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This paper examines three patterns of entrepreneurial succession in private enterprise in developing countries. The process may be thought of as the succession from entrepreneurs to executives. The findings suggest significant variation in the adaptability of each type to the development of modern organizations in which the function of management is distinct from the manager as a person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the ethics of simultaneous processing of manuscripts that are submitted to scholarly journals. The practice of simultaneous submission of articles to periodicals may not be rare, but informing the editor that an author is doing so is unusual. The arguments against such activity are multiple yet intertwined. The problems in large measure subsume the various facets of scientific priority. To be able to "break" a paper, a research, a new theory, a classic discourse is part of an implicit contract between the journal and the article author. The journal gives the author service, support and the considerable costs of publication. Journals copyright the articles they publish, thus it is here that the legal dimensions of publishing enter. On the other side of the argument, some scientists are yearning for their results to be published quickly in order for the benefit of the scientific community.

This paper deals, with business philosophy and the perception of executives of their responsibility towards owners, employees, customers and the public. The study indicates a changing trend in belief patterns in that more executives believe that business should be responsible to customers, employees, and the public, in addition to stockholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent interest in consumer protection has focused on the fraudulent or unethical practices of some direct sellers. This paper examines one legislative response to these practices, that of "cooling off" laws, and their effectiveness in protecting consumers particularly those with low incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a response by Arthur L. Svenson to comments on his article concerning management featherbeds, from a summer, 1963 issue of the journal "California Management Review." He contends that two topics in his paper deserve additional discussion. These are the nature and use of power under conditions of management featherbedding and the problem of what to do with the feather-bedded manager. In terms of the nature and use of power in featherbedding the author notes that the pervasive characteristic of the practice has impact down to the last segment of management organization. He believes that some agency in the firm has to rout out featherbedding within management's own ranks.

The article presents the author's comments on four papers related to consumer credit, which were published in the April 2, 1940 issue of the "Journal of Marketing." It may be socially desirable to limit installment selling and certain other types of consumer credit by means of a legal ceiling. This regulation would serve to protect consumers. Similarly, a system of total community credit control may be socially desirable to prevent people from becoming overcome by debt. Debt is an ancient problem and has always been undesirable. The article expresses the need for improved credit monitoring and regulation.

Individualism, asceticism, and work as a calling productive of rational economic behavior are all elements of the value system Max Weber called the "Protestant Ethic." The investigation described in this paper is concerned with the extent to which this system of values is still operative, though altered, among a population of Midwestern farmers, and its influence in matters of health, work behavior, and leisure. High-work orientation was found to be related to individualism and asceticism but no longer necessarily productive of systematic, rational, economic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the objective of the large study of which one facet is here reported was to test certain hypotheses with respect to causal factors in integration, this paper is not concerned with causes. But something must be said on this subject in order to make clear why the data concern only four cities. The studies through 1946 indicated that there was great variation among large American cities in integration as measured positively by welfare effort and negatively by crime, and that more than three-fifths of the variance was attributable to two causal factors—degree of heterogeneity of the population in terms of nationality and race, and in- and out-migration of the population. It was also found that the residual, unexplained variance in integration was much greater for some cities than for others. It was presumed that other causal factors were working strongly in the cities whose integration scores could be predicted least accurately from their population composition and mobility scores.

A central, element of modem professions is that they are organized around specialized bodies of knowledge over which they claim exclusive jurisdiction and control (Barber, 1963). Such specialized expertise is basic to the performance of the professional role, and the application of this specialized knowledge to client problems is the essence of professionalism for occupations such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, law, or engineering (Hughes, 1963; Gross, 1958:78-82). As Greenwood (1957) suggests, two other attributes of the professions— authority and autonomy—are based upon this expertise. The authority to advise, prescribe, direct, or limit client activity is grounded in professional access to superior knowledge of "causes" and "solutions" to the clients' problems. Likewise, freedom from lay control and evaluation of professional performance derives from the discrepancy between the expertise of the professional and the ignorance of the client. Only other qualified (i.e., knowledgeable in the same specialized area) personnel can evaluate the professional practitioner (Hall, 1969). In addition, professions also exhibit other characteristics which are not so intimately linked to expertise. These are such elements as codes of ethics, professional cultures or communities, and commitment (see Hall, 1969; Goode, 1957). The focus of this paper is, however, on the relevance of professional expertise. Expertise is inextricably involved with both the performance of the professional role, and the maintenance of professional status and legitimacy. Any increase in client access to the professional sphere of competence is therefore likely to result in skepticism, criticism, and may even threaten to reduce the professional to commercial status (Wilensky, 1964:150). The "mystification" of professional knowledge in the form of esoteric jargon, limitations on popularization of knowledge, and prohibitions against advertising may be seen as attempts to maintain the knowledge gap between professional and client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of one's moral code determine how often and in what life situations inner conflict is aroused, influence the ways such conflict is experienced, and set limits on the techniques that can be used to resolve it. The goal of this paper is to convey the theoretical richness of the topic and to clarify some of the research implications. Therefore, only a brief outline of empirical work on the acquisition of moral needs is explained here. Details of the latter are presented elsewhere. Instead, the article describes a number of the problems that have been encountered in the development of the investigations. The paper closes with a discussion of some hypothetical interrelationships between moral standards and other facets of personality.

This article discusses the ethics of trade union leaders. In this paper, the author gives an account of the premisses from which trade union leaders act and to examine, in a general way, their aims, their code of trade union morality, their loyalties and to show their attitude to the standard of social behaviour in the society which they purport to change. It is not a comprehensive examination. Some aspects of behaviour are barely mentioned for example, the problem of remuneration whether these men should be paid like the workers they represent or as businessmen is not discussed. There is considerable discussion of the problem of honours, but this can cast only an oblique light on their approach to what is an appropriate standard of social behaviour. Throughout this paper only full-time general secretaries and presidents of trade unions are classified as trade union leaders. There is an ethical basis for decision-making in all trade unions. The objectives of a trade union tell one what the union is hoping to achieve, but the traditions stipulate the kind of action and behaviour to be adopted in pursuit of those objectives. Thus, the behaviour of trade unionists is not formally rational. One reaches a different conclusion when the behaviour of trade union leaders is measured by the standard of the minority. This is a standard that is related to the ultimate purpose of trade unions and shows a correlation between present behaviour and intended social and economic changes.

The first three sections of the paper are background discussions of relevant types of value questions. First, we consider the historical evolution of managerial value conflict, as they are rooted in a fundamental value polarization reflected in U. S. society. Then we relate management values to environmental values, especially in the corporate context. Finally, we review contemporary analyses of the bases of general value systems, and consider their relationship to current research in management value systems. The fourth section is concerned with the other prong of our general analysis: After reviewing several examples of cybernetic system models, we consider their relevance for management systems in terms of the apparent future organizational impacts of the so-called "information technology." Section five brings us to the heart of our discussion: an estimation of the likely impacts of better understanding of organisational cybernetics upon management value systems. A paradigm of ecosystem (ecological system) influence upon organizational policy formation is presented, together with a schematic organizational ecosystem decision matrix for management. In the final section of the paper, we relate corporate values to the emerging organisational ecosphere, emphasising that cybernetic information technology creates new possibilities effectively to implement appropriate redefinitions of traditional management values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the various tactics that can be used to achieve change-from collaboration to violence--the relationship among them, and the moral, ethical, and social consequences that the professional must assess before be chooses a specific tactic. The author discusses disruption, in particular, to point up how the various factors mentioned bear on its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Self-regulation in any profession is built around a code of ethics. The accounting profession has a code of ethics that has evolved over many years and is still in the process of change. Contained in this code are the norms and values of the profession. Many states now require CPA candidates to write a separate examination in accounting ethics. One source indicates that as of 1970, thirty-three jurisdictions had such a requirement. Considering the importance of ethics to the accounting profession, what role do colleges and universities play in teaching the code to students? How and in which courses are accounting ethics taught? This paper reports the results of a survey designed to find answers to questions related to the teaching of accounting ethics to undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a 1972 study which measured the magnitude and direction of the alteration of the personal value systems of decision makers and managers in the U.S. A Personal Value Questionnaire was used in both studies to record decision maker responses. The dimensions of values were based on aesthetics, ethics, organizational perspective, and level of importance to the individual. Respondents were selected from the 1971 Edition of Standard and Poor's Directory of Corporations, Executives and Directors. The author concludes that personal value systems of American managers seem to be relatively stable.

The article presents a discussion of the derivation and real meaning of discipline in education. It states that discipline, as concerning the disciple or scholar, is antithetical to doctrine. Hence, doctrine is more concerned with abstract theory and discipline with exercise and practice. It mentions that the articles in the issue of "Quest" are somewhat arranged arbitrarily, that suggests the individuality which each contributor was recommended to bring bear on his topic. Each author of the articles gives out his own technique of the theme from his own views.

The author presents an analysis of Central European economies, nationalistic protectionism, cartelization, the role of big business in fascism and industrial development. Inflation is noted to have helped the business prospects of small business. Wholesale and retail price indexes from Austria between 1914 and 1938 are presented. Distribution cost patterns and the efficiency of production are closely tied to American economic conditions. Regimentation, restrictions and licencing in business is discussed with respect to its implications on business and the prospects of fascism.

The personal value systems of 1072 American managers are studied for their contribution to the understanding of managers and their behavior. A theoretical model for analyzing the impact of values on behavior is presented and utilized. Major results are explored with respect to the impact of personal values systems on the behavior of managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is considerable empirical evidence that college-educated people have distinctive values and attitudes, existing research presents both positive and negative evidence that colleges serve as actual agents of moral socialization. To order these findings and generate research hypotheses, a typology of client-serving organizations is developed. This typology differentiates client-serving organizations which do and do not induct their clients into the organization. It further distinguishes among varieties of inducting organizations. By employing the typology it is possible to determine the extent to which these organizations can mobilize mechanisms of moral socialization and confront organizational problems lowering the effectiveness of these mechanisms. From this typological framework, a set of predictions about the differing moral impact of certain kinds of inducting organizations is derived, and their application to the study of colleges is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on celibate priest, author and sociologist Andrew M. Greeley's contributions to theory in the sociology of religion, one of two substantive areas in which Greeley has chosen to write extensively on. The other being the sociology of ethnic groups in the United States. The author has discerned and chosen to discuss four substantive themes in Greeley's writings, roughly in chronological order research in the "Protestant Ethics," the sociology of Roman Catholicism, the secularization thesis and denominational membership in society. As early as 1964, Greeley felt justified in calling for a moratorium on the Protestant Ethic research in society. In need achievement, occupational success, income levels and educational attainments, Protestant-Catholic differences were either unproven, insignificant, or in some instances, slightly reversed from the conventional hypotheses. This overall judgment has been sustained by subsequent researchers. Besides clarifying the impact of Catholic elementary, high school and college education on specific Catholic adult religious behavior, Greeley has contributed seven books and numerous articles on the Catholic Church itself. According to the author Greeley is much more convincing as an applied sociologist analyzing critical problems in the changing church than he is as a theorist of Catholic higher education.

A conference paper about the squatter problems in Manila, Philippines and other developing countries is presented. It discusses the housing programs for the squatters in the Philippines and other developing countries, and the relationship of poverty and squatting. It also offers the study on the squatters area in Barrio Magsaysay near Manila Bay.

A conference paper about pre-logical experience in the thinking process is presented. The study aims to contribute to the methods of examining and establishing some facts in human experience in relation to pre-logic. It refers to a book on logical and intensive inquiry into the subject of dreams, daydreams, hunches, intuition, and the like type of mental processes.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and clarify, from the stance of the consultant, some of the "ethical" problems frequently encountered in the process of consultation. Its purpose is not to offer viable solutions to such problems. Such solutions can be discovered or created only by the consultant, usually in collaboration with his client and various significant others in his associational world. A few comments on how the rigors of ethical problem-solving may be eased, but never eliminated, in the life of the consultant are offered at the end of the essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds on the assertion that there is an essential moral dimension in all human social relations. Morality, in the dramaturgical sense, is a question of identity and identity management. A scientist, in order to retain his identity must announce himself as a carrier of unbiased truth buttressed by intersubjective evidence of the stated condition of reality. A scientist qua scientist says only what is an knows why it is. A rhetorician, on the other hand, announces himself as a carrier of biased truth armed with logical and emotional symbolic weapons aimed at persuading another person that he should act or think differently. A rhetorician qua rhetorician says whatever he wants, and knows why he says it. If a sociologist practices rhetoric, but identifies himself as a scientist, he renders his rhetoric immoral, the immoral rhetoric of identity deception. Sociology, when worn by some practitioners, appears as scientific. The purveyors in sociology of the scientific method look to the physical sciences for the ideal word and practice. If the physical sciences provide the prime exemplar for understanding scientific sociology, then the documentation of a necessary social dimension in the physical sciences is a fortiori applicable to sociology.

The Cuban Revolution removed the old upper and middle strata from their dominant positions. Many of these people came to the U.S. with the intention of overthrowing Castro and returning to Cuba. After 1962, however, they had to start resettling in U.S. communities. This paper examines their integration as a fundamental shift from strong psychological attachments to the past to values and identities congruent with the new environment. Among 48 refugee families in Milwaukee, it was found that integration is strongly influenced by relative level of resent socioeconomic rewards. Results are interpreted as consequences of the rational-individualistic ethic characterizing families from these formerly dominant sectors of Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavior is completely "determined." Behavior is not completely "determined." What are the implications of holding one belief or the other? Gwynn Nettler explored this problem recently, offering provocative hypotheses and some empirical findings. His conclusions, if correct, would call for a revision of conventional notions regarding the relationships among morality, free-will-or-determinism, respect for human dignity, and the disposition to punish. The resent paper examines the logical, psychological, and methodological grounds of Nettler's contribution. Attention is directed to issues that require further consideration, and some alternative points of view are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on public administration. In his March/April 1969 paper on "Sys- tems Politics and Systems Budgeting" (which could be better titled "The Protocols of the Elders of Pluralism"), Allen Schick suggests that systems analysis is somehow a force for change as opposed to the reactionary impulses of pluralism. In the fields of public administration and budgeting the vast majority of writers ("pluralist" and otherwise) have supported the long line of budgetary reforms. While systems analysis would call for greater understanding, more research, and so on, pluralism would suggest that people who want a better break should organize to achieve it. Public administration is the inevitable consequences in governmental administration of a new view of man, particularly as concerns "knowing" and "being." In contrast with the traditional view of man impassively pursuing scientific goals, the new view of man posits a radically altered version of the human cognitive apparatus.

The concept of group character is finding increasing use by social scientists. This paper proposes to standardize the term social character and to construct a sociologically acceptable definition. The term is made a normative one, embodying the relationship between culture norms and the generality of their individual acceptance. The determination, then, of the social character of any group becomes the problem of the specification of the group ideals and the ascertaining of their correlation with actual behavior. Four categories of such relationship are set up for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responding to the overall decline in institutionalized American religion, this paper investigates a probable, and predicted, surge of organized irreligion. However, historical and observational data regarding two such irreligious groups, the Society for Ethical Culture and the American Rationalist Federation, reveal instead a similar, even more serious disintegration among them than that which the churches are experiencing. Findings indicate a possible convergence underway between the organizational manifestations of both religion and irreligion. Furthermore, this convergence seems to entail the growth of the "religion-less church," an unanticipated phenomenon which introduces a new religious spirit beyond the boundaries of formerly organized religious and Irreligious groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on research in problems of scientific information. All research results from . That which one calls pure research results from the dissatisfaction of not knowing and attempts to fill the lack with the satisfaction of knowledge. Applied research, by contrast, results from dissatisfaction with the manner of doing and seeks a remedy ultimately through improved technology. Of course this dichotomy, like most dichotomies, does not result in mutually exclusive classes; much curiosity is involved in the pursuit of utilitarian rewards through research and as for the ultimate ultility of pure research, all one has to do is look around oneself.

Presents a paper delivered by University of Hawaii's Joseph F. Smith at the 1952 Convention of the American Educational Theatre Association in Cincinnati, Ohio. Moral and ethical responsibilities of college theaters; Return of American soldiers to professional schools during and immediately following the war; Importance of liberal arts colleges; Suggestion that teachers and directors are either insensitive to the responsibilities or consider themselves a rare and chosen breed who transcend such mundane matters; Role of the director as educator and artist.

This paper has examined some of the ethical and legal aspects of the Social Security Administration's use of vocational consultants in disability hearings. To clarify this new professional role, relevant literature has been drawn upon as it relates to ethical issues confronting the vocational consultant. Also brought to bear on the discussion is the practical experience which has already accumulated in this challenging, ethics-charged field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on ethics of scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge may be defined as knowledge which is collected and organized in accordance with four technical norms: empirical validity, logical clarity, logical consistency of propositions, and generality of principles. However, it may be argued that such technical norms do not guarantee the objectives of science. It has been pointed out that science has realized its basic objectives, and its technical norms have had relevance because of broader institutional values which articulate scientific endeavor. This value system, which is usually referred to as the scientific ethos, consists of universalism, organized scepticism, communality, ethical neutrality, and disinterestedness. It is this value system which provides the impetus for scientific activity and guarantees its validity. The emergence of the scientific ethos has been traced to the historical conditions of the seventeenth century. In retrospect, it is clear that the convergence of a number of trends such as secularization, rationalism, and cultural relativism combined to produce the facilitating conditions.

Attribution of responsibility is becoming the subject of increasing research activity. Reasons for such activity appear fairly obvious. It is highly probable that the degree to which one person holds another as responsible for the latter's acts is a prime determinant of much interpersonal behavior. For example, responses to others that are punishing versus rehabilitative, generous versus niggardly, kindly versus hostile, or accepting versus rejecting may all be mediated to a substantial extent by the degree to which one attributes responsibility to another person for the outcome of his acts. The focus of the present paper is on several potential determinants of responsibility attribution and their interactions. In professor E. Walster's study, the stimulus events were described as chance-determined. That is, a person gained, broke even, or lost money on an investment purely as a function of environmental events over which he had no control. In this study, Walster was not able to show a relation between responsibility attribution and outcome seventy.

In order to yield further understanding of the nature and extent of the trait of intolerance of ambiguity, as the dimension will be called in this research, an attempt was made to measure directly how much ambiguity a subject would tolerate in an interpersonal situation. Most studies have relied upon paper-and-pencil tests or clinical ratings to measure interpersonal or social intolerance of ambiguity. In this experiment actual interpersonal behavior was quantified in standardized situations. Three such situations were devised and all were of the following experimental prototype E confronted the S with an indefinite and ambiguous task and gave vague initial instructions. The ambiguous task in this situation was adapted from the kind of problems that are used on the Bennett Test of Productive Thinking. These problems take the form of stating some new invention or some other "new factor" in the world, and the subject is supposed to describe the consequences that such an innovation will have upon the physical and social environment. This kind of problem lends itself to the present experiment because it does not have any specific right or wrong answers and can be approached in a number of ways.

A crucial aspect of most income maintenance proposals is the issue of whet her behavioral conditions should be attached to the receipt of state-provided maintenance. This paper examines the American experience of combining aid and services in public assistance, the parallel British experience, and some aspects of professional practice in order to highlight the implications of the money and morality issue for social welfare policy and social work practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of the study of their field on the ethics of social scientists. The work of the social scientist differs in an important respect from that of the natural scientist, the latter can investigate the objects of his study and arrive at whatever conclusion he may without thereby changing in the least the nature and character of these objects. The task of the social scientist is particularly intricate and full of unsuspected responsibilities. It is the object of this paper to analyze in some more detail the actual impact that the social sciences have had on ethics and to examine to what extent scientific research on the one hand and moral considerations on the other are really antithetical and mutually exclusive. It is probably on moral. conceptions, attitudes and values that the social scientist has exercised a greater influence than he either expected or perhaps even intended, for he seems to have helped to precipitate a general decline of the belief in the existence of an absolutist ethics and encouraged the growth of a more relativist approach to questions of morality.