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The article describes conceptual displacement and migration in science. In the last few years there has been growing agreement among sociologists studying the scientific community that one of their central aims should be to describe systematically the connections between social processes and intellectual development in science. This concern on the part of sociologists with scientific knowledge is very recent, however, and most of the studies at present available deal exclusively with such social aspects of science as the system of professional rewards, the patterns of communication among research scientists, and the nature of social control within the research community.

This article present information regarding meetings and research papers received by the Sociological Society for 1910. During the year under report the full number of ordinary meetings for papers and discussions was held, and the migration of the Society for this purpose to the ample ball of the Royal Society of Arts noted in last year's report, has an appreciable effect upon the size of the audiences. It may be noted also that towards the end of the year, as the result of a vote taken among the members, the Council decided that about half the ordinary meetings should be held in the afternoons, with an opportunity for meeting at tea. There is reason to anticipate that the innovation will not only be generally appreciated, but will be especially welcome to a large section of the members who find evening lectures inconvenient, and, further, that it will be of material assistance in bringing together representative audiences. There is, more particularly among professional men and women and those engaged in the public service, a growing disinclination to attendance at after-dinner meetings.

Comments on the economic and historical issues raised in the articles published in the March 1971 issue of the `Journal of Economic History,' which focused on demographic themes. Discussion on the papers by Hill and Uselding concerning the effects of immigration into the United States in the 19th century.

The article comments on the papers presented by Virginia Yans-McLaughlin and Leonore Davidoff regarding the history of working-class women and the immigrant families in the U.S. The author states that the two essays have so much bearing on very important questions on the relationships between industrialization, the working-class family, women's and children's work and cultural values. The interpretation of Yans-McLaughlin of the experience of in-migration and work in Buffalo of southern Italians postulates a separation of cultural traditions from economic and social factors.

The article presents several books related to population and migration. The book "The Urban Community," edited by E.W. Burgess, focuses on the American Sociological Society meeting that was held in 1925. The meeting centered upon the sociology of the city. It is supposed that as a text or book of readings this volume will have a place, but the book would have been better if it included matter other than Sociological Society papers. Some other books mentioned in the article are: "The Suicide Problem in the United States," by A.D. Frenay; "The Racial Characters of the Swedish Nation," edited by H. Lundborg and F.J. Linders; "Problems of Overpopulation," by M.H. Sanger; "The Natural Increase of Mankind," by J.S. Sweeney; "Negro Labor in the United States," by C.H. Wesley; "Migration Movements, 1920-1924," "Statistical Report on the External Migration of the Dominion of New Zealand for the Year 1926," "Statistik Des Deutschen Reiches: Die Bewegung Der Bevölkerung in Den Jahren 1922 Und Die Ursachen Der Sterbefälle in Den Jahren 1920-23."

The article presents the author's comments on the paper "On Place Utility and the Normative Allocation of Intraurban Migrants," by L.A. Brown, F.E. Horton and R.L. Wittick, previously published in a 1970 issue of the journal "Demography." He says that throughout the paper the authors have maintained that normative models of migration, which have an identifiable place utility component, may operationalize the concept of place utility. The paper also reiterates, using slightly different formulations, a statement and a model that involves a cost minimizing linear programming allocation of intraurban migrants to vacancies. The dual variables of the problem are interpreted as measures of place utility. However, the interpretation of the dual variables on which the paper is based is contradictory and untenable. The paper assumes origins and destinations containing, respectively, migrants and vacancies. Migrants are allocated to vacancies so as to minimize migration costs subject to the following conditions: one, no more migrants be shipped out of any origin than are available there and two, all vacancies be filled at all destinations.

A study by Donald Pursell (1972), which examines migration data compiled from the one-percent sample file of the Social Security Ad- ministration, is discussed in this paper. An important feature of the data which is neglected by Pursell is pointed out, and the Pursell results are compared with findings obtained using somewhat different treatments of the social security data. The Pursell conclusion that out-migration is negatively related to employment growth is supported by the alternative tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a discussion on values in family research. Professor Donald O. Cowgill has attempted to explore the influence of an individual's values upon the selection of a research problem, his research design, the presentation of data and his findings or conclusions. He has done this by a rather extensive examination of literature dealing with migration ranging from the sociologist to the novelist. By and large he exonerates the sociologist, particularly the contemporary sociologist, from this type of bias, although this may actually be an example of the influence of an individual's values or value judgments. it is really impossible to do justice to Cowgill's paper both because of its length and its exhaustive citation of sources. The author believes that two points are pertinent. First, is it ever possible to reduce the question of migration to such simple terms as "Is migration good or bad ?" The second point is the influence of social change on attitudes toward migration. The author holds that research does depend upon the personal predilections of the researcher, but increasingly larger projects seem to depend as much, if indeed not considerably more, upon the value judgments of large foundations which furnish research money.

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effects of interregional migration on the human-capital stock of the South. Data from the I percent sample maintained by the Social Security Administration are used to estimate the earnings level of in- and out-migrants for the period 1960-66, during which the South lost just under 1 percent of its labor force. When earnings of migrants are converted to human-capital values, the South is estimated to have gained human capital through migration. The gain, however, depends critically on earnings levels of migrants, and the paper demonstrates that the gain turns into a loss if migrants were assumed to receive earnings prevailing for nonmigrants in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines at the theoretical level the distinction among new, return, and autonomous migration flows. This helps to explain the relative magnitudes of observed gross and net migration flows. Return migration has the effect of linking gross migration flows in opposite directions. The income-distance trade-off is strongly affected by the state of the labor market. Thus, not only is the overall level of migration reduced under depressed conditions, but the allocative efficiency of migration is also adversely affected. The proportion of return migrants is likely to vary negatively with the state of the labor market. Varying employment opportunities are also likely to result in income prospects (and parameters) which vary with the level of economic activity. This means that for these two reasons the income and distance coefficients in the estimating equations will vary strongly with business activity. And this is confirmed by the empirical results. Thus, not only is the overall level of migration reduced under depressed economic conditions, but the "allocative efficiency" of migration is also adversely affected. This has obvious implications for stabilization policy as well as mobility policy. It also means that the time period covered by a migration study will have a significant influence on the tests of hypotheses and on the estimates of coefficients. Finally, the estimates of the income-distance trade-off will be affected by the interpretation of the estimated parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When all the fire companies in a region are engaged in fighting fires, protection against a future fire is considerably reduced. It is standard practice in many urban fire departments to protect the exposed region by relocating outside fire companies temporarily to some of the vacant houses. In New York City, situations requiring such relocations arise ten times a day on the average. The Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) currently makes its relocations according to a system of preplanned moves. This system was designed at a time when alarm rates were low and is based on the assumption that only one fire is in progress at a time. Because of the high alarm rates currently being experienced in parts of New York City, this assumption is no longer valid, and the preplanned relocation system breaks down at the times when it is needed most. This paper describes a computer-based method for determining relocations that overcomes the deficiencies of the existing method by utilizing the computer's ability to (1) store up-to-date information about the status of all fires in progress and the location and activity of all fire companies, (2) generate and compare many alternative relocation plans quickly. The method, which will become part of the FDNY's real-time Management Information and Control System (MICS), is designed to be fast and to require little computer memory. After giving some background of the problem and the objectives of relocation, we give the problem a mathematical programming formulation and then describe the heuristic algorithm to be used for generating relocations in the MICS. The remainder of the paper is devoted to a discussion of an example illustrating how the algorithm works, a rigorous test of the algorithm using a computer simulation model of Fire-Department operations, and a description of the current use of... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a planning model designed to be used by managers of family-planning systems to improve understanding, forecasting, and planning. The macro-flow model describes the patient movement through post-partum and nonpost-partum programs. The flows model the phenomena of: outreach recruitment, continuance, post-partum checkups, switching methods, referral, migration, contraceptive-use experience, private protection, method effectiveness, advertising response, follow up, abortion, and medical services. Strategic variables can be linked to the flow parameters to produce capacity requirements and budgetary implications. The model output includes benefit measures of total active patients, couple years of protection, 'births protected,' and unwanted births prevented. The fertility aspects of births prevented are modeled through a nonstationary Markov process submodel that considers demographic phenomena without burdening the basic flow structure. The input procedures used to process patient-visit, outreach, clinic-survey, and experimental data are discussed and some empirical results are reported. The combination of data-based estimates and subjective judgment is done by 'fitting' the model to past observed data. Testing and control are done by 'tracking' model performance through conditional prediction, diagnosis, and updating. The model is implemented in an on-line, conversational program that facilitates evolutionary model building by allowing the user to specify his model options. The application and testing of the model in the Atlanta Area Family Planning System are discussed and the experiences of managers in using the model to gain new insights, forecasts, budgets, and plans are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is widespread view that rural-to-urban migrants are saturating the ghetto areas of large cities and disproportionately contributing to poverty in urban areas. In this paper, data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity are analyzed to explore both dimensions of the presumed relationship of rural-urban migration and the plight of cities: the location of rural migrants in urban areas; and the extent of their contribution to urban poverty. The location and poverty of rural-urban migrants is compared with that of indigenous urbanities in nonmetropolitan and in ring and central city portions of metropolitan areas by size. White-black differences are emphasized and the relationship of poverty and previous or prolonged urban experience among migrants is also examined. The findings indicate that urban poverty and the plight of cities are the consequences of broader structural features of our society—the handicaps of age, of being a female head of household, or of the status ascribed to blacks—and not the product of rural-urban migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is hard to disagree with J. A. Jackson when he writes in a recently published volume of papers concerned with migration: "It is clear that it may still not be possible to provide a completely satisfactory sociological model of migration which can adequately embrace its various types and implications" (Jackson, 1969:10). Though a vast amount of empirical work has been produced on such topics as rural-urban migration, international migratory movements, and the process of assimilation of migrants, an adequate integrating theoretical perspective is still to be established. This paper attempts to use the action frame of reference to provide a conceptual framework which can help to remedy this deficiency. Students of action theory may find it interesting to examine the extent to which this frame of reference bears fruit in an important field in which it has not been previously systematically applied. Initially, the attempt is to provide a distinctively sociological definition and typology of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to answer several questions about urbanization in New Zealand: (1) How have the paradoxical phenomena of a high level of urbanization and an agriculturally oriented economy coexisted in New Zealand? (2) How do the levels of urbanization in New Zealand and in the other "new countries" of British origin (Australia, Canada, and the United States) compare? (3) Why has New Zealand never had a single dominant metropolis as is commonly found in other countries of its size? (4) How have the sources or urbanization--reclassification, differential natural increase, and migration--influenced the process of urbanization in New Zealand? (5) How has New Zealand's small population affected its urban proportion? (6) What factors underlie the phenomenal rate of urbanization of New Zealand's Maori population during the past generation? The analysis covers the period from 1861 to 1971. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place-of-birth-by-residence data, tabulated by age and sex for the same areal units in two successive censuses, have been used to estimate intercensal net migration flows. However, a fuller use of the same data permits the estimation of place-to-place flows. This paper describes a method for estimating intercensal migration streams from place-of-birth- by-residence data and illustrates its application with data on the white female native population of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to bring together the demographic literature on differential migration with economic analysis of regional labor mobility. This is done by estimating a rather simple form of economic model of migration by means of linear regression analysis for specific age, education and occupation groups of male interprovincial migrants in Canada. The data on migration are from the population sample of the 1961 Census of Canada. The pattern of migration differentials displayed by these data is broadly similar to that observed in the United States and elsewhere. The regression results suggest that differential migration by education and occupation groups may be accounted for by the varying responsiveness of the various groups to economic gains obtained through migration. While this seems to be generally true of age differentials as well, the relationship of those to regional income differentials is weaker and points up an important role of motivations other than economic gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Demography (Springer Nature) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents summary statistics of immigration into the West Indies, under indenture or government sponsorship, during the period 1834-1918. The sources reveal a few discrepancies, but are sufficiently consistent to permit the construction of a series for each of the ethnic groups introduced. Most of the problems involved in constructing these series centre around the fact that a variety of sources have to be utilised. Immigration figures of East Indians, Portuguese, Chinese, Europeans and others into the several West Indian colonies have been prepared for each calendar year or season, but to conserve space are presented here in summary form. In the case of African immigration it is possible to give their country of origin. The only group of immigrants who were involved in return movements of any consequence are the East Indians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that in Malaya the results of testing birth registration completeness according to the conventional method which involves a comparison of an independently estimated child population with the corresponding census population does not yield satisfactory results. This is because the assumptions underlying this method are not quite tenable under Malayan conditions. A minor modification of the method by taking into consideration Singapore-Malaya migration does not seem to have completely eliminated the shortcomings of the method. A new method utilizing data on the number of children ever born to women in the two post-war censuses taken in 1947 and 1957 is presented in this paper. It is ascertained that marked variation in the extent of under registration of births existed between the three principal races, viz. Malays, Chinese and Indians, and between the eleven States. Some of the important reasons for this variation may be traced to the differences in the rate of literacy, the number of years spent in school, the degree of urbanization and the proportion of the population residing in estates.

The paper analyzes patterns of immigration and absorption of immigrants. The process of immigration is a process of physical transition from one society to another involving considerable frustrations and giving rise to many social problem among immigrants. The research is conducted with assumptions that there are three main interdependent indices of adaptation and assimilation of immigrants within their new country : institutional integration, acculturation, and personal adjustment and integration of immigrants. The research paper examines some of these implicit assumptions in order to estimate their importance for a framework of comparative analysis, and suggests such a tentative framework. The paper then attempts to apply this framework to the analysis of concrete cases of migration and assimilation of immigrants. The types of pluralistic structures arising through the absorption of immigrants are determined by the immigrants' own motivations, by the demands made on them by the absorbing society, and by the possibilities open to them in that society.

Previous research has shown that, in an upper-middle-class suburb in a North Central state, Jewish families report more extended familism than do Christian families. The resent paper shows more clearly the association between ethnicity and familism by using three further indices of extended familism and by dividing the Christian respondents into Catholics and Protestants. The three new indices --extensity of kin households present in the metropolitan area, intensity of such Presence, and interaction with those households -- are more significantly associated with ethnicity than was the index used in the previous research --functionality of interaction with households of kin. Generally, the Protestants are the Least familistic of the three ethnic categories. It was hypothesized that occupation and migration are variables that intervene between ethnicity and extended families; the data, however, rule otherwise. It is tentatively concluded, rather, that extended families intervenes between ethnicity and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author sketches one time segment of an adjustment history. An earlier paper in the periodical "American Sociological Review," surveyed the background of the problem and indicated the methodological and circumstantial justifications for orienting the study to an examination of the familial complex in the U.S. The period to be discussed here begins with the establishment of the population in relocation centers which was completed on November 1, 1942, eleven months after Pearl Harbor and seven months alter the evacuation began. It ends in January 1945 with the opening of the Pacific Coast to relocation. Subsequent events will merely be touched upon. The data upon which this study is based are chiefly of two sorts. The first is a structural analysis of the records of 3000 families, one tenth of those registered at the time of evacuation. Seventy per cent of these family records were extensively supplemented in the field from the files of the War Relocation Authority, and provide the quantitative documentation.

While many studies have been made of geographic variation in the age at first marriage, few have considered the effect state laws specifying the minimum legal age of marriage without parental consent can have on comparative age distributions. This paper points out that, in a state permitting earlier marriage without parental approval, brides have a lower modal age than in a similar area with an older age requirement. Since American marriage data are compiled on a basis of place of occurrence and since migration for the purpose of marriage is considerable, it is not readily ascertainable what the differences would be if comparisons were made on a residence basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the consequences for immigrants in changing from their native land to a rather markedly new environment. The main focus will rest with the adult immigrants. One of the implications of this paper is that adults are continually undergoing the process of socialisation. Most of the identification studies assume that modelling after parents leads a child to resemble one or both parents. These studies usually look at a list of traits or characteristics of the parent and child to determine whether they are similar. If similar, the assumption is that the child used the parent as a model. The possibility exists that where there are similarities the parent and child have both been influenced by some outside source. Thus, the studies do not take into account the changes which occur in the adult. The immigrant does break away from the immigrant subculture in many respects and tends to become a part of the new culture. It seems evident that the theories of delinquency, which base the delinquency on the two-culture hypothesis, need re-examination. The data presented in this article indicate that possible impact of difference between the old and the new culture is diminished by the influences upon the adult in the new cultural system.

The purpose of the present paper is to examine, in the light of data on certain aspects of the population of the U.S., the various hypothesis concerning the proportion of population 15 to 49 years of age enumerated by scholar A.G. Sundbärg before the Institut Internationale de Statistique nearly forty years ago. Since that time the question has been practically ignored in the U.S. In the course of a brief paper devoted primarily to the relationship of the age distribution of a population to its death rate, the following hypothesis about the age group 15-49 were stated. Examination of many units of the U.S. population might be made with profit in order to determine the truth of the first hypothesis, namely, that the middle age group constitutes one-half of the population. The theory that emigration reduces the percentage of population 15-49 years of age can be studied for the U.S. by determining the percentage 15-49 years of age in States of which the smallest proportion of persons originally born within their borders were living there in 1930. Other measures of emigration would also be desirable, such as the percentage of emigration in the decade from 1920 to 1930, or between 1900 and 1930, but the total migration of living native white persons, regardless of the date of migration, is probably a satisfactory simple index for the purpose.

Most efforts to analyze and forecast interregional population growth and distribution are hampered by the general paucity of reliable data on interregional migration. This has led demographers to rely on crudely constructed measures of net migration. Recent efforts to express the population growth process in matrix form, however, suggest a means whereby the schedule of growth that operates in an interregional system may be estimated solely on the basis of historical data on interregional population distributions. Such a method is described and illustrated in this paper. The method estimates a growth regime which, when applied to the initial interregional population distribution in the time series, most closely reproduces the remaining population distributions in the historical sequence.

The role of the taxation of economic rents in classical economics continues to hold the interest of scholars. One lacuna in the study of classical theory concerns the development of classical rent theory, which evolved from the emigration-colonization remedy that was advocated for abating the economic ills of Great Britain of the classical era. The concern of this paper is with the specific aspect of this classical discussion of emigration and colonization, which concerned the theory, and the taxation of economic rent as the classical theory was applied to colonial conditions. For here classical thought underwent a change in emphasis, a transformation often missed by contemporaries who claimed that a substantive aspect of Ricardian theory was at issue. This change in emphasis is clearly brought out in economist Edward Gibbon Wakefield's plan of Systematic Colonization and is forcefully reflected in economist J.S. Mill's great restatement of Ricardian economics some years later. In tracing this development in Ricardian economics, this paper shall consider first the relevant aspects of Wakefield's colonization plan which concerns location rents, the fiscal importance of such rents to his scheme, and the influence this had on classical economics. The concluding section sets out to explain the failure of Ricardo to develop this aspect of his theory since it was general enough to cope with location rents in lieu of differentials in soil fertility as the most important determinant of rent.

The article presents a discussion on immigration into Australia after the Second World War. Between 1947 and 1956, over one million immigrants arrived in Australia. This represents an average annual increase of about 1.1 per cent in the total population of the continent. With the exception of Israel, the rate at which these immigrants poured in was the highest of any country. Sustained immigration, plus the equally fast natural growth of about 1.3 per cent annually, should result in a total population of 10 million in about 1960. In 1946, similar to Great Britain's White Paper on full employment, the Commonwealth government of Australia issued its White Paper on Employment. This paper established high and stable employment as the principal objective of economic policy. The original immigration policy has hardly at all been considered in relation to the full employment goal of the Welfare State. In fact, economic motivation became prominent only after humanitarian and national defense reasons of the early post-war Operation Welcome more or less ran out.

Mathematical demography traditionally has been concerned with the dynamics of the growth and structure of a population that is undisturbed by migration. Recently, however, increasing attention has been directed at the relationships between interregional migration flows and the growth and structure of multiregional population systems that are open to internal migration. This paper contributes to that emerging body of knowledge by generalizing the notion of a life table to the multiregional case and showing how such a generalization leads to a mathematical theory of multiregional population growth that is consistent with the currently accepted single-region theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the analysis of migration in Sweden between 1895 to 1930 to evaluate the proportions assumed by total migration streams to and from community group and to obtain a perspective in evaluating net migration gain or loss. This analysis demonstrated the extensiveness of streams of internal migrants to and from these various classes of communities, as compared with the net migration gain or loss of any class. Eleven Swedish communities were selected for analysis. Six of these 11 communities were agricultural, four were rural industrial, and one was the largest town in the county. Three of the agricultural communities were relatively inaccessible to industrial communities and towns. The records of all migrants leaving each of these 11 communities for another Swedish community or entering each of these 11 communities from another Swedish community were abstracted from the parish registers for every year from 1895 to 1930. In this paper, the data for the first 10 years of the period, 1895-1904, and the last 10 years, 1921-30, only are analyzed.

This article comments on a study entitled The Decline in the Relative Income of Negro Men, which investigated the trend in the relative income of African American men from 1948-1964. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate two of the propositions in the study regarding the trend in the income ratio of the employees. First, the hypothesis that fluctuations in aggregate demand affect the income ratio of African American male workers is analyzed. Second, a trend in relative income from 1948 to 1964 is sought in order to verify the conclusion in the study that the 1950s were characterized by a decline in the African American and U.S. employees income ratio. Thus, the values of the income ratio of the employees from 1939 to 1964 are recorded. Assuming that the 1939 value accurately reflects the relative income of African American workers in the pre-World War II period, there appears to be a dramatic increase since that time. Hence, the analysis of the study suggests that the secular increase in the income ratio represents a decline in discrimination against African American workers. However, this decline may merely reflect the migration of the workers from the South to the less discriminating North rather than a decline in the U.S. propensity to discriminate.

This article presents the report of the Council of the Sociological Society for the year 1910. A prolonged disturbance in the sphere of politics inevitably militates against the well-being of a learned society, more especially when, as in the case of the Sociological Society, its activities are related in greater or less degree to all the influences of social development and change. The Society has maintained its position, and has, in fact, received during the past few months a larger measure of public notice, especially in the way of press reports, than it has enjoyed since the first years of its existence. This is due, doubtless, partly to the fact that the papers have in the main dealt with subjects rather closely concerned with contemporary problems, but also, it may be said, to the growing recognition of the fact that the Society is rendering a valuable service in providing a platform upon which questions of high importance to civilized society may be discussed without reference to sectional or party interests.

The article presents the authors' response in reply to the criticism of their paper--"On Place Utility and the Normative Allocation of Intraurban Migrants," previously published in a 1970 issue of the journal "Demography." In the paper, a linear programming model of intraurban migration was presented. This model was designed to operationalize concepts put forth in earlier conceptual models. The interpretation of the dual variables of this model proved to be interesting in that it linked household aspiration and search behaviors to place utility, a concept that has received much attention in the intraurban migration literature but has proved difficult to operationalize. They say that the critic objects to this work on two accounts, the more noteworthy of which concerns the interpretation of the model's dual variables as place utilities. This needs to be examined more closely since the model is a useful and informative one.

The Relocation Centers established by the War Relocation Authority to house persons of Japanese ancestry evacuated from the Western Defense Zone offer an extremely fruitful laboratory for the study of social processes. It was primarily for its practical value that the W.R.A. set up the Community Analysis Section, headed by Anthropologist John Embree. But by products of the work of this section will provide useful data for the advancement of social sciences. The author is Community Analyst at the Jerome Relocation Center in Arkansas, so that the statements made in this paper will be directed specifically to that project, although many of them will apply equally well to the other centers. Generalizations made at this stage must be regarded as tentative hypotheses challenging further investigation, rather than as scientific findings. Japanese Americans were shocked by what appeared to them an unceremonious abrogation of their citizenship rights, deprival of liberty and property without due process of law.

This article presents several books related to sociology. "Hacia una sociologia del surco: Resultados del Sexto Congreso Nacional de Sociologia de Morelia," by Roberto Agramonte. In this small volume the distinguished professor of sociology and director of the Department of Cultural Interchange at the University of Havana summarizes succinctly the program of Mexico's Sixth National Sociological Congress and appraises with keen insight most of the major papers presented at it. "El hombre y Ia tierra en Boyacd: Bases socio-históricas para una ref orma agraria," by Orlando Fals Borda. This volume contains an intensive study of the institutionalized relations between man and the land in the Department of Boyacá, Colombia. The study was done with the aid of a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the English version was presented as a Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Florida. "Migraciones internas en Costa Rica," by Wilburg Jimenez Castro. Based largely upon materials gathered in the 1950 census of population, this volume contains the results of one of the most thorough going studies of rural-urban and interregional migration ever done in Latin America.

As a follow-up on the studies by Dorn and Beale, this paper examines differences between Iowa counties with natural decrease and those with natural increase and analyzes the part that migration and fertility played in bringing about an excess of deaths over births in Iowa counties. The county groups are distinctly different in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Out-migration as a mode of response adopted by the rural population in Iowa is by far the most dominant factor leading to natural decrease. Sustained net out-migration is more likely to touch off natural decrease in counties of comparatively low fertility than in those with higher fertility. Low fertility is, therefore, a contributing factor to the imbalance between births and deaths, but the amount of influence of fertility adjustment over the fertility differentials among county groups cannot be ascertained in this study because of the correlation between fertility and Catholic Church membership in counties. The data of this study were obtained from the population censuses and vital statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been noted that social dislocation gives rise to mass movements. This paper attempts to relate individual histories of social dislocation to movement adherence, using respondents from Palmira in the Cauca Valley of Colombia. Pentecostalism is viewed as a mass movement, involving working class individuals and total changes in lifestyle. Multiple regression analysis demonstrates that individuals of low SES who have experienced personal social dislocation in terms of migration and employment are more likely to become Pentecostals than their fellows who have not had similar experiences. Primary ties are also important mechanisms for introducing lower class individuals to Pentecostalism. However, they were no more important for Pentecostals who had not suffered personal dislocation than for those who had. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of Black people or African Americans from rural areas and cities in the South to the metropolitan areas of the North in the U.S. had been occurring prior to 1915, but it took the outbreak of war in Europe in 1916 to accelerate the stream. Combined with the dirge of economic opportunities and intense racial discrimination in the South which had remained virtually unchanged since the Civil War, the migration northward erupted between 1916 and 1918. While the exodus northward has received a great deal of attention, very little attention has been paid to the increasing counterstream. Black migration to the South has progressed from a little noticed movement to become one of the major migration streams in the U.S. More recently, in developing a general typology of migrants, those returning to the South accounted for nearly two-thirds of the North to South migrants. This paper examines the characteristics of African American migrants who journeyed back to the South after migrating North.

This paper summarizes results of an empirical test of a model which seeks to identify causes of high rates of rural emigration in Latin America. Briefly, the model applies to Latin American economies with high rates of rural natural increase, a large proportion of the rural-agricultural population in the minifundio and/or landless employee class, and a large share of the agricultural land held by latifundistas. A basic premise is that the nature of productive organization on latifundios has "conditioned" the cost, use, availability, and development of land to the extent that social and economic opportunities for the majority of the rural-agricultural population have been stifled. Accordingly, it is argued that a large proportion of rural-agricultural labor is likely to be subjected to limited employment opportunities owing to the institutional system of land tenure, and, in combination with rapid population growth, conditions of economic stress are likely to evolve followed by high rates of rural emigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout most of this century, Taiwan has experienced a rapid rate of urban growth due to the combined effect of a high rate of natural increase and a continual flow of people from the rural areas to the cities. Taiwan is not unusual in this respect as most other underdeveloped nations have experienced similarly high rates of urban growth. However, the study of urbanization in Taiwan is of particular interest for three reasons. First, among underdeveloped nations, Taiwan is one of the very few to have experienced rapid economic growth. Between 1953 and 1970 the economy grew at about 7 percent per year, industrial production increased eight-fold, and there have been substantial increases in real wages. Second, industrial growth has been accompanied by increased agricultural productivity and land reform. These changes have resulted in a reduction of some of the rural population pressure which might have resulted had the rapid population growth occurred without increases in yield and with the disparities in land ownership which existed prior to the 1953 Land-to-the-Tiller Act. The combined effects of rapid industrial growth and improved rural conditions may have been to give the rural resident more of a choice between staying in the rural areas and moving to the city than is afforded in most developing countries. Third, Taiwan is one of the few nations to possess a household registration system which is sufficiently accurate and complete to permit a detailed study of the urbanization process from official records. The Taiwan household registration system provides both a continual record of the population and a record of all reported moves made by the population. While some moves, especially those of short duration, are not reported, a sufficiently high proportion of all moves is reported to permit the use of these records in the study of migration in Taiwan. In the first part of this paper we shall make use of published data from the household and migration... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]