearly, horizontal equity did not exist for the draftee since so few draft-age males were required to serve; horizontal equity in the distribution of casualties did not exist since most draftees were assigned to combat units where the risk of death was obviously higher. Evidence presented in this article supports the hypothesis that the risk of becoming a casualty is inversely related to the civilian income-earning potential of the draftee, implying lack of vertical equity.

This paper presents a study of the relationships between the services-Abstract property tax nexus and votes for and against a statewide property tax limit. Positive correlations between tax rates and favorable votes and a negative relationship between city residence and favorable votes are reported. Small towns and unincorporated areas produced lower percent ages of votes favorable to the limitation; however, such towns and areas did vote for the limitation at a greater rate per dollar of property tax rate. The logic of tax-service relationships suggests that, despite increasing percentages of favorable votes cross-sectionally with increasing property tax rates, the provision of municipal services contributed to the defeat of the measure through lessening the pressure for a property tax limit within cities, In this case, where a broad range of local government services was threatened, the institutional arrangements for collective choice encouraged voters to consider both sides of the tax-service nexus, and the demand for the relatively wide range of services within cities helped to deter the coalescence of service-receiving minorities into an operative anti-property tax majority.

The paper begins by distinguishing, with the aid of the Lexis diagram that plots age against time, three kinds of demographic rate: age-group rates, period rates, and life-table rates. There are single-region and multiregion versions of those rates. In order to measure multiregional life-table rates, life-table accounts are developed together with an accounts based model that estimates the full accounts matrix from available data. These multiregional rates are then used to construct multiregional life tables akin to those recently proposed by Rogers. It is shown that the calculations involved in measuring the survivorship probabilities of the life table can be succinctly summarized in Stone's fundamental matrix. The detailed connections between life-table accounts and age-group accounts are explored, and the possibility of age-group life tables raised. The conclusion is reached that the age-group accounts are the appropriate ones for generating rates for use in population projection models, and that the life-table accounts are the appropriate ones for generating rates for use in actuarial calculations.

Ecological succession is the process that dominates the dynamic behavior of ecosystems as they proceed from immaturity to a stage in which the living com munity achieves equilibrium with its physical envi ronment. Secondary succession refers to the tran sients that arise in response to a perturbation of a mature ecosystem. The growth-then-saturation dynamic pattern associated with this process is well known, but not well understood. The research reported in this paper formulates a dynamic model embodying a hypothesis to explain successional modes of behavior as they arise from the internal feedback structure of the ecosystem, and tests it by means of simulation experiments. The general structure of the model is based on Odum's tabular model of ecological succession;16 it traces the mutual causalities between energy, living and non- living matter, and the diversity of species as they interact in time and space to produce succession. The equations are derived from grassland observations and research, biological theory, and logical neces sity. Simulation results are shown for secondary succession in a shortgrass prairie ecosystem. The simulated patterns exhibit consistency with the over all successional patterns observed in nature. Pro spective generalizations of the model to account for successional dynamics in grasslands and other eco systems are pointed out.

This paper reports a competitive test of minimum resource and pivotal power theories in tetradic situations. Using resource distributions for which the theories make distinct predictions, the study obtained data on the formation of coalitions and the division of payoffs. Results indicate that minimum resource theory is superior to pivotal power theory in predicting coalition formation, especially for resource distributions where one member has veto capabilities. The theories perform equally well in predicting payoff division, with each able to explain a large proportion of the variation. Both theories are more accurate in predicting payoff division for nonveto situations than for veto situations