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A study by sociologists Robert E.L. Faris and H. Warren Dunham revealed that the alcoholic psychoses commitment rates for Chicago, Illinois, in the time period 1922-1934 inclusive were consistently high in rooming-house and Negro areas in the zone in transition near the center of the city. They also found that throughout the 120 sub-community areas in Chicago the alcoholic psychoses commitment rates and the median rental had a correlation coefficient of -.66. These findings suggest the hypothesis for this paper, that alcoholic psychoses commitment rates are inversely related to the amount of income and prestige associated with various occupational groups. The present article tests the above hypothesis on alcoholic psychoses commitment rates by occupational groups, using the white male cases age 20-69 years of age which were included in the study of Faris and Dunham, but which are here classified on an occupational rather than on a spatial basis. These data were adjusted for age by applying the age-specific alcoholic psychoses rates for each occupational group to a standard population.

The major focus of this paper was on the implications of recent changes in social-sexual practices on marriage rates. Questionnaire data on interpersonal feelings and social background variables were obtained from 31 going-together couples and 18 living-together couples, all of whom were, of course, unmarried. It was found that the going-together couples held traditional orientations toward each other with commitment to marriage forming a strong part of this orientation. The living-together couples appeared to come to their arrangement with varied expectations. The living-together women appeared to desire security in marriage, whereas the men indicated that the arrangement was more likely to be an alternative to marriage. Of further interest was the finding that going-together couples evidenced greater reciprocity of other important feelings than that found for living-together couples. The effects on marriage rates for living-together couples were seen to depend upon which of the partner's positions prevailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some aspects of Israeli society which have been conducive to the development of strained ethnic relations and manifestations of prejudice. Despite certain cohesive features such as a common religious and ethnic background and a high level of ideological commitment and collective solidarity, there has been increasing evidence of a reduction in this solidarity. Emerging divisive elements in the social structure are described and are partially attributed to the heightened solidarity and visibility of specific ethnic groups of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the processes by which commitment to a career line and to a particular employing organisation is generated. From a brief survey of the literature a rudimentary theory is proposed. This theory is examined in the light of empirical evidence from a study of graduate recruits in two large firms and is generally supported. The career plans of the recruits are examined from this theoretical position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to deal with the concept of commitment to a society in the context of a commitment-alienation continuum. Two aspects of commitment were measured: cohesion or affective commitment and control or ideological commitment. Data were collects in a society intentionally structured to solve the problem of attention: a kibbutz in Israel, Measures of the two dimensions of commitment were related to overall satisfaction and a series of ten variables (involving social roles, values and interpersonal relations) which were posited to be significant in the lives of kibbutz members. The main findings were: 1. The degree of commitment to the society is positively related to the degree of overall social need satisfaction. 2. The degree of commitment tends to be higher the more the individual is satisfied in those areas of life which are important to him. 3. Persons occupying roles considered important in the society tend to be more committed to the society than persons occupying less important roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with the formation and the clarification of the concept of commitment, and the possible uses to which this concept may be used specifically in sociological studies of the radical right. The article tries to clarify the concept of commitment through means of a philosophical method termed linguistic phenomenology, and shows how the concept thus clarified can be used as a basis for the construction of models for the careful scientific study of the radical right. Linguistic phenomenology is a way of doing philosophy, a way of expressing as precisely as possible the distinctions in the course of the direct investigations and descriptions of phenomena as one feels, experiences, and are conscious of these. Linguistic phenomenology focuses upon the first-person indicative present, and active language of persons. It attempts to articulate as precisely as possible the distinctive language forms of their acts of speaking within total acts of speech. Ideally, linguistic phenomenology will gather clusterings of all instances of a given phenomenon for orderly and systematic description and investigation.

The article investigates hypotheses that attitude object importance and commitment to attitude position will, in combination, predict and will each significantly predict attitude position. The most frequently employed technique in measuring attitudes is notably the paper and pencil, forced-choice attitude test. It is stated that typically, the attitude test requires a person to indicate the degree to which he agrees or disagrees with statements concerning an attitude object, event or construct.

The article presents information on the 1968 Convention staged by the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA). Its theme, Total Awareness-Total Commitment, proved to be more than just a catchword or slogan; it typified an atmosphere which made this year's Convention truly unique for its 9,041 participants. Most people who attend conventions know little of the preparations, decisions, frustrations, and grueling extra hours required to organize an APGA Convention. The 1968 Convention in Detroit, Michigan, had all of the elements of a regular APGA Convention and more. National and local circumstances, resulting from the tragic assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., U.S. clergyman and leader in the civil rights movement, caused the Governor of Michigan and Mayor of Detroit to impose on the city a day-by-day 5 p.m. curfew, which placed the whole notion of public assembly in daily jeopardy. Because of the curfew, all evening general and theme sessions were cancelled. Still, a record number of content meetings and ancillary meetings were held during the daytime hours.

In this article the author comments on the misunderstanding related with the concept of commitment. Perhaps because of its popularity in everyday discourse, the complex nature of commitment is rarely appreciated by those social scientists who use this concept in their work. Concealed in this idea are two distinct, albeit related, dimensions. These two dimensions may be called value commitment and forced or continuance commitment. A recent empirical investigation by George Ritzer and Harrison M. Trice (1969) exemplifies this confounding of the two major dimensions of commitment. The research carried out by Ritzer and Trice demonstrates that Ritzer and Trice are dealing with value commitment. This kind of commitment can be defined as a frame of mind that arises from the presence, in exceptional number, of subjectively defined rewards associated with a particular position or social identity in which the person finds himself or hopes to find himself. A theory of continuance commitment is a theory of forced behavior, whereas a theory of value commitment is not concerned with forcing.

This paper analyses the collective conceptions and norms which developed on the faculty at a newly founded small college of general education in a state university. Conception of students, educational objectives, norms regarding student-faculty relations, and conceptions of effects on students are the four major areas examined. Sharp differences among faculty members emerged early in the history of the College. These differences crystallized into belief systems based in the two dominant departments, the natural sciences and social sciences. The natural science orientation was predominantly "utilitarian": it emphasized cognitive effects on students, was unconcerned about developing high student commitment to the College, and encouraged faculty to maintain, some distance from students. The social science orientation was "normative": faculty were to "reach" students personally as well as intellectually, encourage high student commitment, and promote close, egalitarian relationships with students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the concept of responsibility. It is the thesis of this paper that many modern criminologists have injected more than semantic confusion into their body of theory by simultaneously using the concept "responsibility" on two different levels of meaning. This practice has no logical consistency or scientific validity, is consistent and valid only in terms of humanitarian value-judgments, as will be demonstrated. Responsibility explicitly refers to some mysterious "inner power" over "individual destiny", which most criminologists justifiably deny; here, reference is made to man's being held accountable for his personal behavior. The first is a fiction, the second a fact necessary to society's functioning. The first is a rationalization, used to buttress the system of rights and duties, the second is the very corner-stone of the system's structure. When the humanitarian criminologist refutes the concept of responsibility, he is attempting to relieve the criminal of responsibility.

The author reports on a factor analytic study which distinguishes different dimensions of organizational commitment among the members of a voluntary association. Among the forms of organizational commitment studied were: cosmopolitan integration--the degree to which the individual is active in and feels himself a part of the varying levels of a particular organization, and is active, as well, in other organizations; and organizational introjection--the degree to which the individual's "ideal" self-image includes a number of organizationally approved qualities and values. In addition to the factors of organizational commitment, two other factors were identified as reflecting commitment to two specific values of the organization. The emergence of these lends support to a basic hypothesis of the study, namely, that commitment to the specific values of an organization is distinct from commitment to the organization as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with explanations for the high turnover rates among nurses in supervisory, head nursing, and staff nursing positions. Using reference group theory, particularly the concept of "locals" and "cosmopolitans" as organizational role types, the authors find that the local-cosmopolitan hypothesis requires considerable modification. In contrast to expectations, "cosmopolitans" did maintain high in-group loyalties, did not refer to an external group, and were motivated toward organizational commitment. In view of these findings, an effort is made to modify the theory on the basis that the hospital environment is substantially different from that of the other organizations in which the local-cosmopolitan model was derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that investments in a utilitarian organization will produce commitment to the organization regardless of other features of the relationship of the members to the organization. A survey study of Ph.D. scientists in a private laboratory supported this hypothesis. It was also found that professional commitment increased with work experience, and especially with a medium degree of length of service, operated to reduce commitment to the organization. Social involvements increased the commitment of the professionally competent men to the organization, thus reinforcing the effect of investments and mitigating the negative effects of professional commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the effects of professional and nonprofessional types of organizational involvement on the compatibility of organizational and professional commitments for junior college teachers. Hypotheses are examined about the effects of professional and nonprofessional criteria of performance, authority over subordinates, and kind of supervision on the compatibility of these two commitments. It was found that the two commitments are more likely to be compatible when the involvement is professional than when it is nonprofessional. The implications of this for the treatment of professional employees are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article seeks to articulate and evaluate the ethical theories concerning the nature of commitment, action, and the justification or condemnation of violence, expressed in essays by French political/ethical theorists, Albert Camus and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. According to Camus, the pervasiveness of crimes of logic emanates from the movement of rebellion or revolt. Camus advocates a profound concern for the ethics of action. Ponty relates his theory of revolution and social change with Marxism.

In this article we develop a general model for explaining role commitment as a process in which continuing in the role depends on the net balance of its rewards and costs. With an eight-variable path model we can account for half the variance in the decisions of a sample of 3,045 American Catholic priests to stay in or leave the ministry. The causal analysis shows that the cost of celibacy is currently a priest's principal consideration in the commitment sequence. Thus, if he sees marriage as a desirable opportunity foregone, if the costs of loneliness outweigh the satisfactions that flow from his job assessed in terms of a modern set of values, and if movement is made easier by the fact of his being relatively young and inner-directed, the clergyman will probably decide to quit his position as a religious professional. We also test the possible influence of social contexts and present, with one notable exception, a series of negative findings. Our discussion focuses on the implications of authority, sexuality, and value systems for commitment to the priestly role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment demonstrated the importance of procedural considerations in use of the method of ordered alternatives for measuring the latitudes of acceptance, rejection and noncommitment. In a 2 × 2 design, respondents completed ordered alternatives relating to the 1972 Presidential Election with either a one or four page form and with either mandatory or optional instructions. Both of these variables produced significant main effects on each of the three latitudes. The one-page mandatory form produced the largest latitudes of rejection and acceptance, and the four-page optional form produced the largest latitudes of noncommitment. The four-page optional form is recommended if one is trying to minimize the probability of false positives in selecting highly involved people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social work profession is committed to providing direct services to people in need. Today it must find ways to maintain this commitment filly and at the same time fulfill its undeveloped one--a commitment to changing and managing the institution through which people are served. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an article on the objectives of the American College of Gastroenterology for their service and commitment. Annual objectives for 1957 that was gained by the college; Objective of the college that remains to be reached; Factors that should be considered to assist in the accomplishment of the objectives.

In its progress toward becoming a profession, social work has pursued fairly stable value goals. However, in retrospect it appears that some of its short-term goals have proved inadequate or actually inimical to the long-range goals which they had been expected to further and support. It is appropriate then that customs and practices not be taken for granted but that they be re-examined in light of the goals they are intended to serve. Despite social work's commitment in principle to salary scales and supervision, however, these practices have not gone entirely unquestioned. Classification plans and regular increments within a salary scale have been accepted reluctantly by some board members of some agencies. They argue that salaries should be individualized according to the performance of the specific staff member. In preparing budgets administrators have been aware that among staff at any given moment there are likely to be inequities in salary as compared with actual performance and value to the organization.

The article focuses on college major, work commitment and female perceptions of self, ideal women, and men's ideal woman. A good deal has been written in the past thirty years on the topics of occupational choice, the female role, female self-concepts, and women's occupational plans. Some of the major efforts dealing with occupational plans. Some of the major efforts dealing with occupational choice have focused on the importance of the self-concept in determining this choice. An individual chooses an occupation, it is suggested, by matching his perceived needs, interests, values, and capabilities with the perceived requirements and rewards of various occupations. However, there are several broadly related studies whose results would seem to imply that what women think men think is more important than their self-concepts in determining their occupational behavior. For example, a number of studies suggest that women are less self-determining, and are more other-directed than men. It seems likely that women would accept men as significant others and act in accordance with their wishes, moreover, since women generally accept the idea that men are superior to them. Furthermore, women's self-concepts appear to be less well defined and independent than those of men.

A conceptual structure for commitment is presented, specifying and clarifying the various meanings of the term as it has been used by sociologists and social psychologists. The possible importance of the concept for social psychology is illustrated by the interpretation of a number of social psychological experiments in terms of commitment processes. The utility of the concept of commitment for the analysis of courtship systems is discussed and the application of the concept of commitment on the level of social systems is illustrated by the use of the proposed conceptual structure in research on cohabitation on a university campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a scalar distance model for the measurement of lattitudes of acceptance, rejection and noncommitment. Relationship between attitude extremity and lattitude width; Use of frequency count method for the measurement.

The article focuses on stresses related to mature students. Students on secondment are in general comfortably off, especially when they are compared to mature students taking initial courses with the aid of grants. The latter may have considerable financial pressure. If they are men there is a drop in earnings, and if they are married women who were not previously employed they may find that they need part-time help in the home with their domestic commitments so that the family budget is straitened. Family anxieties and responsibilities press hardly on mature students and apply equally to both groups, those who are already experienced and those who seek initial training. The support and interest of husband or wife can make a great difference to the confidence and ease with which the mature student approaches his course and tutors frequently remark that they can always pick out the students who have a good wife behind them. On the other hand, a spouse who is uninterested or unconsciously or even openly hostile can set up considerable tensions and clashes of loyalties to the detriment of the student's work.

The article presents information on the nature of motivation. Motives can be divided into two classes, primary and secondary motives. A secondary motive is based on another motive while a primary motive lacks such a basis. The main difference between the two classes of motives is given in the fact that the primary motive is a basis not only of a single secondary motive, but of the whole chain of secondary motives. Any inquiry, which treats the entire field of motivation, must contribute to the discussion of this concept, even if this contribution would help only ban the concept of instinct from the field. There is a core of truth in our concept, but the value of this core is overcompensated by a host of falsity. Instinct is identical with the concept of primary motive insofar as both stress the lack of basis. But while the instinct psychologists are keenly aware of this all important feature their sight is clouded by all the connotations, which they give to the term. The presence of the act of will is not affected by the lack of action. On the contrary, because of this lack the act of will, having been unconscious before, becomes conscious, and an ensuing sense of frustration makes us even more aware of how different will is from action.

This article discusses findings of a study which examined the link between school commitment and youth rebellion. The data are strongly supportive of the argument that decreasing levels of school commitment will be linked to increasing rates of youth rebellion and delinquency. More specifically, as their level of commitment decreased, seniors were more likely to go with their friends instead of attending school rallies; associate with friends who misbehaved in school; enjoy cruising, fighting, and drinking; and finally, were more likely to have been involved in delinquent activity. It can be suggested that negative labels such as poor worker, unmotivated, behavior problem, once applied and recognized, can lead not only to differential treatment by teachers and peers but also to progressively declining levels of school commitment. Furthermore, such low-status students often become segregated from high-status pupils, for instance, by class and teacher assignment.

There are quite generally two techniques which may be used to study an organization. The first approach assumes that people have access to the organization and are in a position to carry out some form of systematic behavior recording, together with the collection of data on the experienced situational characteristics which exist for individual members. These data can to begin with provide a qualitative model. At the next stage, the qualitative model may be translated into a quantitative form. Basic data in this case are qualitative and in the course of data analysis people may arrive at some form of quantitative formulation. The second approach goes in a sense in the reverse direction. Input-output data in the case of social and industrial organizations are for instance the number and type of entrants who come in and leave the organization, the amount and type of material coming in and the various goods and services produced. This type of data generally becomes available in a quantitative form. The transformation of inputs into outputs occurs within the organization itself.

The article focuses on the changes in the occupational commitment of graduate sociology students. It has been stated that despite the growing sociological literature on socialization to occupational and professional roles by way of higher education, specific data about graduate students of sociology and the ways in which they change while training for their profession could not be ascertained. There is a growing awareness of the importance of the first year of graduate study in the process of vocational selection but systematic knowledge or data about this period in the education of sociologists is limited. Many aspects of professionalism in addition to occupational commitment have been encompassed in the study. It has been emphasized that a student's beginning year of graduate study is a crucial year during which the student comes to see how the field is defined and presented by its practitioners. Data on changes in occupational commitment, and behavior among a cohort of beginning sociology graduate students in a large private university have been provided. Certain factors expected to account for these changes have been examined.

The article presents a study in which three groups of delinquent boys were selected in a training school, primarily on the basis of the type of involvement in delinquency which led to their commitment and secondarily on the basis of the behavior observed within the training school. A group of socialized delinquents were selected on the basis of the delinquent behavior of cooperative stealing, gang activity and association with other delinquents, and the traits of popularity, loyalty, friendliness, willingness to stand up for himself. The boys were given the MMPI test by tape recorder. Thirty-five satisfactory records were obtained on socialized delinquents, 28 on unsocialized aggressive boys, 26 on runaway delinquents. Three improvised tests were added, two of which show significant differences between groups of delinquents.

The article discusses various issues related to the commitment of the psychologist to his clinical work. The author refers to the training of psychology students in medical school and their internships through which students experiences the real world scenario. It helps to grow them as psychologist. The author specifically points out the responsibility of the psychologist when he come in contact with the life and death situation of his patient.

The supply of mental ability is important in many ways to human welfare and happiness, in the near future and the long run. Contrary to traditional beliefs, the resent limits of ability in our society are not set by genetic factors, but to an important extent by sociological conditions, which support a sort of "collective ability." The prospects for an early important increase in the collective ability in the United States are favorable. Some of this will follow automatically if resent economic and educational trends continue. Some depends on the acceptance of responsibility by sociology for systematic research in the field of social causation of high ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the effects of the nationality of occupants of managerial roles on the level of commitment to, and satisfaction with, industrial employment in Nigeria. Presentation of some of the characteristics of the sample workers and the factories they work for; Relationship between work commitment index and some objective variables; Effect of the control variables on the relationship between management nationality and work commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data pertaining to aspects of their high school experiences were provided by 192 female students who had successfully completed the teacher preparation program at the College of Education, University of Texas. This information was used as the basis for defining groups which were then compared on a wide variety of measures of personality and student teaching performance. A number of significant relationships were found. It was concluded that the simple facts regarding students' high school experiences may be relevant to career commitment In teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently there has been a re-emphasis by both educators and counselors of the concept of commitment. Can this concept bear scrutiny or is it only a popular slogan? It is argued that this concept can find meaning only in a moral absolute. The author points out that relativism is itself a moral absolute. If then we take this concept seriously we are faced with certain difficulties. If this concept is valid for education and counseling then we must either re-examine the issue of religion in the schools or be content with engendering a moral vacuum. It is maintained that the former is the only valid alternative and the author argues for the moral absolute of loving one's neighbor as himself rather than the more prevalent moral absolute of relativism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly reliable Likert-type summated rating scale was constructed to measure attitude toward organ transplantation, judged to be a contemporary topic with ambiguous normative guidelines. Subsequently, a sample of subjects was presented the opportunity to sign a legal document providing for posthumous donation of their organs. Responses to the criterion situation provided an eight-point Guttman scale of commitment behavior. There was a substantial relationship between attitude scores and criterion behavior as expressed in a Pearson correlation coefficient of .58. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although different forms of discontent may be observed among current college students across the nation, the committed and informed intellectual dissent that takes the form of student activism characterizes only a small minority of students in a few academically elite colleges and universities. Educational and political activism may enrich the educational experience and foster personal development. Political and social apathy and conformity to established norms appear to be as characteristic of most college students of this generation as of students in the past. However, despite this general apathy and conformity, college students do seem to possess more autonomy and intellectual disposition than do their peers who do not attend college. Since these are precisely the traits which to a more intense degree distinguish student activists from other college students, questions are raised concerning the role colleges can play in the further development of these traits among their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sex-related questionnaire used by the senior author in his cross-cultural research of 1958 was readministered to comparable university groups in 1968, in an attempt to throw new light on the existence or non-existence of a so-called sexual revolution. Attitudes concerning premarital coitus were found to have liberalized considerably during the decade for both sexes (especially strong for females) and in both the Danish and the two American cultures studied. Premarital coital behavior, on the other hand, increased less dramatically or (in the case of American males) not at all. The relatively more rapid change in attitudes has meant a decline in value-behavior discrepancy. The relatively greater liberalization of females has meant an intersex convergence of both attitude and behavior. Trends regarding commitment in the relationship and measurable consequences following the act-as these relate to the sex norms of the three subcultures-are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 54 equally religiously committed subjects was divided into a primarily personally religiously committed group (N=25), a primarily institutionally religiously committed group (N=14) and an equally personally and institutionally religiously committed group (N=15). Ss in each group were then individually interviewed regarding their most significant personal experience. All interviews were taped and subsequently rated for the presence of mystical qualifies based upon operational criteria derived from Stace (1960). It was found that the primarily personally religiously committed group was more likely to report experiences codifiable as mystical than was the equally personally and Institutionally religiously committed group, which in turn was more likely to report experiences codifiable as mystical than was the primarily institutionally religiously committed group. The relevance of these data for the possible antithetical nature of institutional religious commitment and the intense personal religious experience of mysticism is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the value commitments of 295 faculty members at five small Catholic colleges according to the amount of their higher education received from Catholic institutions, previous teaching experiences in or outside the Catholic system, and religious or lay status. Faculty members with the longest and closest association with the Catholic higher education system were found to be most devoted to the values specifically associated with the Catholic Church. However, a high proportion of all faculty members expressed a commitment to the more general values of influencing students' character development and advancing the aims and goals of their colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the problem of clarifying commitment theory. One of the ways in which sociology advances is through the development of an hypothesis and the testing of it empirically. The result of such empirical testing may be an acceptance, a rejection, or a casting of doubt on the hypothesis. Once an hypothesis has been tested empirically, other theorists or empiricists (or both) may feel compelled to respond to the results of the empirical test. Such is an "ideal type" of sociological research and, happily, is one which is being followed in the case of Howard Becker's (1960) theory of commitment. Commitment has two dimensions: value commitment and continuance commitment. Value commitment consists of a series of "subjectively defined rewards" or "absence of certain costs or penalties" which tell what attracts an individual to a given position. Continuance commitment, on the other hand, arises not from the presence of rewards, "but from the presence or imminence of subjectively defined penalties associated with the attempt or desire to leave a specific position."

The classical approach to the study of the transformation of social movements (here called the Weber-Michels model) predicts that a movement organization will become more conservative and that its goals will be displaced in favor of organizational maintenance. Using organizational and incentive analysis, the classical approach is subsumed under a more general set of concepts which lead to predictions about growth and change. The movement organization responds to the ebb and flow of sentiment in the larger society, to its relations with other movement organizations and to success or failure. Leadership and schismogenetic tendencies affect the nature and vicissitudes of its goals, and the recruitment and commitment of members. Neither greater conservatism nor organizational maintenance are iron laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists usually assume that maximum socialization is optimal for a system without considering the effects of differential socialization. At a gross level, socialization can be conceived in terms of value commitment and behavioral conformity which may vary independently. Their combined variation produces four types with different systemic effects. Two are functional under normal conditions and two others in crisis. Thus, the integrative importance of values and behavior shifts with the state of the system, with social stability and change pressures. The functionality of maximum socialization is questioned on several grounds, including its social and economic costs, the effects of requiring the deepest social commitments to be pervasive or highly selective and the demands of social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nationalist movements are typically total movements characterized by affectively charged values and demands of full commitment. Due to the spread of information they have become patterned reactions to stereotyped situations. They derive their dynamic psychological strength largely from a collective concern about the status of the group. Among the Ambonese mass demonstrations, the merging of religious and nationalistic ideologies and also rivalry and mutual accusations tended to keep attention focused on the values of the movement. Impracticability of the aim caused its rapid decline. The primary problem: compensation for loss of status has to be solved now by realistic adjustments on a more individual basis, the success of which is to a large extent dependent on the general economic situation in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents insights on teaching the fundamentals of speech, with emphasis on regaining enthusiasm and commitment among teachers. Class objectives; Textbooks and reading assignments; Communication experiences.