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Interethnic social organization on the Far Northern Plains has typically been interpreted within the framework of "tribe." According to this concept, a tribe — by non-specific definition — is a discretely bounded unit that corresponds in membership composition to ethnic unit, linguistic unit, territorial coresidential unit, cultural unit, and societal unit. tn this paper are presented ethnohistorical data on the Cree and Assiniboine which indicate to the contrary that within each of these five unit categories, the sociocultural units were graded erie into another; and that the membership of one unit category was not necessarily correlative with the membership of any other. The society was polyethnic — composed of both monoethnic and polyethnic coresidence units. It is suggested that interethnic social organization be interpreted on the basis of two independently varying criteria — ethnicity and coresidence. Based on these criteria, three forms of interrelationship are shown to bare existed between the Cree and Assiniboine ethnic units: Early Alliance, Intermarriage and Polyethnic Coresidence, and Fused Ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the origin and ecological significance of dirt and debris found on snow patches in arctic and alpine regions and the changes they induce in the character of soil and vegetation. The dirt on snow surfaces, which is either mineral or organic, is deposited in spring and usually transported by wind. The melting of the snow leads to the burying of plants and accumulation of dirt deposits, which creates organic soil. Because the dirt deposits are of organic value, it modifies the nutrient contents of the soil it mixes with, making it rich enough to allow the growth of special plant species. In arctic lands, the process is considered significant due to the fact that the accumulated soil may contain enough nitrogen to counteract nitrogen-deficient conditions.

The article discusses the largest group of plants in the Antarctic regions, the bryophytes, which are stated to outnumber vascular plants in species. Several scientists have earlier reviewed the bryophytes of Antarctica and have issued literature on the subject like "Biologie antarctique," and "Antarctic Research." The earliest bryologists to study Antarctic material are stated to hold narrower concepts of species. The article states that in spite of the numerous names given to the bryophytes of Antarctica, the actual number of species in Antarctic Continent is much smaller than at equally higher latitudes in the Arctic. The flowering plants and lichens are of small stature and grow in compressed tufts.

The article discusses the study which investigates the impact of wind on the vegetation of arctic-alpine regions. It is averred that in arctic and alpine regions, wind is frequently a significant factor in holding the growth and character of the vegetation. Arctic vegetation is characteristically flat-growing so that most of the leaves lie in a layer where wind accelerates are shortened by the halting action of the ground's surface. The wind affects the temperature of arctic-alpine plants during daytime where air becomes warmed in a thin layer near the ground and cooler at greater heights. The researcher concludes that the potent effect of wind on arctic-alpine vegetation is generally a result to that special sensitivity of plant growth to wind.

The article presents a study that analyzes the temperatures of arctic plants and of the air and soil in which they grow. The investigation was conducted on the Cornwallis Island in the Canadian Arctic archipelago, and the situation selected for temperature measurements was a level of limestone gravel that bore occasional, creeping plant species of Salix arctica. The difference in the temperature between plant leaves and the air around them were measured by means of thermocouples. A detailed discussion about the methodology and findings of the study is offered.

The article presents information related to the botanical work that was undertaken on the arctic vegetation in Jan Mayen Island and influence of nitrogen supply on distribution of the vegetation was also considered. It is likely that the levels of both total and available nitrogen would be low in arctic regions, with the exception of nesting grounds of birds and the lairs of foxes and other mammals. For the analysis, colorimetric methods were employed. For determining total nitrogen, Kjeldahl method was used. The soil samples used in the observation were collected from various localities on the island. The data collected from the analysis revealed that the level of inorganic nitrogen in the soil was extremely low and ammonia nitrogen was present in remarkably small amount.

The article presents a discussion about the growth and survival of plants in the arctic region. The article states that there are certain types of climates which affect the development of plants, producing abundant flowers and fertile seeds. It also explores the open association of plants which is termed as "fjaeldmark" using a study on the population of plant species on the said region in relation to their growth and survival. An investigation of plant distribution in Kangerdlugssuak area in East Greenland is given. Experiments on Luzula spicata, oxyria digyna, saxifraga nivalis, and other species resulted to a conclusion that only two- to three-folds of increase in their dry weight each year occurred due to shortage in carbohydrates and nitrogen.

The article discusses arctic-alpine vegetation substantiated with a discourse on its constituents which include mosses, lichens, and bryophytes. The article centers on the chief constituents of the arctic alpine communities which are diverse cryptogamic flora, bryophytes, and lichens. It gives a rationalization behind the naming of the vegetation of the higher mountains of Scotland. An investigation of the bryophytes and lichens of the arctic-alpine vegetation as well as their conditions for growth and the moss-lichen asociation in the upper arctic-alpine formations are also contained in the article.

The plant macrofossils described by Chandler from the classic site of the Barnwell Station beds of Cambridge have been re-examined. A number of identifications, including all those of strictly Alpine and of extinct species, have been rejected. Some new finds have been added to the list. The changes made do not substantially alter Chandler's ecological interpretation of the flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the northern limits of cirripede Balanus balanoides in the arctic littoral zone in north Russian Seas. According to the scientist H. Madsen, the distribution of the species in the arctic zone is determined by special littoral factors associated with the arctic region. It has been suggested that the conditions indicated by the ice-limits are responsible for the distribution of these animals like the time available for nauplii to be released, for the plankton phase to develop and for settlement and growth.

The article offers information on the biological research by the Geological Survey of the U.S. It is informed that most of the work done in the Arctic region by this institution is concerned with vegetation mapping and it is directed towards collecting data for military construction and training in Alaska. Information is provided on the areas where such research has been carried out. Information is also provided on the extensive specimen collection made by the botanists for the institution some which have also been presented to the U.S. National Herbarium. Description of different land formations like pingos, glacial structures that are found in this area are also given.

The article offers information on the research carried out in the field of hydrobiology, both freshwater and marine, in the Arctic region of Canada. According to the article, the Canadian Arctic Expedition from 1913 to 1916 was a pioneer of the country's research in that area. Information is also provided on the other early expeditions and research programs in that area. The author marks the period spanning from 1928 to 1946 as the second phase in the development of the same research and the period after that is classified by him as the modern phase. Information is provided on the individual research projects undertaken in a chronological order with emphasis on the work done by the Canadian Fisheries Research Board.

The article offers information on the Arctic Institute of North America. It is informed that it was founded by individuals in 1995 with an aim to disseminate the knowledge about the Arctic region gained during the World War II. It is also informed that the institute is now recognized by a charter of the Canadian government and in the New York state as a nonprofit organization. Information is also provided on the research work carried out in the institute along with its role in wildlife conservation and management.

The article offers information on biological research undertaken in the Arctic region. The Arctic region has been defined as the area between the northward limit of trees in the northern hemisphere and the geographic North Pole. The plant and animal species living in that area including the Arctic seas, and the northern parts of Russia, Canada and Greenland fall under the purview of such research. According to the article, the advancement of transportation technology has eased Arctic travel, thereby facilitating research. Information is also provided on the research undertaken in the field by different countries including the U.S. in particular.