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In this paper, different empirical models for explaining car travel to Canadian provinces by American citizens are estimated. The results indicate interesting substitution and complementarities in travel that have important policy implications. Furthermore, the results have implications for future travel to Canada given rising incomes and the shifting of the United States' population center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents discussions by economists on various papers that are published in the May 1, 1953 issue of the journal "American Economic Review." The author states that economist John H. Dales paper is an application of location theory to the problem of the industrial potential of a region. It highlights certain requirements, which must be fulfilled before a region can become industrialized and which might be neglected without a location approach. The author states that Dales has constructed a macroscopic theory in which industrial structures or regions are units and not individual plants. He has, however, refrained from attempting to define the region. Much of the discussion relates to this weakness in the argument deriving from the lack of a precise unit. The author first accepts Dales premise that Central Canada can be distinguished as an economic region and comments on certain conclusions made by Dales. The author makes it clear that the low fuel-electricity consumption ratio in Quebec is attributable to the absence of heavy fuel-using industries and to the presence of industries, which consume large quantities of power. High inputs of either power or fuel are characteristic of plants in early stages of manufacturing and not in consumer goods plants. Thus, the low fuel-electricity ratio is not the result of the attractive force which cheap power has for light manufacturing plants in relation to that of cheap fuel.

The article discusses the need for a revision of the relations between the Canadian Dominion and the provinces. In the twentieth century the provinces found that the governmental duties which were growing in importance belonged to them: education, local works, social services, all fell within the scope of "property and civil rights," one of the exclusive provincial powers. And provincial expenditure grew at a faster rate than federal, although both were growing rapidly. Thus the provincial governments needed more revenue, and slowly they entered into the field of direct taxation by levy of succession duties and corporation taxes. The Dominion government, which hitherto had relied upon customs and excises, entered with apologies into the field of direct taxation, and the balance of fiscal superiority swung definitely to it. With the peace in 1919 the fiscal needs of the Dominion gradually eased, while the fiscal needs of the provinces grew enormously. The feeling spread that the provincial governments had too many duties and too few revenues from which to finance them.

During the past decade, the Canadian province of Quebec has undergone a swift and profound cultural metamorphosis in the process of defining its identity. As a result, many social, economic, and political institutions are being redefined, formally or informally, either in opposition to or in contrast with Canadian and American institutions. The evolution of a mode of community intervention in Montreal, "l'animation sociale," is a good example of this cultural differentiation in social work practice. This article focuses on the development of this form of community organization in the political context of Quebec. To identify the main elements of Quebec's ideological system, e.g. the dominant ideology and counterideologies, some important historical events that demonstrate Quebec's ideological tendencies during the last decade will be outlined. The other important counterideology developed in Quebec in the past ten years is socialism. Two important local factors have accelerated the development of the socialist ideology in Quebec. First, numerous long and crippling strikes during the mid-1960s the flagrant injustice done to the taxicab industry in Montreal, and shutdowns of many factories have demonstrated the weakness of economic planning at different levels of government. Second, provincial and national social and economic policies have failed to alleviate the problems of health, housing, employment, and the like.

The article discusses some of the past phases of the Canadian criminal law. The author gives an account of the execution by burning at the stake of Negroes in the Colony of New York in 1741, 1742. The Common Law punishment by this form of execution was abolished in 1730, by the Act, 30 George II, c. 48, and consequently it was no longer inflicted by the English Law, when that law was for the first time introduced into Canada by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763, following the formal Cession of Canada by the Treaty of Paris of the previous February. It may be considered worth while to see how Suicide was looked upon in Canada under the old regime: this is carefully sought for and given us by the learned Archivist of the Province of Quebec, M. Pierre-Georges Roy. Both Canada and the English Colonies in America had their share of imported criminals, as well as of those of native growth, but neither had a very large element of that character. In Canada, the thief was sometimes branded with the Fleur-de- lis on the shoulder, the accessory generally received this attention, sometimes imprisoned, sometimes was forced to stand in the public places, with nothing on but a shirt, and with a lighted torch in his hand, compelled to crave the pardon of God and King and Justice for his offence.

The article provides some insights into the criminal circuit in Upper Canada a century ago. More than a century ago the province of Upper Canada was divided by the judges of the Court of King's Bench into three circuits, each of a number of district towns and the three judges of that court took each one circuit twice a year by an arrangement made by themselves and publicly announced. The Court of King's Bench was the only Superior Court in the province, but it very seldom tried a criminal case. Most of the charges of crime were tried before a Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery, presided over by one of the judges of the Court of King's Bench who received a commission for that purpose-and the same judge received a commission of assize and nisi prius empowering him to try civil cases. These commissions the judge of assize held on circuit and together they enabled him to try all cases, civil and criminal. The Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace' tried and disposed of many minor ofifenses, but all of real importance came to the assizes.

The article discusses the migration of Indians in the New England region and Canadian coastal provinces during the arrival of European settlers. The author notes the presence of Algonkian Indians in Canadian provinces and Iroquois Indians outside New England. Archaeological investigations, which revealed stone tools, potter sherds and other objects in shell heaps as well as graves, indicate the presence of different tribes in the regions. Different Indian languages spoken throughout the provinces and New England included Micmac and Abnaki and suggest that Algonkian Indians in the area migrated from the Ohio River Valley and other areas south of the Great Lakes. The Micmac may have migrated from the St. Lawrence Valley.