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The article offers various United Nations atomic energy news. The United Nations Atomic Energy Commission met on September 10 and 11, 1947 and adopted the second report to the Security Council. The nations who voted in favor of the report are Australia, France, United States, Brazil, Canada, and China. Russia rejected the report, and Poland abstained. The proposals submitted by Russia involves the investigation of mining and production facilities and accounting of atomic materials, and the conduct of investigations in case of violation of the weapons ban.

The article discusses the 1903 pogrom in Kishinev, Russia. The pogrom is an example of how American public opinion, led by the Jewish community, forced U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to take a more anti-Russian position. Several events involving Jews in Russia happened before the pogrom in April 1903. The pogrom brought Roosevelt and U.S. Secretary of State John Hay under fire from the Jewish community. It shaped and unified American public opinion as had few earlier issues. From mid-June 1903, Roosevelt and Hay became involved in the issue of the pogrom in particular and Russian anti-Semitism in general.

This paper has a threefold purpose: (a) to examine the concepts employed by Russian statisticians in computing labor productivity; (b) to indicate the trend of labor productivity in Russian industry (including manufacturing and mining) since the inception of the five-year plans; and (c) through study of productivity changes in an illustrative industry, coal mining, to point up the problems involved in dealing with Russian productivity statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on social thinker, Vatro Murvar's paper "Messianism in Russia: Religious and Revolutionary." Murvar does nor give us a formal definition of messianism, but in the course of his analysis he nonetheless provides a clear delimitation of the term. Briefly, what he means by messianism is a social movement which exhibits certain doctrinal traits namely (a) millennialism, (b) twain cosmogony with a corresponding division of humanity into the children of light and darkness, and (c) collectivism and/or monism. Murvar proposes, and proceeds to demonstrate that the two sets of Russian messianism-religious and revolutionary-have many similar, if not identical, characteristics. The religious-revolutionary dichotomy should therefore be replaced by the old religious-secular one and revolutionism or politics should be recognized as a separate dimension. A division of millenarian movements into religious and revolutionary (political) categories generates an analysis which obfuscates on the conceptual level the potential presence of political elements in religious movements. Conversely, the distinction also obfuscates the presence of religious elements in revolutionary messianisms.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the usefulness of Weber's city typology in relation to the Russian urban experience and to attempt to locate the Russian city within Weber's celebrated Oriental-Occidental dichotomy. The failure of various intellectual and revolutionary groups before and in 1917 to liberalize a traditionalistic societal system is correlated to the absence of a middle class in the Russian cultural context. Kiev, Novgorod, and Pskov existed long before the Mongol conquest of Russia in the thirteenth century and were exposed to certain Western influences due to the political connections with the neighboring Western countries. Unknown before the Mongols arrived, Moskva "still in the nineteenth century before the liberation of the peasants from slavery retained all the characteristics of a great Oriental city of about the time of Diocletian of the second century A.D." In addition to being the seat of the patrimonial ruler, Moskva was a "locality where rents from possessions in land and slaves as well as income from office holding were spent." Elsewhere Weber said that the cities in Russia "never arrived at freedom in the Western sense. Everywhere the military, judicial, and industrial authority was taken from the cities." This act of taking away autonomous-autocephalous authority is probably Weber's reference to the total destruction of Novgorod and Pskov by the Russian rulers as soon as they emerged from the shadow of Mongol dependence as well as to the Russian colonial conquest of the non-Russian cities and countries in the more recent centuries including the twentieth. Seven major characteristics basic to Weber's Oriental vs. Occidental typology of urban behavior, as tentatively modified in view of the needs and the contribution of recent research, will be utilized in examining the Russian experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of management science has reached a stage of development where it can profit from the enriched collection of empirical information currently available about factory problems. This information can be useful in the process of constructing a unified theory of management science. It can also be useful by showing to what extent rational models need to be elaborated for an optimum result in applications. The paper shows that rational models intersect in a fundamental way with the value logics of the people affected. The result is that restraints and restrictions arise; these must be taken into account in developing rational techniques for factory activity. Rational techniques, in essence, should supply a framework within which the value logics of the various groups involved can come to equilibrium. A particular technique with this property is the technique of job evaluation. Within the rational base of a job evaluation system, there exist abundant possibilities for the expression of value logics. A particularly revealing example is the existence of the so-called halo effect; this effect can profitably be exploited for making needed local adjustments, always, of course, with the rational base as framework. In summary, the Russian factory system is shown to exhibit similar characteristics. Rational techniques there too are constantly interacting with the value logics of the groups affected. This contradicts the original view that the factory system could be run exclusively by rational means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses work in the field of linear programming. The author attempts to give American readers an idea of the kind of work being done in the field of rational planning in Russia. Specific examples are given, through which the author hopes to convey the types of interpretation that Russians have made of abstract mathematics. The author has made a number of contributions in the field of pure mathematics and also to the theory of functional analysis. Also noted are the author's contributions to applied mathematics in numerical analysis and in the theory and practice of computation.

This article examines the course of Russia's wheat exports and suggests that the slower growth during the 1880s and 1890s marked a turning point when, under the impact of foreign competition and changes in demand for particular qualities of wheat, a new pattern of trade emerged. In this period Russian exporters developed new markets, and it was the further growth of these markets after 1900 which accounted for most of the rapid increase of exports thereafter. It is also suggested that the poverty of the Russian market and the agrarian system within which the farmer was producing prevented any widespread diversification despite the acute distress caused by the low world prices, and that
1 I am grateful to several of my colleagues, and particularly to Professor F. J. Fisher, for helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of this paper.
2 The data for this chart are from the sources used in Table 3, below.
3 The period 1910-13 when exports again declined is too short to determine whether a new trend had emerged. Harvest fluctuations considerably affected the exportable surplus and the Balkan Wars interfered with trade, especially in the Sea of Azov where Greek shipping usually carried the bulk of grain exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an attempt to portray some of the more important currents of thought and personalities associated with the progress of geography in pre-Soviet Russia, with the chief aims of 1) indicating some of the roots of present Soviet geographical thinking, and 2) placing the Russian contribution as an integral yet distinctive part of the developments in world geography before 1920. The main part of the paper is organized chronologically and appraises the life arid work of the more significant geographers of each period, their impact on the character of the subject, and their relation to their historical and intellectual milieu Finally, the nature and extent of the carry-over to the Soviet period is suggested. The recent intense methodological debate is seen as, in good measure, inspired by the work of the pre-Revolutionary scholars, and by the awareness of a broken heritage. In conclusion, some continuities of thought in Russian geography, then and now, are postulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on several papers discussed at the 3rd international conference on palynology is presented. Topics include palynology as a Science, coal palynology, and spore-pollen analysis of oil and gases. The conference featured several Soviet palynologists including V. V. Menner, K. R. Cheikov, and Z. I. Verbitskaya.

The article provides information regarding the predominance of swamps, marshes and bogs in Polesje and White Russia. According to the author, their predominance is accidental because this country is a low one with many rivers and is flooded in spring by the waters of rivers. He adds that it is therefore clear that in time the original marshes, swamps, bogs and extended alderwoods will disappear, it will give place to cornfields, meadows and pastures. In addition, as it was seen from the experiments of the Research Station in Sarny (Pruchnik, 1933) the Polesje soils can give big crops being drained and manure by nitrogenous, potassium and phosphorus manures.

The article focuses on the condition of the economics literature in Russia. During the period between 1800-1850s, economic literature in Russia was limited, perhaps due to censorship during the rule of Czar Nicholas. After the Crimean war around 1856, reform arrived in the form of emancipation of the serfs and foundation of small cooperative credit associations, mainly due to lack of faith in the previous government system. This reform also brought with it a demand for the study of political economy. Initially, Russian economic literature consisted of translations of texts from other countries but soon original texts were being written that addressed the problems of the country. One primary topic was the socialist measure involving peasant land and its distribution.

The article provides information on police socialism in Tsarist Russia. Police socialism was designed to continue Tsarism through manipulating the working-class movement. Police socialism is difficult to distinguish since Tsarist records are not fully opened. Furthermore, Russians invented the word zubatovism, which was derived from S. V. Zubatov's name who was the inventor of police socialism, to describe the system of placing police agents in the labor movement.

The article reports on the decree issued by the USSR imposing that the brains of educated people as property of the state, with total disregard for humanity and the rights of the person who happens to have these brains. The new Soviet regulation mandates a graduated scale of exit fees for educated citizens who wish to emigrate to non-Communist countries. Soviet intellectuals were shocked and expressed their disapproval of this government regulation which makes the Soviet system of higher education into a means for enslaving its citizens for life.

The article replies to a comment made by Robert J. Myers about the paper, Financing and Coverage Under Social Insurance in Soviet Russia, published in the January 1964 issue of the Industrial and Labor Relations Review. The author states that after having read thoroughly Myers' communication regarding the article on social insurance, he realize that there is actually no quarrel between Myers and him as to statements of opinion or as to comparisons of Soviet Social Insurance with other systems. Myers is charging the author though with inaccuracy in some factual information. In Myers' comments, he states that the description of certain benefits and coverage is just not true. The author replies that this particular part of the article has been totally documented and each paragraph, if not each sentence, is footnoted. On the other hand, Myers in his communication does not give a single reference to support his claims. The author admits that he has no way to check on the truthfulness of his sources and references other than using cross-references and other substantial published Soviet materials. So the whole problem boils down to the fact that Myers questions the truthfulness and/or accuracy of the authors of references.

The article comments on the paper, Financing and Coverage Under Social Insurance in Soviet Russia, by Wladimir Naleszkiewicz, published in the January 1964 issue of the "Industrial and Labor Relations Review." According to the author, the article gives some valuable economic analyses of this important sector of Soviet economic life. Apparently, the author was not aware of the extensive document on the subject, A Report on Social Security Programs in the Soviet Union, which was prepared by a five-man group from the Social Security Administration that visited the Soviet Union under the East-West exchange program in late 1958. That report made a detailed appraisal of the various Soviet programs, which have changed very little in the intervening five years, and its factual accuracy and completeness have, with only certain minor exceptions, been unquestioned by experts in the subject.

Information about the topics discussed at the Third International Congress of Protozoology that was held in Leningrad, Russia on July 6 to 10, 1969 is presented. There were 641 registered participants from 36 countries. The Congress was sponsored by the International Commission on Protozoology. The International Society of Protozoologists cooperated.

The author replies to the criticism that has been made on his work on messianism. His simple descriptive distinction between two sets of messianic phenomena is declared by the critique to be a basic dichotomy. But this is not what he intended. Of course the two sets are empirically distinct, but his task was not to show how Russian messianic structures can be fitted into two mutually exclusive categories, but rather to show that many of these structures are both religious and revolutionary. The amazing, almost unbelievable evidence that the basic doctrines and structural characteristics of both revolutionary and religious messianism are almost identical-indistinguishable for all practical purposes-struck him forcefully as a bloody fact of life in the Russian cultural context. This is what he wanted to share with students of messianic elsewhere. It is worth noting that the critique pays no attention at all to the facts of the Russian case. She seems more interested in conceptual elegance than in comprehending the complexities of the real world. This shows she is a competent sociologist trained in the dominant tradition. The author respectfully submit that this dominant tradition has done a disservice to this field by encouraging unwarranted claims to theoretical universality.

The article reports on the issue about the use of the United States of bacteriological methods of warfare in Korea which is discussed at the quadrennial meeting of the International Red Cross Conference in Toronto, Canada. The issue was first raised by a Russian representative before the Disarmament Commission of the United Nations. The US representative at the UN commission urged the establishment of a foolproof system of arms reduction that would include the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction. It cites that the safeguards would differ with those of atomic energy and other types of nonatomic weapons.

The article presents views of a visitor of the Siberian science center Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk, Russia. The first impression of the center, including the physical plant and its natural environment, is that here is an ideal realized. Akademgorodok was almost a technological nightmare instead of a humanistic showplace. The original plans called for the erection of those huge skyscrapers. Nature was to have been locked out, men would have been locked in, and minds would surely have been sterilized by artificiality.

The article discusses the development of science centers in Siberia, Russia becoming one of the landmarks of the world scientific revolution. Soviet science at Akademgorodok in Siberia was a symbol of the new status and evidence of the new working environment of the Russian scientist. In a country where just a half century ago more than half of the population was illiterate, the degree to which the modern Soviet scientist has created a new world for himself is most remarkable. His new rank not only affords younger scientists, engineers and technicians immediate and relatively gainful employment, as in the U.S., but it has also finally given a few senior scientists an active role in the decisionmaking processes of government.

The article presents a reprint of the article "Can We Control the Arctic Climate," by P. M. Borisov, which appeared in the "Soviet" journal. It discusses the problems of the climatic changes in Russia and other places in the Arctic regions which are caused by the expanding populations. The author examines the efficacy of transporting Atlantic Ocean water across the Arctic Basin to improve the climate in the areas.

The article reflects the author's view regarding the cessation of bomb tests between Russia and U.S. He believes that continuation of testing for the purpose of developing bombs which are suitable for being carried by anti-missile missiles that may be developed for the purpose of destroying incoming long-range rockets in flight is a futile arms race. He stresses that if it were really true that the development of the anti-missile missiles requires the further development of bombs rather than of missiles, then the stopping of bomb tests might perhaps serve the purpose of preventing the futile arms race to which the development of anti-missile missiles might lead. Other arguments, contentions, and analyses of the author are presented.

The article focuses on the deliberation of scientific experts from the U.S., Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and Great Britain concerning the methods of monitoring nuclear weapon bomb tests. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, regarding the issue, expresses that the Americans are willing to stop nuclear tests for a year. Great Britain readily signifies to take the same action, while the Soviet Union announces that it will resume the action if other nations continue testing. Eisenhower suggested a moratorium unless the establishment of an effective monitoring system is provided. Furthermore, annual extensions are envisioned if general disarmament negotiations develop favorably.

The article focuses on informing the American people about the possibility of atomic attacks. It should be the President's and not the fifth-rank official's responsibility to tell the people of the possible eventualities of a Russian atomic attack. The only solid endeavor under President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration addressing atomic attacks is, Project East River. Fear among the American citizens should be eliminated in order for each and everyone to perform their task in civil defense. Instead of protecting their cities, the people should be advised to evacuate and live out in the open to prevent casualties. By doing this, Russian atomic bombs can destroy the cities but not the people.

The article offers information on Soviet atomic espionage. Relative to this issue, several notable scientists who leaked information to Russia were mentioned. Klaus Fuchs was imprisoned in 1950 for leaking sensitive information, including extensive data in written form, concerning the Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion process, the weapons research at Los Alamos, British activities at Hatwell, and other projects in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. Bruno Pontecorvo, Allan Nunn May, and David Greenglass were also reprimanded for unauthorized distribution of highly sensitive information.

The article criticizes the book "Fear, War and the Bomb," written by P.M. S. Blackett which centers on how the economic status of various nation, specifically Russia and United States, will be affected by the advent of atomic power. According to the authors, Blackett's book points social scientists' inadequate attention on the economic implications of atomic power. They further state that the existing analyses on atomic power's economic consequences made them realize that they lack a clear understanding of regional economic development process which would have allowed them to examine the effect of technological change on specific economies.

The article offers information on the relationship of atomic power and world security. The creation of the atomic bomb and other weapons of mass destruction has heightened the issue of world security. In this instance, science is more geared towards annihilation rather than progress. The actions that the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission has done relative to the concern of arms control are underlined. The opposing views of the United States and Russia regarding the nonproliferation of arms are also mentioned.

Information about the International Conference on High-Energy Physics on May 14, 1956 in Moscow, Russia is presented. The event took place in the lecture halls of buildings belonging to the Academy of Sciences. It opened with a general session, in which a description was given of the existing big accelerators in Russia and of the ones under construction and under planning.

Examines the railroad development and market integration in Russia. Transformation from pre-industrial state to modernization and industrialization; Feature of the structural transformation; Evolution of the market economy.

The article offers information on a meeting of the Sub-Commission for Peat Soils that will take place in connection with the Second International Congress of Soil Science, to be held from June 1 to 10, 1930, in Moscow and Leningrad, Russia.

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The story of the Free Germans of World War II is a case in point, and may offer some insights into Russian methods of psychological warfare. Moscow's wartime use of the National Committee of Free Germans and the League of German Officers is of particular interest for two reasons. First, these two bodies served as vehicles for harnessing German sentiments of nationalism to Russian policy. Second, this episode provides another instance in which Soviet policy-makers chose to abandon orthodox Marxist-Leninist doctrine when it fitted their needs. It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of the propaganda efforts of the Free Germans. It seems that they hoped at best to get the people to rise against Hitler and put an end to the war. The Russians were not blind to German psychology, and tended to promote rather than hinder the internal opposition against Hitler. However, as events showed, a mass rising against the Nazi government did not occur.

The article focuses on the vegetation of certain southern provinces of Soviet Russia, particularly along the Georgian Military Way across the Caucasus Mountains. The plant life at Georgian Military Way are divided in eight zones. At the first zone called Vladicavcas Steppe, one can find scattered trees like poplars, willows, lindens and wild apples. Zone II is the Lower Forest where there is an abundance of Crataegus melanocarpa and Ulmus nitens. Zone III is the Herbaceous Slopes whose fields are well covered with grasses which are mostly Poa, Festuca and Bromus species.

The article discusses the principles of the classification of spruce in Russia. The spruce is the most characteristic tree of the forests of the northern half of the country and the forest is called the spruce zone. It traces the five typical habitats of spruce forest including nutritive clayey loam or sandy loam soils, similar soils but becoming moory, soils still more moory, bottoms of narrow valleys where there is excessive moisture and places carrying exceptionally rich soils. The schemes of classification for spruce associations include Piceeta hylocomiosa, Piceeta polytrichosa, Piceeta sphagnosa, Piceeta herbosa and Piceeta fruticosa.