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The article focuses on the interaction recorder, an electronic punched paper tape unit for recording speech behavior during interviews. The study of verbal interview behavior results in the accumulation of (and the ultimate necessity to process) large quantities of data. This is true whether the investigative focus is on such global phenomena as personality traits or personality change, analysis of the content or themes expressed, or on such structural characteristics as frequency and durations of single units of speech and silence. With both the Chapple Interaction Chronograph and the Interaction Recorder, a trained observer is needed in order to record the interview interaction.

This article focuses on how do people respond when they are cut off from one of their regular sources of news. In this article it reports reactions of New Yorkers to the newspaper strike of December 1958. The sample used by Bernard Berelson of Columbia's Bureau of Applied Social Research was broadened to include all five boroughs of New York City plus Long Island and Connecticut suburbs. Interviewing areas were selected to reflect the ethnic and economic characteristics of the metropolitan area. Detailed interviews were accomplished with a total of 164 persons who affirmed that they ordinarily read a New York City daily newspaper regularly. Large-circulation New York newspapers have less "community" flavor than the dailies in most American cities. Local news in New York encompasses a vast scene, remote from most newspaper readers' personal experience. Except for newspapers, the tremendous communications apparatus of the metropolitan area continued to function during the strike. Thus it is remarkable that metropolitan New Yorkers missed the papers as much as they did.

The purpose of this article is to study the effectiveness of the three techniques commonly employed for collecting data to be used in evaluating personality adjustment. The interview technique portrays the personality appraisement approach resorted to by most specialists as psychologists, clinicians, and counselors. This technique endeavors to diagnose personality characteristics on the basis of verbal responses, appearance, individual testing, personal contact, and the like. The interview technique as used in this study consisted of a personalized administration of each test during which time ample opportunity was given the student to discuss his understanding of the test situations and the nature of responses made to them. People frequently question the effectiveness of many of the personality evaluating techniques utilized in guidance programs. Since guidance practice generally relies upon the use of one personality evaluating technique, it is essential to know which technique provides the most effective diagnosis of student adjustment not only in the school situation but in other environments as well.

This article shows how a simple graphic tool can assist supervisors to compare very quickly the performance of interviewers, and to discover if any retraining or replacement is necessary to insure improvement in response. The statistical device described is the binomial probability paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on an article about an interview with philosophers Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss. Focus of the interview.

The article reports on newspaper readership studies, and the most common sources of error and confusion. The two sources of confusion are when newspaper readers fail to acknowledge reading an article which they have read; and the opposite case, in which they state having read an article which they have not. Inadequate interviewing technique and 'lack of candor' are reported to occur in newspaper readership studies. Differences in the timing of surveys between weekday newspapers, Sunday newspapers and periodicals are presented.

This paper continues the description of a twenty-five year follow-up of the first 269 naval officers to be selected by extended interview. Investigations of data structure by means of principal components analysis, and explorations of the potential value of multiple regression and discriminant techniques in this selection situation are described. An attempt is made through the use of factor models to compare the original and more recent selection situations. The implications of the research for large organisations using the extended interview are discussed in terms of abilities associated with success, probationary service, and judgmental versus mechanical prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1965, Warner developed an interviewing procedure designed to eliminate evasive answer bias when questions of a sensitive nature are asked. He called the procedure "randomized response." The authors have been studying the technique for several years and, in this paper, are re- porting some of the estimates of induced abortion in urban North Carolina using randomized response. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during the past year among women 18-44 years of age are reported. For the study population indices were developed relating induced abortion to total conceptions for whites and nonwhites. The illegal abortion rate per 100 conceptions was estimated to be 14.9 for whites and 32.9 for nonwhites. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during their lifetime among women 18 years old or over are also shown, Among ever married women, the proportion having an abortion during their lifetime declined as education increased. Estimates were high for women with 5 or more pregnancies. Most of the respondents stated that they were satisfied that the randomized response approach would not reveal their personal situation. Furthermore, they did not think their friends would truthfully respond to a direct question regarding abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is organized in three parts, corresponding to three presentations. The first part considers a method for studying concept development in the child when it is suspected that fairly regular patterns of advance occur. This method was presented in two earlier papers,' but is here discussed with the modifications necessary for application to more complex concepts. In the second part the cumulative development of a number of interrelated monetary meanings or concepts is traced in considerable detail. In the third part several summary points are made about the character of conceptual development. Sixty-six business class children in Bloomington, Indiana were studied. Five boys and five girls at each age were interviewed, except at the lowest where three of each sex were interviewed. Departure was made from the usual method of isolating scale types. Ordinarily, types are found by placing cutting points wherever there is a shift in scoring weight per item. This procedure, with seventy-one items, would have led to a bewildering array of types. Moreover, various clusters of items were passed almost simultaneously, that is, certain items were about the same order of difficulty. For instance, children who scored between 85 and 89 points passed a number of items which children below 85 points failed.

Previous paper reported a study of questionnaire versus interview methods in a study of human love relationships. This article is concerned with the study of the same methods when categorized questions were employed. Subjects in this investigation were those used in the previous study— sixty-nine college girls who first appeared for a face-to-face interview on their love family relationships and who responded to an anonymous questionnaire, which included some of the same questions that were contained in the interview. Six questions requiring uncategorized responses were included on both the interview and questionnaire presentations. The article concludes that for the purpose of studying love and family relationships of college subjects, the questionnaire method of gathering data seems to be as satisfactory as the interview method and may indeed produce more sell-revelatory information than the interview method. At the same time, the similarity of the data obtained by interview and questionnaire techniques is as conspicuous and important as the obtained differences.

The article focuses on research and clinical applications of the doll-play interview. There is a real need for a technique which permits the exploration of the child's feelings in a fairly short period of time, and yet is simple and flexible enough to be used with very young children, and adaptable to investigation of a large variety of problems. It should be possible to obtain specific information, which can be recorded easily. Furthermore, requirements of high reliability and validity should be met. The purpose of this paper was to describe a doll-play interviewing procedure and to summarize information about reliability and validity. Its applicability in clinical diagnosis and research as a flexible tool for attacking a large variety of problems and producing specific quantifiable data was discussed. Methods for increasing its value were pointed out. It is concluded that the doll-play interview can be a valuable technique for studying children's behavior clinically and experimentally. The doll-play interview takes place in a play situation, in which dolls are asked questions. The child answers for the dolls and is encouraged to manipulate the dolls as well as to give verbal answers.

This paper examines differences in level of educational attainment as reported for the same individuals in two questionnaires administered at approximately a three-year interval. The use of education as a research control variable and major indicator of socioeconomic status needs no amplification. Because of the importance of respondents' educational achievement in surveys and polls, this paper is presented as a contribution to the understanding and possible improvement of interview data reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survey research interviewer and the job she does should be of particular interest to social scientists. In the first place, the interviewer is the chief collector of the raw data that are used in social analysis. The interviewer's work influences both the quality and the cost of social research. Researcher Herbert Hyman and others of the National Opinion Research Center staff have discussed in detail the effects of interviewers on the interviewing situation. Nevertheless, cost data have not been generally available, though they have become even more necessary as survey costs have risen precipitously over the past two decades, largely due to increases in interviewing costs. Before costs can be reduced, it is necessary to recognize how they originate. This is the first aim of the present paper. Second, the occupational role of the interviewer is of intrinsic interest in itself. Interviewers spend most of their time in the field under very little supervision. In this respect, they are similar to salesmen, social workers and public health nurses. The pay method for interviewers differs from that of the other occupations, since interviewers are paid on an hourly basis while the others work for either a fixed salary or a commission.

Many problems are involved in doing social research on inaccessible nations. In this article, the authors discuss techniques and hazards of using escapees from a nation as a sample of its total population. Refugees from Iron Curtain countries are continually being used as sources of information about these countries and their populations. All investigators who, by force of circumstances, are compelled to interview refugees rather than actual inhabitants of countries in question, naturally approach the task of the analysis and application of results of interviews with some trepidation. The immediate assumption is that refugees must present such a biased sample that projection of their interview results to populations of Iron Curtain countries is an unreasonable procedure. The contention of the present paper, on the contrary, is that under certain circumstances this projection can be made safely. The material to be presented in this article is based upon results of a series of intensive interviews of 300 refugees.

This paper is an attempt to empirically demonstrate the relative effectiveness of the lecture and role-playing methods in the development of interviewing skills. All students at the Baruch School, New York are required to take General Psychology. A sampling of students in the General course was used as the control. The course in Vocational Psychology included lectures and discussions on the interview. The students in this course all had General Psychology. The course in Vocational Psychology was required for admission to the interviewing course where role-playing of interviewing was conducted. The total number of students originally participating in the experiment was 115. However, only 95 of these subjects were finally included because of absences and incomplete data. Forty-three students in General Psychology were the controls. There were 56 subjects in Vocational Psychology and 14 in the Interviewing course. The 14 students were the only ones who had role-playing training. The results show that the group that had role-playing training plus lectures and general psychology gave reflection of feelings to a much more significant degree than the other groups. Also, they asked fewer questions and gave fewer reassuring and ego-defensive statements.

The article discusses a number of problems related to the reader-interest surveys. The author notes that most surveys of this kind consist of an interviewer going into the field and administering a questionnaire. According to the author, an appropriate sample of the population being tested should be constructed, interviewers should be carefully trained to assure reliability and control questions should be included to ensure soundness of data collected. Also noted are problems with the method of interviewers pointing out sections of periodicals to respondents.

The paper describes a study covering 409 workers in the assembly factory of a large Belgian automobile company. It was desired to identify the factors which contributed, in both a positive and a negative way, to the attitudes of the men toward their work. The technique adopted was a free, but standardised, interview with each man whilst working on the line with him, the research worker having previously been trained and having worked on the line as an assembler. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and factors at work groups lying at the extremes of the distributions are discussed, reasons for their contribution to the total variance being drawn from the interview data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper undertakes to examine some of the traditional concerns in using the telephone interview in social research. The purpose is not to lay these concerns to final rest, but to encourage systematic exploration of the limitations and advantages of the telephone interview as a data collection tool. As the number of telephones increases it might be expected that telephone interviews would assume a greater role as an approach to data collection. Methodological limitations inherent within present telephone technology are evident. If one is, for example, interested in the questional context of facial expressions, hand movements, smiles or frowns, or similar characteristics, then the telephone interview is clearly not an appropriate method. It is probably within the context of what is commonly called "survey research" that the use of the telephone holds promise of becoming an important research tool. The discussion of the various methodological issues that follows, stresses the importance of defining the research problem in determining the appropriateness of the telephone interview.

A computer-assisted program in academic advising for probation students is described and evaluated. The findings suggest that improvement in academic status can be secured by judicious procedures in course selection and enrollment. The paper demonstrates how the computer can be used to help select students who are in need of specific individual contact because of questionable enrollments and, at the same lime, provides data which make individual interviews more productive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the paper "A twenty-five year follow-up of an extended interview selection procedure in the Royal Navy," by K. E. Gardner in this issue. One of the interesting results from the study is that the best indicator of operational success is a weighted combination of a number of selection factors and performance indicators from training courses and on-the-job performance. The optimum weights would vary depending on the kind of career. this is consistent with the current civil service policy of Great Britain with regards to choosing administration trainees.

This article describes an investigation into the nature and extent of changes in job skills brought about by the introduction of numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. A NC machine tool is directed in its operation by numerical input information, either to be read by the operator, or in machine readable form such as punched paper tape. Firstly, four job skills were identified in machine tool operation: motor, perceptual, conceptual and discretionary. Sixteen jobs, eight NC, and the eight jobs replaced by NC machines, were studied by direct observation and interview in four companies. Detailed job skills analyses were prepared which described important features and emphasized their distinguishing characteristics. It appears that the great majority of job skills needed for NC will already be possessed by conventional operators. Where skill profiles indicate extra perceptual and conceptual demands, operators, selected for their adaptability, might benefit from specific training programmes dealing for example with tape language, display codes and programme sheets.

The article presents information on different tests and procedures for the selection of higher Civil Servants. The Qualifying Examination includes English Essay, General Paper, Arithmetic Paper, and an intelligence test. After qualifying this examination, an examination is held at the Civil Service Commission's residential centre, known as CISSB. This test is followed by interviews with a Chairman and a Psychologist. A study is conducted on the inter-relationships between these different examinations and tests. For this, correlations between different variables related to the tests are calculated by the National Physical Laboratory.

The purpose of this paper is to show how a new nonparametric method, manifest structure analysis, may be used for a quantitative analysis of case histories or very general information files, it is well known that mature adults do not like to take most conventional tests. These same adults, however, generally show far less antagonism to interviews, the taking of a case history, etc. In the present study, information files were compiled for management personnel in an industrial organization, a manifest structure analysis of these information files was made, and a test or scale constructed for use in estimating the actual value of employees to management.

South-East Asians who are being interviewed will express only views which they think the interviewer or investigator wants to hear is one of the most commonly held stereotypes relative to the difficulties of conducting opinion and market surveys in nine countries of South-East Asia. In this study emphasis is placed in this discussion on the influence of courtesy on the respondent's answers and behavior. Two basic attitudes related to courtesy which must be overcome by interviewer training are: The desire to help the respondent, and the tendency to retreat in the face of a possible refusal by a person of higher status. A defense must also be built against the interviewer's courteous behavior towards a person of status. It is hoped that nothing in this paper will suggest that more than a beginning in research has been made in South-East Asia both in the conduct of opinion and market research surveys themselves and in controlled experiments directed towards the elimination of the effects of the courtesy bias.

The article presents the paper is based on five years of field work carried on by undergraduates at Wellesley College, Massacheusets, in connection with a course on American ethnic groups, though use will be made only of the results obtained. The students came in contact with some two or three hundred Armenian-Americans, chiefly of the first and second generation, living in the Boston metropolitan area. Interviews were of some length, ranging from one to five hours. They were chiefly group interviews, with their setting a little more frequently in the home than in the office. For the purpose of qualitative analysis, the home interviews were particularly enlightening, involving as they did informal family interaction around the dinner table. The informants for this study were chosen largely from that section of the ethnic group which has made a more or less successful adjustment to middle class status. Since the interviewers were inexperienced, it seemed best to give them their initial training in informal interviewing and participant observation under conditions which would tax their emerging skill as lightly as possible.

In the fall of 1952, a chronological study has been conducted to solve the problem of community action in the Springdale community in New York. For this purpose interviews were arranged with ten different adults who had played key roles in the action. The case study is based primarily in the weekly paper, observations made by the field workers at meetings of various organizations. Additional information was also gathered by field workers through informal contacts in the community. The roles of various organizations were also analyzed.

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The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the Hollingshead Index of Social Position (I.S.P.) is correlated with class awareness and class identification, two principal components of class consciousness. Comparative data are introduced from the Hollingshead and Redlich (1958) community study of New Haven, Connecticut, and an investigation by this writer (1963) of an urban Pennsylvania community, hereafter referred to as Twin City. Both studies use an objective index (I.S.P.) to estimate positions individuals occupy in the status structure of the community, and both correlate class awareness and class identification with class placement by this index. The interviews for the present study were conducted in a middle-sized Pennsylvania city, with a population of approximately 75,000, in the summer of 1961. The number of completed interview schedules, from which data analyses were derived, was set at 1,811. The social position which individuals and families occupy in the Twin City status structure was determined according to the modification of Hollingshead's three-factor I.S.P. All of the sample households enumerated in the interview schedule were stratified by class through use of this index. The collected data used to determine the I.S.P. for each household consisted of the education and occupation of the head of the household plus the ecological location of the dwelling unit in which the respondent resided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No research results are any better than the quality of the data. As scientists, survey researchers must share the problems of measuring, understanding, and controlling bias in their data. The potential sources of bias in survey research are many and varied. They may appear at any one or all of the several stages of the data gathering process. For example, they may occur in the selection of the sample, in the development of measuring instruments, in securing the responses of the persons in the sample, in the respondents replies, in the recording of the responses, and in processing the recorded responses. Even beyond the data collection process, bias may occur, as in the misapplication of statistics and in the interpretation of data. Progress has been made toward identifying and controlling sources of bias in some of these stages of the research process. Perhaps most progress has been made in the sampling stage and in the statistical application stage. Much advance has been made also in the reduction of error at the instrumentation stage. However, considerable work remains to be done on the problems of error control, especially biasing error, at all stages of the research between instrumentation and statistical analysis. This includes getting full response from the sample, accurate answers to the questions asked, and accurate recording and processing of responses. The accumulation of bias from these and other possible sources may be referred to as total or aggregate bias. The total bias may then be divided for analytical purposes into the following types: (1) sampling bias, (2) instrumentation bias, (3) non-response bias, (4) respondent bias, (5) interviewer bias, and (6) processing bias. This paper is an effort to deal with the problem of respondent bias in survey research. That respondent bias is a potent force in diminishing the validity and reliability of results from survey research is well recognized. The recognition of this condition has led to an enormous amount of activity aimed at isolating factors which determine this weakness of research results. These studies, by and large, have dealt with the problem of determining the direction of respondent bias, its magnitude, the speearle variables which produce respondent bias, and the effect of such bias on research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any given interpersonal situation some pairs of individuals will interact harmoniously while other pairs will interact with discord and friction. Since the extant situational variables are often identical, the differences in the resulting interaction would appear to be related to the behavior tendencies of the participating individuals. In an effort to account for motivational forces in dyadic interaction R.F. Winch formulated a theory of complementary needs. This theory postulates that the members of a dyad seek to derive need gratification from each other, and since an attempt to gratify identical personality needs from each other would frequently lead to conflict, the members of enduring dyads have dovetailing or complementary needs. An experimental test of this theory, using the TAT and interviews as measures of personality, was made by R.F. Winch, T. Ktsanes, and V. Ktsanes. Later, Winch did a different statistical analysis of the same data. Both papers seem to provide some qualified support for the theory. But neither of them indicates what safeguards were exercised against possible contamination of ratings by the raters' knowledge of the subjects.

The article presents an investigation into the "Self-Concept " of personality organization. One of the newer candidates in the field of personality theory is the Self-Concept theory of personality organization. This view received its first formal statement by V.C. Raimy in 1943, although related lines of thinking are to be identified both previous to and since that time. This view holds that the behavior of the individual is primarily determined by and pertinent to his phenomenal field and, in particular, that aspect of the field, which is the individual's concept of himself. Some other psychologists have given special support to this view in showing its value in explaining or describing the results achieved through nondirective counseling and psychotherapy. There is no reason, however, why the Self-Concept theory must be solely identified with the nondirective technique. The present writers have felt that the postulate of the "Self Concept" may be employed to good effect in other phases of psychological practice and by psychologists of other persuasions. As an example of an interview technique arising from the Self-Concept theory frame of reference and available to any interviewer, the present paper reports on a device which has been found productive in exploring the interviewee's self perceptions.

This article discusses a study on social grading by manual workers. This paper reports a small research project in East London in England wherein the sample consisted mainly of manual workers. Personal interviews were used rather than written questionnaires. After they had graded occupations, people were asked the reasons for their decisions. The small research project described here was an attempt to find out whether manual workers chosen at random from electoral registers. This East London inquiry finds a considerable measure of dissensus amongst the manual workers in its sample. The respondents are divided into two groups. The deviants grade occupations according to their social contribution. Manual workers are on the whole ranked above non-manual. The deviants are influenced by their political attitudes. In conclusion, it was on a very small scale, and a much larger sample is plainly required. It was made in East London, and the residents in it may not be at all representative of manual workers in general. The validity of the findings can only be tested by a full-scale inquiry. A full-scale inquiry into the views of a cross-section of the population using verbal interviews could reveal the measure of dissensus consensus on the status of occupations, and beyond that, lay the foundations for a study of an important aspect of political ideology in contemporary Britain.

The article presents information on the research interview and its measurement. Not only is it the most often used tool in social work practice, the interview is also an essential device in social work research. Information can be gathered by this means when no other method is either adequate or possible, yielding richer qualitative data than many other tools and techniques. However, in spite of its important qualities, the interview as a method for collecting original data in research has one major disadvantage: it fails to provide quantitative data for comparison and measurement of interviews. This paper reports attempts to measure a series of forty-eight recorded interviews together with the methods of question formulation and recording development in an attitude study undertaken by the writer in rehabilitation settings in the New York metropolitan area. The study dealt with two groups of individuals with visible and non-visible physical impairments. The primary purpose of the interviews was to collect data about the subjects' attitudes toward their disability. All forty-eight subjects were male adults of various socioeconomic levels, educational backgrounds, and occupations. Each subject had been interviewed by the same interviewer twice prior to the recorded interview to gather biographical data.

This paper describes an adaptation of role playing for the purpose of studying and measuring the performance of caseworkers in the casework interview. This article discusses specifically the content, procedure and rules of the interview, problems of achieving credibility and control of the "client," the reactions of the workers, some types of analysis to which this technique lend itself, and the reliability and validity of the instrument. Interviews were conducted identically for each worker participating in the research and were recorded on tape. Non verbal behavior was recorded by a trained observer. From these records many aspects of the worker's performance were analyzed and the performance of workers in different experimental conditions of the study compared. The performance of the workers was thus measured with greater precision and under conditions of greater control than would have been obtained by observing actual interviews with real recipients, or in examining role playing behavior where the behavior of neither participant was controlled.

Statistically designed sample surveys have enabled pollsters to gauge public opinion on a wide range of issues. In such survey's, selection of a data collection technique is generally based on four criteria: (1) cost; (2) completion time; (3) response rate; and (4) response bias. Typically, more weight is placed on the first three factors and, as a result, adequate attention has not been given to the latter consideration, The study described in this paper looks at one type of response bias--that which results from the use of a specific data collection method. More specifically, this research uses a controlled experimental design in order to determine whether responses given in a public opinion polling are influenced by the method used to collect the data. Three methods are investigated: (1) mall questionnaire; (2) telephone interview; and (3) personal interview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, describes the results of two exploratory studies undertaken by Opinion Research Corp. (ORC) into the public relations problems in interviewing. The first project was completed in 1961 and was concerned with ORC interviewers and their perceptions of the public relations problems confronting them. The second project, completed in April 1963, was concerned with how the interviewing process is regarded by people who agree to be interviewed and people who refuse to be interviewed. Our objective in each phase was to obtain only a broad sense of the situation. The study among the public involved 105 interviews. The sample was drawn from persons who were asked to participate in a nationwide ORC study of attitudes toward the U.S. administration. It was comprised of persons who agreed to be interviewed and persons who refused to be interviewed. What is needed over the long term, however, is a continuing public relations program of broader dimensions. Such an effort should be concerned with publicity and with the development of informational materials to be used in explaining survey research and interviewing.

The article presents a study of the relationships of formal and informal leaders of the voters in Madison, Wisconsin. The purpose of this paper are to compare some of the characteristics of the informal political leaders with those of the respondents, to measure and compare the influence of formal and informal leaders, and to find what kinds of respondents were more influenced by each type of leader. To obtain needed information about the informal leaders named by the respondents, it was necessary to interview a sample of these leaders. To make the data for formal and informal leaders more comparable, the frequency distributions of the first three issues were put into two multiple contingency tables, one for respondents who voted Democratic, another for respondents who voted Republican, in the 1950 elections in Madison. Opinions of respondents and leaders were quantified by the discriminant function technique. Correlation ratios between the initial opinions of respondents and the opinions they ascribed to their leaders were then of the order .7, positive and statistically significant, for both formal and informal leaders. These results imply a considerable amount of agreement between the respondents and their leaders, whether the latter were the most respected persons among themselves or prominent political figures.

This paper embodies the findings of a field study made of communication of modern ideas and knowledge into some Indian villages. The diffusion into seven villages of the following modern ideas and kinds of knowledge was studied. The intellectual perspective of the villages makes for greater communicability of certain items. Both intranational and international items of communication were analyzed. Limited as the sample of each of these was, however, they brought out the relative predominance of knowledge of local over world events. Interviewing and observation were the main tools. The schedule containing the questions had sometimes to be kept in the background. Experience in the villages proves that greater information can be obtained by informal chats and discussions than by asking straight questions. Questions had to be mixed with a good deal of other conversation. Certain broad conclusions emerge from the study. As is revealed by the scalogram, it is not merely the distance from or nearness to the city that facilitates communication of ideas and knowledge. The social structure also determines the qualitative and quantitative content of the communications that are assimilated.

In the summer of 1952 the "Public Opinion Quarterly" carried the author's article on "Interviewer Training in Another Culture." Since then he has trained interviewers for surveys on the social and psychological factors affecting human fertility of lower class groups in Puerto Rico and Jamaica. In this article, he describes some of the techniques used and evaluates the effectiveness of these devices. The present paper draws together the experiences of the recruitment and training processes in Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Surveys of attitudes toward birth control and fertility in the underdeveloped area pose several problems for the interviewer trainer such as locating and screening of competent candidates, motivating them to perform arduous interviewing duties on a subject which might be considered indelicate or even distasteful, techniques by which interviewing skills can best be communicated in individuals of another culture. It is possible that the extensive training given contributes more to building up motivation and morale than in the development of training skills themselves.

A number of techniques have been suggested for determining the merit of a given method of questioning by several social scientists. Apparently with few exceptions the techniques and suggestions can be abstracted to a general principle. Merit is reflected in the extent of agreement between the response to a question and some behavior on the part of the respondent. The emphasis has been on a relation between the response and the respondent. The present paper suggests that there may be another concern in establishing the merit of a method of questioning. The value of any set of questions may be based upon relations with the questioner rather than with the questionee. A final test for any question may become, does the response, as obtained in this form, lead to information for the questioner which is not biased by the method of questioning. A pattern of questioning is initiated when one or more persons requires information upon which partially to base decisions. Information may be obtained through many channels of communication, including verbal and written questioning.

The carrying out of surveys across language barriers raises several problems related to translation and the use of bilingual personnel, and intensifies the necessity of considering carefully the ability of procedures and the validity of results. This paper attempts to present a preliminary systematization of some of language problems which arise in the conduct of international surveys, i.e., in surveys designed in one country for accomplishment in another. While many of these problems are hardly new, and while solutions have, in some cases, already been proposed, the great variety of such proposed solutions suggests that they have been based on differing underlying assumptions, these, no doubt, should be made explicit. The almost complete lack of formal intercommunication about these matters is probably another major cause of the variety of procedures and the lack of explicitness of underlying assumptions. The focus is on interviewing and written questionnaire studies, where problems of schedule translations occur and of communication between members of the research team. These problems, of course, are not unique to survey studies, any treatment of translation also applies to such endeavors as the content analysis of foreign language communication materials.

The quality of a poll/sample survey, specially one which is the final analysis, which determines the effectiveness of the polling organization, depends upon the quality of its interviewer personnel. The interviewer problem is the most typical in entire survey conducting process, as it deals with the difficulties involved in measuring and correcting human aptitudes as well as the physical distance problems between the surveyors and the persons observing and training them. This paper describes the methods of interviewer selection, training, and evaluation. It is assumed that good results are those, which have two qualities--the least number of refusals and the least number of technical errors. After a survey has been completed, a chart of the errors most frequently committed by all the interviewers, considered together, is made called the "Observation Chart". The interviewers mistake is given a mark or weight. For each interviewer, the sum of the weights is added, and the total is divided by the number of persons interviewed. This technique gives each interviewer a chance to judge his own work and compare the quality of his own results relative to those obtained by the other interviewers.

A study of public opinion research literature reveals that until recently there has been comparatively little concern with theoretical problems. For example, there have been few attempts to formulate hypothesis regarding the dynamics underlying answers of respondents to poll questions, or to conceptualize the obtained results in terms of any systematic social psychological theory. The concern with the technical problems of sampling, interviewing, and the formulation of poll questions, quite properly perhaps, seems to have precluded an interest in theory. It is even difficult to find a formal definition of the term "public," or a description of conditions under which a public opinion is formed. In several recent papers, a different emphasis has appeared. There is explicit or implicit recognition that there are organizing factors in opinion, and that a public opinion expressed in terms of percentages of responses from individuals who have only one factor in common, namely that have been asked a question by an interviewer, may have very limited meaning.

The article presents three research papers, published in Living Research of March 1, 1948 issue of the journal "Public Opinion Quarterly." The first paper reports a survey conducted in the year 1946 in which 5,984 adults were interviewed regarding their opinions and information about the atomic bomb and world affairs. A general information and a conservatism-radicalism scale were constructed on basis responses obtained in this survey. These scales made it possible to divide respondents into five groups according to the degree to which they were informed, and each of these groups in turn was broken down into radical, indeterminate and conservative sub-groups. The second paper presents a survey of attitudes of a representative sample of medical interns in selected hospitals throughout the U.S. to prove that analysts could go far wrong if they accepted replies to the open question at face value. Long hours appear merely to be a stereotyped complaint which has little real relationship to the attitude of doctors toward their work.

The paper explores how fathers perceive the economic costs and benefits of raising children and how these perceptions influence preferred number of children and contraceptive use. Interviews were conducted for this study in 1969 with an island-wide sample of 2200 Taiwanese husbands. Analysis indicates that a complex of cost and benefit considerations has an appreciable net effect on reproductive attitudes and behaviour, after socio-economic status and demographic characteristics have been taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on sex effects in the interviewing of young adults. Although periodic assessments of the perils of using an interview format to collect data have been made, many social scientists feel that the advantages of the interview outweigh its disadvantages in a wide variety of research situations. Incumbent on those who utilize the interview, however, are the responsibilities of identifying the situations where problems in measurement could occur in the interview, as well as ascertaining the extent of these problems should they occur. The focus of this paper is on the first of these responsibilities-identifying situations where measurement problems can arise due to the effect, in this case, of the interviewer on the subjects' responses. In a number of previous studies interviewer effects have been shown to be related to ascriptive characteristics of the interviewer such as age, sex, and race, as well as to somewhat less apparent traits including the interviewer's social class, his own attitudes about the interview items, and his psychological temperament for the interviewer's role. Other researchers have approached the problem of interview validity from a different angle by trying to identify which types of questions were most susceptible to interview effects.

The article focuses on the research paper "Industry and Science: A Study of Their Relationship Based on a Survey of Firms in the Greater Manchester Area Carried out by the Manchester Joint Research Council 1950-1953." The survey covered 225 carefully selected and representative firms in the Manchester area in England and was conducted by means of interviews by a small team of investigators. The report discusses the internal research and development activities within the firms, the contacts between industry and the universities.

The article reports on a marketing study methodology for listing, balloting and tracking results which is reportedly preferable to checklists. The downside to mail survey or interview checklists is stated to be fatigue and the results may become skewed towards the most popular choice. A different method is presented in which respondents are presented with cards and asked to order them in correspondence with three options: prefer, avoid, or indifferent. This method is adaptable to many surveys; the article uses an example of literature genre, in which respondents select their reaction to a certain type of book.

The article discusses the use of group interviewing as a marketing research tool. In 1951 a study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the practice. Personal interviews were utilized in the study. Group interviewing was found to conserve both time and money as compared with mailed questionnaires. It was also seen as a more effective way to standardize controls. Group interviews appeared to decrease interviewer bias. Overall the group interviewing tactic proved successful according to researchers.

The article focuses on the paper "The Export Decision Process: An Empirical Inquiry," by Claude L. Simpson. The author informs that in recent years various U. S. government efforts have been directed at bringing more firms into exporting. The research reported in this paper was designed to test the assumptions on which these efforts have been based. The author has attempted to profile the export decision-maker by inquiring into his perceptions of the risks and cost/benefit relationships associated with exporting and into his reaction to various hypothesized export stimuli. The survey conducted by the author consisted of interviews conducted in Tennessee in late 1972 with 50 decision-makers in firms that had begun exporting since 1967 and 70 in non-exporting firms of which 48 were found capable of exporting. In each case the re- search identified the presence of internal export stimuli and external stimuli. A variety of factors affecting the perceptions of the decision-makers were also determined.