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Information about several papers discusses on the British Ecological Society's winter symposium on January 3, 1958, and their 39th annual general meeting on January 4, 1958, is presented. Topics of the winter meeting include the ecological significance of pH, base status and related factors. Topics of the annual meeting include a proposal for an Ecological Survey of the Burren District of Country Clare in Ireland.

The article focuses on the participation of Charles Stewart Parnell, an Irish nationalist and member of British Parliament, in the Irish Home Rule in Ireland in the 19th century. It states that Parnell led and used his parliamentary party to defeat and dismiss Gladstone's Liberal government to release the people. On the other hand, the Roman Catholic Hierarchy has played a significant role in the destruction of Parnellism in the country.

The article provides observations related to the epiphytism and to the method of over-wintering of certain species of the Phaeophyceae in the Lough Hyne district in Ireland. A list of the species found during early July in various areas in the district is presented. It relates the distribution of various Fucaceae species in Lough Hyne, including F. spiralis, F. vesiculosus, and F. serratus. The three ecological factors influencing the relative vertical and horizontal distribution of Fucaceae include the rise and fall of the tide, nature of substratum and angle of slope.

From the Second World War until the late 1950s the literature on international economic relations contained many arguments for protection and for limited participation in the international division of labor and the world marketplace. With some exceptions, the economic policies of nation-states, both developed and developing, were oriented toward some—but limited—participation in the world economy. In recent years, arguments against "inward-looking" policies have appeared more frequently in the literature, and a body of analysis has emerged which strongly makes the case for "outward-looking" policies. The trend of economic policies has also been to take on a more outward-looking character. The case against inward-looking policies has been partly that inefficiencies in resource allocation occur for nations that shield their economic activity from the competition of international markets. The limits to industrialization processes relying solely for their stimuli on the possibilities of an expanding domestic market have also been more clearly understood, and it is suggested that a larger participation by nation-states in the world economy will give them a more efficient allocation of resources and improved prospects for increasing productivity and sustaining economic growth over time. This paper adds another case study—that of Ireland—to the increasing body of evidence on the consequences of inward- and outward-looking policies for national economic performance. The period covered is 1950-66. A crisis in Irish economic policy occurred in 1956 and, as a result, there is a sharp contrast between economic policies followed in the pre- and post-1958 periods. Beginning in the early 1930s until 1958, Irish economic policies had given a lot of weight to tariff protection and limiting the participation of foreign firms, investors, and personnel in Irish agriculture and industry. The reversal of view was sharp in the fifties as incentives were... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on Henry George's Remedies for Britain's Land Problems. When Henry George sailed for Great Britain in 1881, no one could have prophesied the far reaching consequences of his act. Within two yean both he and his book "Progress and Poverty," were to become household words in Great Britain. It is also true that George's arrest by the Irish constabulary in August, 1882, while he was observing conditions in the west of Ireland, and the questions subsequently asked in the House of Commons about this affair, gave him a publicity far beyond the effect of his book or speeches at this date. In his speeches George presented two main points: The social and economic condition of the British working man, and the remedy for his ills. In defining George's message to the British the author may leave out of consideration for the present the first of these points. Most British papers acknowledged the plight of the working man in the Eighteen Eighties; what George contributed in this respect was a description of conditions in unusually specific and moving terms.

This paper suggests significant processes associated with regional industrial change. Particular emphasis is given to the sensitivity of an open regional economy to shifts in external trade relationships and the ability of management to assess and adapt to the changing forces influencing theft industries. The case study of Northern Ireland between 1950 and 1968 attempts to explain the transition followed by the leading older industries and why certain alternative paths for regional transition were followed. A recurrent theme is the crucial role played by the regional government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several publications that relate to the topic of animal ecology. General papers on particular animal groups include "A List of the Harvest-Spiders of Ireland," by D. R. Pack-Beresford, "The Eisenias of North Wales," by H. Friend, and "A Further List of Species of Coleoptera new to the County of Hertfordshire," by B. S. Williams. Several publications on action of environmental factors are also mentioned including "Local Changes in Distribution," by T. G. Longstaff, "Studies of some Lanarkshire Birds," by W. Stewart, and "The Fauna of Brackish Pools of the Sussex Coast," by W. H. Thorpe.

The article reports that the sixth international conference on operation research was held in August 1972 on the campus of Dublin's sixteenth century Trinity College in the Republic of Ireland. An analysis of feedback reports circulated at the conference afforded deep satisfaction to the Irish committee led by Fred Ridgeway, which had striven hard to make the international meeting a memorable occasion. Four simultaneous streams characterized the conference. The mainstream was made up of three highlight papers, the "statement of the problem" by the chairman of each of the eight workshop groups, two papers read by representatives of Allied organizations, eight state-of-the-art sessions consisting of a central paper and two discussants, and finally the eight reports of the workshop groups. A second stream consisted of the twenty-eight national contributions. A third stream was comprised of the meeting of the individual workshops while the fourth stream was devoted to the discussion forum.

This section presents a list of publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland, published in 1971. Some of the publications listed are: "The Hardwick Hall Inventories of 1601," edited by L. Boynton; "Bridgwater Borough Archives," edited by R.W. Dunning and T.D. Tremlett; "Collected Writings of J.M. Keynes," edited by E. Johnson; "The Acts of William I, King of Scots: 1165-1214," edited by G.W.S. Barrow; "A Calendar of the Talbot Papers in the College of Arms," edited by G.R. Batho; "The Journal of Giles Moore," edited by R. Bird; "The Register of Winwick Parish Church," edited by R. Dickinson; "The Register of Edmund Lacy, Bishop of Exeter: 1420-1455," edited by G.R. Dunstan; "Marriage Allegations in the Diocese of Gloucester," vol. 2, "1681-1700," edited by B. Frith; "Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland: XII, 1566-1574," edited by C.T. McInnes; "The Dorset Lay Subsidy Roll of 1332," edited by A.D. Mills; and "Minute Book of the Men's Meeting of the Society of Friends in Bristol: 1661-1686," edited by R. Mortimer.

The article lists publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland. They include "Wells Cathedral Chapter Act Book, 1666-83," edited by D.S. Bailey, "The Inhabitants of Cardington in 1782," edited by D. Baker, "Milk to Market: Forty Years of Milk Marketing," by S. Baker, "Origins of English Feudalism," by R.A. Brown, "The Farmers of Old England," by E. Kerridge.

The paper describes tests of the stability of three types of interindustry coefficients, industry-to-industry, commodity-to-industry, and commodity-to-commodity. Data for the first two tests are drawn from all sectors of the Irish economy, while the third test uses regression analysis to investigate sources of variation of material and labour input coefficients within one industry—shirtmaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the ecological study of the Lough Ine Rapids, considered to be favorable for research of the action of water current on marine organisms. In the study, water temperature was used as a guide to the movement of bodies of water passing through the Rapids. A Pitot tube and a manometer was used to study the current of water under the algae, covering the floor of the Rapids. Precaution was taken to prevent the formation of bubbles in the tubing between the Pitot tube and the manometer. The study found that estimates of the speed of current at the surface obtained with a Pitot tube are in agreement with those got by a Watts meter. It was also seen that when the current at the surface is fast, the current may be considerable within a very short distance of the rocks.

The article presents a study on the effects of water current in the ecology of Lough Ine Rapids in Ireland. Lough Ine, a marine lake about 1 kilometer long and 50 meters deep, opens southwards by Rapids, narrow channel, into Barloge Creek towards Atlantic. Preliminary studied is on Hydrography of Rapids, It shows resistance of water flow modified the tidal rhythm in Lough. It is revealed that Rapids act as control section during outflow so outflow rate is independent of sea water level. The measure of current speed with watts meter, fastest current is always in the down stream side and highest reading gotten was 3 meters per second about 6 knots. There is a distribution of laminarian algae that formed canopy. Several diagrams are presented.

Information about the summer meeting in south-west Ireland from August 12-21, 1936 is presented. Talks were given about the district and proposed expeditions. One speaker of the meeting described the geology of the region and that the bands of slate and limestone alternate in an east-west direction. There was a visit to the valley opening to the coast at Trealispean, with an interesting series of plant communities from freshwater fen to maritime types.

Can minority group status exert an independent effect on fertility? The Irish situation suggests that it can when: the minority is relatively large, the minority's size is politically important, the minority is economically disadvantaged, and the cohesiveness of the minority is strong. Even when such conditions exist, as they apparently do in Northern Ireland, the impact of minority group status on fertility is a less important determinant of fertility than such factors as religion, rural/urban residence, or the selective impact of migration. The question is relevant not only to nations with relatively large minority groups; it also applies to countries in which minorities, while small in proporton nationally, are concentrated locally in certain states or cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the life and works of Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell. Parnell earned a patriotic reputation in Ireland by opposing the Act of Union with Britain and by supporting Catholic emancipation. He first came to attention in the public eye when in 1876 he claimed in the House of Commons that he did not believe that any murder had been committed by Irish nationalists in Manchester, England.

Examines the manner in which 'Reflections on the Revolution in France,' by Irishman Edmund Burke was received by the volatile press of Ireland, especially the newspapers of Dublin, when it was published in November 1790. Support for Burke's plea for conservatism and against the French Revolution; Reaction from the opposition press.

The article deals with the recent widespread increase in marriage rates in the Western world. A convenient method of studying aspects of the recent history of marriage is provided by easily available data regarding the proportion of single persons at various dates. The article uses these data to disentangle two effects in the marriage boom: the extent to which the cohorts whose marriages have formed the main contribution to the marriage boom are marrying more, i.e. whether the proportion who will ultimately remain single is likely to be lower than in previous generations, the extent to which the mean age at marriage of these generations is likely to fall below that of their predecessors. The raw material for the computations to be presented consists of the proportions single at two recent dates for each of thirteen countries used in the study. The countries included in the study are Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S. The study from the proportion single shows that both reduction in the age at marriage and an increase in the proportion marrying at least once in the course of their lives is occurring in several countries.

The article presents a list of publications on the economic history of Great Britain and Ireland. Some of the publications are "The Suffolk Committee for Scandalous Ministers: 1644-1646," edited by C. Holmes, "The London Eyre of 1244," edited by H.M. Chew and M. Weinbaum, "Recusant Rolls: 1594-95 and 1595-96," edited by H. Bowler, "The Letter Books of Samuel Wilberforce: 1843-68," edited by P.K. Hugh, and others.

This article presents a list of publications on the economic history of Great Britain and Ireland. Some of the books listed are "The Jamestown Voyages Under the First Charter, 1606-1609," by P.L. Barbour; "Records of the Trial of Walter Langeton, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield," by A. Beardwood; "Two Estate Surveys of the Fitzalan Earls of Arundel," by M. Clough; "The Letters of Sir Francis Hastin," by C. Cross; "The Devonshire Lay Subsidy of 1332," by A.M. Erskine and "The Justiciary Records of Argyll and the Isles: 1664-17," by J. Imrie.

Presents a list of publications on the economic history of Great Britain and Ireland. "Liverpool Registry of Merchant Ships," by R. Craig and R. Jarvis; "The Correspondence of Sir James Clavering," by edited by H.T. Dickinson; "Willoughby Letters of the First Half of the Sixteenth Century," edited by M. A. Welch.

The article reports on a study of information management at Investment Centers, which have been established in the United States and are quasi-governmental agencies that promote foreign investment in their own developing countries or domestic business enterprises. The agencies, which offer information and advice to potential investors and investment promoters, also act as liaisons by matching investment opportunities to the prospective investors' needs. The four countries in this study are Israel, Greece, Taiwan, and Ireland. Data ranks the sources of information by order of importance and reliability, including market research firms, overseas financial institutions, and U.S. government agencies. The difficulty in acquiring information is mentioned.

The article presents information about the paper "The Priest, Social Studies and Spirituality," by M. Eugene Boylan. The popes have directed that all priests should have knowledge of sound social principles and that some should have specialized training in appropriate fields of social science. Citing the papal directives and noting the particular circumstances requiring socially-informed priests in Ireland, the author presents a cogent statement of the relation of social studies to the spiritual life. When acting out of obedience and a true sense of fraternal charity, the priest does not endanger his spiritual life by social action but rather takes a direct path to union with Christ. With a crusade for a Catholic social policy must go a crusade for a deep interior life among the laity as well as the clergy.

The article throws light on the industrialization and regional development in Ireland between 1958-72. Ireland lagged in industrial growth not only far behind Great Britain but also the rest of Northern Europe. Owing to the inability of the Irish Government to engender a viable economy, the 1950s were years of economic, social and psychological depression. In 1958 the first program of Economic Development was launched, marking the cessation of hostility toward foreign investment and the dismantling of protectionist barriers. The new economic strategy, implemented under the aegis of the Industrial Development Authority (I.D.A.), called for vigorous encouragement of foreign industry and promotion of a healthy export oriented economy. in Ireland the incentives surpass those offered elsewhere in Europe. Foremost among those are non-repayable cash grants for the cost of fixed assets of up to 35 per cent of the total cost. To promote a more harmonious regional balance the I.D.A. adopted a strategy of economic decentralization, meaning the discouragement of further industrialization in the immediate Dublin, Ireland, area.

The article lists publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland. They include, "Population in the Past: Family Reconstruction by Computer," by R.S. Schofield, "The History of the Dutch Slave Trade: a bibliographical Survey," by P.C. Emmer, "Sixteenth-century fiscal sources for the social and economic history of the Flemish countryside," by N. Maddens, and "The socialist trade unions after the First World War (1919-21)," by M. Nauwelaerts.

The article presents information about the latest book related to economics published in Ireland.

This article focuses on the construction costs of Irish railways during the years 1830-1853. The standard history of Irish railways, however, completely ignores the crucial factor of construction costs, making no attempt to examine capital accounts, or to assess the importance of a single engineer or contractor during the period under review. This article attempts to repair this omission by surveying the construction cost of the 17 lines open in 1853. It must, however, be emphasized that the difficulties noted in his important article which breaks down the costs of English lines, apply also to Ireland. As all companies presented their accounts differently, and as it is not possible to vouch for the accuracy of every item in every account, according to the author's estimates are more concerned with getting the orders of magnitude right than in striving towards the spurious accuracy of decimal places. The speed with which projects were promoted in the mania atmosphere of 1836 and 1845 did not always allow time for proper surveys of the proposed routes. The companies themselves were thus partly responsible for incurring unnecessary preliminary expenditure.

The Coffey still is an apparatus for distilling concentrated alcohol from dilute aqueous solutions; the process, which is continuous, is employed for the production of spirit on the large scale. Patented in 1830, the Coffey still has been one of the most enduringly successful inventions of an age of invention and stands unrivalled today as the most efficient apparatus for the purpose for which it was devised. One striking development has been the increase in size of the still: the largest stills built by Aeneas Coffey, the inventor, had a capacity of 3000 gallons of wash per hour: at the present time distillers are using giant Coffey stills with a capacity seven times that amount. Coffey made his first stills for distillers in Ireland: in 1833 there were at least seven in use there, but he shortly afterwards transferred his manufactory to London in order to supply the potentially wider market that existed in Great Britain. He had seen for himself, when on a tour as Inspector-General in 1820 and 1821, how the distilling industry differed in the three countries of Great Britain. Ironically enough, the firm of Coffey does not appear to have shared in the prevailing prosperity, but rather to have entered on a period of decline. An account book has survived from this period, covering the years 1856 to 1861.

The article presents a study which describes a search for patterns of species density in an area of strong climatic gradients at Connemara, in the Western Ireland. It reports that the stone-walls on south-facing slopes in Connemara have smaller values for species density than do those on north-facing slopes. It mentions that the pattern of species density appears to reflect the aspect of the regional slope, and the degree of exposure to maritime air masses. It notes that the within any aspect class, the species density of old stone walls increases with the distance inland from the south-west coasts of Connemara.

The article presents a study on the distribution of British liverworts. The study used data from the Census Catalogues on mosses and hepatics and published by the British Bryological Society. Association-analysis was using a computer was done to examine patterns in the distribution of plants in one hundred fifty-two vice counties in Great Britain and Ireland. The study provides comparisons of the distribution of plants in several areas in Great Britain. An overview of the results on the results of the association-analysis is presented.

The article presents a study on the effect of potassium and magnesium concentration on the growth of Schoenus nigricans, and the effect of pH on its early development. It states that to identify which nutrients might be significant in the growth of S. nigricans, plants from various habitats in Galway were analyzed. It mentions that significant positive correlations were obtained with potassium and magnesium. Plants were then grown on Eriophorum peat from the north Yorkshire moors at various levels of potassium, magnesium and pH. Results showed that plants on the Eriophorum peat did not grow so well as those on Galway peat.

The article examines the hydroid Sertularia operculata on boulders in the Lough Ine Rapids in Ireland and its associated flora and fauna. Through field methods, boulders with Sertularia operculata on the upper surface were lifted from the Lough Ine Rapids at low slack water and transferred to Codium Bay. Every boulder is given a number which indicate the number of days it remained in the Codium Bay. Sertularia operculata transferred to the bay soon started to die and a decline in the number of living hydranths had happened by the end of the first week. Along with some other form of algae, a huge population of diatoms developed on the perisarc of the transferred Sertularia operculata.

The article examines the fauna and flora associated with tufts of undergrowth-forming algae in the Lough Ine Rapids and adjacent part of Lough Ine and Barloge Creek. The methods involve the selection of clumps comprising of a single species of alga during July 1953. Among the collected and preserved algae include Porifera, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. Of the 39 most abundant species, it is identified that four are plants, while 35 are animal species. They include Jassa falcata, Caprella acutifrons, and Mytilus edulis.

The article presents a study which examines the distribution of some common plants and animals of the littoral and shallow sublittoral regions in relation to wave action in the Lough Ine area. Thirty-three accurately defined stations have been used for the study of the distribution and population density of common plants and animals of the littoral and sublittoral regions in the Lough Ine area. According to the study, littoral species treat the Rapids as sheltered, probably because there is little splash.

The article presents a study which assesses the effects of rapids to the hydrographical conditions in South Basin in Lough Ine, Ireland. It states that all water coming on inflow remains separate and goes out again on outflow and the water which mixes with old water leaves again. The study also reveals that the discontinuity of temperature, acidity and oxygen saturation influence the deep and coldness of the water. It concludes that the epilimnion of the basin is replaced by the sea water outside from the rapids by 50 percent.

The article presents a study which examined the status of Mercurialis perennis in Ireland and investigated whether Mercurialis perennis is indigenous in Ireland or is it introduced. It has found that Mercurialis perennis has been introduced in Ireland with the probable exception of the station in County Clare. Information is presented on the vegetative development of Mercurialis perennis. The study has also revealed that the static nature of the plant in Ireland is a result of the absence of any suitable agent of dispersal.

The article provides data on surface soils and vegetation at Old Head, Ireland. Rainfall in Old Head averages 54 inches annually, dropping from six inches in November up to about three inches monthly from April to June. Temperature in Old Head averages 50 degree Fahrenheit in January up to 59 degree Fahrenheit in August. The study recorded tree canopy, ground vegetation, depth of the mor layer, and presence or absence of earthworms while 55 samples of surface soils and 17 samples of subsurface were collected. Tables showing the results for the soil and vegetation distribution in relation to depth of the mor humus layer are provided in the article.

The article offers information on Colchicum autumnale L. It states that this is a perennial herb, the underground portion of which is an ovoid corm about 5 cm. in diameter covered with the dark brown remains of old leaves. It also mentions that in many localities this plant has been destroyed for it is identified to be poisonous to cattle. This plant is found in the south-east part of Ireland, particularly the Nore Valley in Kilkenny. It also grows in damp meadows and pastures in central Europe, east to Lithuania and Romania and south to north Italy and Spain.

The article discusses the biological characteristics such as structure, distribution and habitat, of the plant species Arbutus unedo. Arbutus unedo is a small tree with a rounded or flat crown of leaves, a brown bark with reddish tinge and evergreen leaves. It is seen to be confined to Ireland in the British Isles, but is essentially a Mediterranean plant and extends to the west coast of Europe. In Ireland, A. unedo is observed to thrive in cliffs, hillsides, rocky shores and islets where there is little depth to the slates and sandstones where it is attached. Observations also show that although adult Arbutus unedo trees can tolerate frost, it can affect their output of seed and fruit. Tables and illustrations containing information on the Arbutus unedo are also presented.

The article discusses a study on the vegetation of Carrowkeel, a flat-topped hill, roughly elliptical in plan with long axis running from north-north-west to south-south-west of Ireland. It is composed of Upper Carboniferous Limestone almost horizontally bedded though it can be seen in places to dip very slightly to the south-west. Its climate is marked by very frequent but not heavy rain and the vegetation of this area is at least semi-natural in spite of the fact that it has been subjected for about 4000 years of unpredicted human disturbances. Furthermore, farming as the means of cultivation or intensive grazing in enclosed fields are restricted to the drift-covered areas. In addition, its vegetation feature a great variety of flora which has 240 species.

The article provides an account of the natural oakwoods of Killarney, South-west Ireland. It gives an accurate description of the three major types of such woodland at Derrycunihy, on the acid soils. These are said to be considered to be important variants of the climax community and their description offers a basis for their comparison with oaklands elsewhere in Europe. A description is also given on an example of plant succession from the bare rock to oakwood on Arbutus Island. The article further discusses the ecological status of Arbutus unedo at Killarney.

The article discusses the ecology of Breckland and its position, topography, climate, soil and vegetation. The author explains that Breckland is a physiognomic unit that has a vegetational features determined by a dry soil in a dry climate. He mentions that Breckland's surface contain gentle slopes without the steep-sided coombs. The author compares the meteorological data for Valencia in Ireland, Cambridge in Breckland and Berlin. He also mentions that Breckland's surface has small patches and as a whole, it is overlaid with glacial deposits.

The article presents preliminary data on plant and animal life from a biological station established in Lough Ine and Baltimore District in Ireland. It relates the role of the bequest left by E. Crawford Hayes in the establishment of the biological station. It describes the role of Asterias glacialis L. and Nassa incrassata in the absence of hake and pilchards in the coast of Lough Ine. It discusses the habitat offered by the diverse geology in Lough Ine and Baltimore District. Information is presented on the animal and plant species present in the area.

The article presents an ecological study of the mountain vegetation in Ireland. It mentions that the pollen investigations suggested evidence of a birch-alder-hazel scrub with ericaceous species in almost constant association. Moreover, it was found that pine and oak trees were present and well established within the limits of the Divis area. Lastly, it says that the frequent remains of Eriophorum and the reduction in the general pollen frequency in the upper layers of the peat signify that this scrub period was followed by a wetter period, which tolerated the formation of bog at the expense of the tree covering, leading to greater exposure of the area to the action of wind, rain and frost.

Age at marriage in the Republic of Ireland has declined substantially from the very high level that prevailed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1969 the median age of grooms fell from 32 to 26 and of brides from 27 to 24. To some extent this is a reflection of the declining importance of the rural population but to a much greater extent it is due to the falling age at marriage among all sections of the population. Simultaneous with the decline in age at marriage, the frequency distributions of brides' and grooms' ages have become both more skewed and more peaked. Thus earlier marriage has also meant greater uniformity in age at marriage, but the phenomenon of first marriage at a fairly advanced age persists. There has been a marked trend towards greater equality between husbands' and wives' ages over the postwar period: the proportion of marriages in which there was less than five years gap between the ages of the bride and groom rose from 49 percent in 1946 to 71 percent in 1969. The percentage of marriages in which the groom was ten or more years older than the bride has fallen from 22 to seven percent. The evidence suggests that the "marriage market" became less favourable to males (especially older males) over the period and that part of the narrowing in the gap in relative age of brides and grooms has been due to the greater willingness of younger males to marry. It also seems that changes in the age structure of the unmarried population has had an impact on the age distribution of grooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information related to several articles related to economics. Information related to Anglo-Portuguese trade from 1700-1770; Tea trade in Great Britain from 1784-1793; Factory discipline in the industrial revolution; Marriage and population growth in Ireland from 1750-1845.