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This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the July 1965 of the journal Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. In the article The Optimal Location of Industry: An Interregional Linear Program for the West German Paper Industry, Heinz König and Rainer Thoss gave a general formulation of an interregional optimization model and discussed the advantages and limitations of this method of regional analysis. While in the article Development Theories of Balanced and Unbalanced Growth: A Confrontation, Lutz Hoffman reviewed the discussion on balanced growth and unbalanced growth.

Presents notes and memoranda on several issues concerning statistics and currency. Comments of Professor Young on the making of index numbers; Statistics of the old americans in 1920; Elimination of the paper mark as a standard of value in Germany.

The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of this type--the holdings of short-term foreign assets by the German banks. The ratio of short-term foreign asset to the total asset is explained by various yields on alternative assets. In addition, the effect of short-term constraint variable on the adjustment of actual stock to the desired stock of asset holdings is incorporated in the analysis. The variables included perform rather well in explaining the monthly fluctuations of the asset ratios. This paper presents a case study of the international movements of short-term banking funds with the application of the asset portfolio approach which has been so fruitful in the investigation of demand for domestic financial assets. The study demonstrates that when a balance-sheet framework can be clearly defined, the portfolio balance analysis provides a very effective approach to the study of capital flows between countries. The experience of the holding of short-term foreign assets of the German banks is investigated. With the holding of foreign assets treated as one of many assets (and liabilities) in a well-defined balance sheet for the German banks, the portfolio approach is applied with some success. The importance of such variables as total asset holdings (LA), yields on alternative assets (r[sub 1]), and flows of liquid funds (CBM) in affecting the asset holdings is borne out by the results obtained. Some 70 per cent of the fluctuations of the ratios of foreign assets to total liquid assets are explained by the variables r[sub L], r[sub LA[sub d]] - r[sub FA], and CBM/LA[sub t-1]. The estimated coefficients are all significant. The incorporation of variables LA and CBM also helps improve the estimation of interest rate variables, giving us a very satisfactory result for the estimated coefficients for interest rates. The scope of the paper is obviously limited. Those problems such as the need for non-linear equation, the importance of adopting simul... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the conference of scientists and scholars titled "Science and Freedom" held from July 23 to 26, 1953 in Germany is presented. Professor Michael Polanyi presented his paper "Pure and Applied Science and Their Appropriate Organization" which set the theme of the conference. Professor Samuel Allison presented "Academic Freedom and State Security," and John R. Baker's paper "Scientific Authority and the System of Scientific Publication."

The article explores the effect of currency reforms on German publishers. During first three post-World War II years, German publishers in the American Zone operated in an environment dominated by three factors. First, money was plentiful but goods were scarce, and publications were one of the few unrationed categories of available goods. Second, the war had left the public with a pent-up desire for reading material. Third, military government exercised considerable guidance and supervision over publications. A survey undertaken by Military Government in the spring of 1949 showed that the publishing industry reacted violently to various changed conditions, and provides a graphic illustration of the influence of economic factors on the content of mass communications. The institution of a free paper economy was effected within two weeks of the currency reform. While the post-currency reform rise in paper production provided periodicals with opportunities for greatly increased circulations, it did not lighten problems of the book publishing industry.

In periods of frequent realignment of foreign exchange rates, interest focuses understandably on the causes of capital movements. The difficulty with studies of such movements usually lies in obtaining data sufficiently disaggregated so as not to force too many types of motivation into one all-encompassing specification. This was the problem M. Porter as well as W. H. Branson and R. D. Hill faced when studying capital movements of OECD countries. C. F. Ou started from a much more narrowly defined asset category but failed to distinguish between demand balances held for transactions requirements and interest earning assets. Despite the attention that capital flows have received of late, their importance for the present system of international exchange rates and the conduct of monetary policy as well as the shortcomings of the studies to date may justify another inquiry. Specifically, the present paper will review briefly the theoretical underpinnings for German banks' decisions to hold short term assets abroad. The main purpose is twofold: 1) to determine which interest rates and scale variables yield the best explanation of actual changes in the stock of such assets held by German banks; 2) to obtain an estimate of changes in the short term capital account of the German balance of payments that can be attributed to banks' portfolio adjustments in the face of interest rate changes at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the criteria according to which world news presented in the Soviet Union-controlled press of Berlin, Germany is selected. Berlin of today, with its four sectors under U.S., British, Russian and French control respectively, offers a fertile field for the application of content analysis techniques developed in this country during the war. From the start of the quadripartite occupation Berliners have been aware that the press in the Soviet sector of Berlin differs radically from that in the sectors controlled by the Western Powers. Differences have not been confined to the editorial pages but have extended to the news columns. It is of particular importance to attempt to isolate criteria of selection at this time, since a critical news-print shortage limits nearly all German papers to one page or less of world news, and only a small percentage of available dispatches can be given space.

The article discusses the decline in German foreign exchange. According to the author, the paper currency in Germany may have increased, as well as the prices, and that the value in foreign currency of the German mark decreased. He explains that paper currency indicates the poverty of a country. The movement and changes in the foreign exchange in New York and in Great Britain illustrated the changed state of affairs in exchange. Because there were only few commodities coming to Germany and cotton shipments were being paid for, the exchange in New York decreased.

The article comments on the paper "Waiting and the Period of Production," by Robert Dofman in the August 1959 issue of the "Quarterly Journal of Economics." Just as postwar West Germany has been a leading example of a comparatively unregulated economy, so it has been a principal source of academic literature extolling the virtues of competitive markets and economic co-ordination via unregulated prices. A flood of crusading books, pamphlets and papers attests to the numbers and energies of economists whose social theories and policy recommendations differ radically from those for which their homeland was earlier famous. Neoliberal teachings do not constitute a completely standardized product; disagreement on matters of detail is common and that on more important questions is not rare. But, on the whole, agreement--and repetition--is impressive. The West German crusade is perhaps the outstanding example of non-socialist academicians banding together to fight for and against economic programs.

The article offers news briefs including one on the annual meeting of the Verein für Socialpolitik that was to take place at Frankfurt on September 28-29, 1888 where prominent professors would present papers on usury in agricultural districts. The volume of cotton produced in the U.S. for the year 1887-1888 exceeded 7,000,000 bales, the largest ever produced in the U.S. Professor Lujo Brentano assumed the chair of political economy at the University of Vienna.

Presents several books about the economic policy of Germany. "Geldversorgung, Preisniveau und reales wirtschaftswachstum bei alternativen Grundprinzipien der geldwirtschaftlichen Ordnung," by Friedrich H.; "Bibliography: Concentration Policy, 1960—1966," edited by Huffschmid J., Michaelis J. and Plan W. F.; "Das japanische Kartellrecht: FIW-Schriftenreihe No. 41," by Iyori J. H.; Others.

The article presents a paper delivered by the author, a German physicist and philosopher, at the Second Pugwash Conference in Lac Beauport, Quebec. It focuses on the probability of total global war breaking out during the next ten or twenty years in Germany. According to him, the probability of total global war is far too high, deliberating the catastrophe it would mean to the world. However, if the probability of such a war is small just due to the fact of the common knowledge that it would be more or less suicidal, then the threat of such a war cannot be easily employed to discourage any government or nation from acts of limited violence.

The article examines the role of George S. Messersmith, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State in charge of immigration and refugees from 1937-1939, in the German-Jewish crisis. Messersmith played an important role in arousing the U.S. administration to the Nazi danger. Although he had understood the full meaning of Adolf Hitler's anti-Jewish crusade and expressed sympathy for the plight of the German Jews, he never suggested any proposals for asylum or rescue. During the first year of the Nazi regime, until Messersmith's transfer to Vienna in 1934, he consistently favored protests with regard to assaults on American citizens, most of whom were Jews.

Minority groups differ from one another, among other things, in the extent to which they are integrated into or apart from the societies to which they belong. The extent of this integration or apartness is reflected in the various ways in which the minorities differ from the rest of the population, such as in the effect of economic class upon voting. No minority group is ever completely integrated into its society, for complete integration is tantamount to the extinction of group identity. No minority group is ever completely apart, for the term "minority" implies the existence of a majority with which the minority forms a common society. The dimension of integration-apartness is related to but not identical with the dimension of assimilation. Assimilation refers to the replacement or modification of group characteristics as a consequence of out-group contacts. Integration refers to the extent a minority actually forms a part of the body politic of its society. Thus, German "non-Aryan" Christians were fully assimilated but, in the Third Reich, certainly not integrated into the German society. In general, the term "integration" is applicable at various levels of analysis. We talk of the integration of individuals into groupings, the integration of these groupings into further units, and the integration of these into larger units in turn. In the case of our study, individuals are more or less integrated into their respective minority groups, and these in turn are more or less integrated into their respective societies. We are concerned in this paper with developing a measure for the degree of integration of minority groups into their societies. The basic proposition of this paper is: The more apart a minority group is from its society, the more will it differ from that society as a whole in the effect of economic class upon voting. An analysis of the voting of two minorities in Central Europe illustrates the above proposition. This is followed by comments on minority group voting in the United States and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is meant to contribute to the knowledge about totalitarianism by means of analysis of the totalitarian mass vote that is to provide a basis for conclusions upon motivations of voters of totalitarian parties. This paper is focused upon the analysis of the phenomenal rise of the Nazi vote from 1927 to 1933 in Germany and in Austria in order to learn more about those who limit their support of totalitarianism to their ballots. Selected data from the Austrian Communist vote since 1945 are then presented in support of the author's hypothesis that a mass vote for a totalitarian party is not motivated by ideological commitments or even by endorsement of a political programme but simply represents a non-specified protest of discontent. In Germany, the Nazi's mass vote was recruited from former non-voters and minor party voters who returned to voting for minor parties or not at all during the party's brief, but spectacular decline just before it came into power. In Austria, there was but little non-voting and but limited voting for minor parties. However, Austrian defectors to Nazism did not turn to dictator Adolf Hitler directly from their old party, instead, they first either refrained from voting or voted for insignificant splinter groups before they finally turned to Hitler.

The article summarizes views of various economists about neoliberalism in West Germany. Forty years ago several young economists were emphasizing the casual employment relationship characteristic of the new and growing manufacturing industries of the United States. Their studies disclosed an average annual labor turnover in manufacturing of about 100 per cent, and rates of 200-400 per cent were not uncommon. The commitment, which a freshly hired worker and his employer felt toward each other, was usually very limited. There was an employment contract in the sense that the parties had an on-going relationship so long as both remained satisfied. However, the relationship was "casual" in that one of the two usually terminated it fairly quickly. Yet Indian workers have been slow to sever their village attachments, and as a result absenteeism remains high. Current absenteeism rates run about 6-8 per cent in major textile centers; 13-18 per cent in the minor ones; and 10-14 in iron and steel, engineering, cement, matches, leather, and ordnance factories.

The article focuses on the negotiations of the Franco-Belgium military accord of 1920. The military relations of France and Belgium were of utmost importance because their joint power could be used as a defense against Germany. When the Franco-Belgium military accord was signed on October 27, 1920, it brought with it a storm of protests from anti-militarist Socialists like Flemings and others. With the increasing intensity of the protests, the accord was cancelled and it was decided that a policy which is solely and exclusively Belgian was required to govern the military affairs in Belgium.

Statistical data which may be useful to students of economic change are presented in this paper. It interprets long-run statistical series on the growth of educational employment in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, and provides information on the changes in the relative importance of employment in public schools to total governmental employment and to total employment over the long run. Finally, an analysis of the statistical record indicates that some potentially interesting interrelationships exist between the different proportions of school-age population attending public school, teacher-student ratios, and different ratios of school-age populations to total employment in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the eighteenth biennial congress of the Institut International de Sociologie (IIS), held in Nürnberg, Germany from September 10 to 18, 1958. The congress was attended by 295 participants including 221 from 31 countries. Several hundred papers were discussed during the first four days. After these sessions, the members traveled for five days to see postwar Germany. They viewed the reconstruction of Kassel, East Germany and West and East Berlin. The receiving station at Marienfeld in the West Berlin was also inspected. It is the place where peoples who flee from East Germany are held until their placement in West German industries and occupations. IIS is the oldest sociological organization, founded by René Worms at Paris in 1893. Scientific papers may be written in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German. They are printed in bound volumes for distribution to the members. Membership is elective but national quotas are limited to prevent one country's domination. Eminent sociologist, Professor Hans Freyer, was president of this congress. Professor K. Valentin, general secretary of the U.S., was host this year.

In almost all German corporations it is at present customary to check up all accounting statements especially the annual balance sheet and profit and loss statement. This work is done by separate auditors or auditing companies. The law, however, does not as yet require an audit. According to the law at present the Supervisory Council as the controlling agent of the corporation is required to supervise all phases of the business including the examination of the financial statements and annual closing entries in order to report thereon at the general stockholders' meeting. The audit function is, therefore, in accordance with the present German law, included in the general control function of the Supervisory Council. The appointment of separate auditors is according to law necessary only in special cases. The Board of Directors in the cases under Section 266, is to allow the auditors to examine the books and papers of the company and also the cash, securities, and goods as well.

Information on the "Fourth Pugwash Conference" in Baden, Germany on June 25 to July 4, 1959 is presented. The meeting is established for the discussion of problems in disarmament and world security. There were 24 scientists from seven countries who attended the conference. The papers discussed at the meeting are also presented.

Most of the existing studies on the international capital market are based on a segmented market approach. This approach treats the different national capital markets as separated entities, hardly related to each other. For this reason (under the assumption of market segmentation), comparable capital assets may differ in their return on different national markets. Although market segmentation enjoys a surprisingly large following, it is not the only possible interpretation of the international capital market. The alternative hypothesis, i.e., that prices of capital assets in the international capital market behave as if there is one multinational perfect capital market, should be considered. The one market hypothesis has the advantage of being consistent with much of the accepted economic theory. Also the one market hypothesis is unambiguous where market segmentation can stand for any number of specific imperfect market formations. Market segmentation is widely accepted as the only possible structure of the international capital market. Different currency areas, separated political organizations and trade barriers have been given as a priori evidence for the segmentation of the international capital market. This, however, is not necessarily the case. An examination of the behavior of capital asset prices reveals that the price behavior is consistent with the one market hypothesis. It should be noted, however, that a certain body of data can be consistent with both the one market hypothesis and any one of several specific forms of market segmentation. But as the main theme of this study is to show the validity of the one market approach to the multinational equity market, it is sufficient to show that one cannot reject the one market hypothesis with regard to this market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the discipline of the balance of payments in Western Europe. The article's first section attempts to demonstrate that, in most of Western Europe, the normal balance-of-payments discipline operated against chronic external deficits, which was in fact operative only to a limited extent during the first half-dozen years after World War II. The second section of the article focuses on the operation of the discipline against chronic external deficits throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the third section the question of balance-of-payments discipline in situations of chronic external surplus is considered, with a particular focus on Germany.

This article presents translated passages from the Proceedings of the Conference of the German Sociological Society in Frankfurt, Germany on October 21, 1910. Max Weber and several other participants took part in a very sharp debate involving a paper presented by Alfred Ploetz on The Concepts of Race and Society. The translation has been limited to those portions of the conference containing direct exchanges between Ploetz and Weber, and omits the remarks of Ploetz's other critics. In the course of his discussion with Ploetz, Weber refers to his breakfast meeting with W. E. B. Du Bois in Saint Louis in 1904. Weber had been invited to the U.S. to present a paper at the Congress of Arts and Science as a part of the 1904 Universal Exposition in Saint Louis. Du Bois reports that he heard Weber's lecture during his student days in Germany in 1890's. Weber gave further evidence of his strong interest in Du Bois' work on the occasion of the publication in the Archiv of Du Bois' essay. A footnote will be found there in which the editor asks for comment from the readers and indicates his hope that other articles in this vein will presently be appearing. So far, no comments on the article were published in the year following its appearance.

The article reprints the paper "Die Koordination der Planung im Grossunternehmen," by Horst Albach which appeared in the 1967 issue of the journal "Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik." This paper addresses the issue of the coordination of long-range planning in large German companies. One of the most important instruments of coordination in large companies is the formulation of long-range company objectives and the elaboration of long-range strategies for attaining these objectives. Some German companies have recently begun to state company philosophy and corporate objectives in their annual reports. Others have found it appropriate to counter rising public resentment of big business and spreading anticapitalist doctrines by clearly formulating corporate creeds at shareholders' meetings and press conferences. These companies have then discovered the organizational spillover effect of these formulations addressed to the public at large. The formulation of such long-range company objectives represents a considerable task of coordination.

The main object of this paper is to separate several strands in the relationship between the works of Marx and Max Weber. Max Weber has rightly been regarded as Marx's most profound intellectual critic. But there has been much confusion in subsequent literature over the nature and validity of Weber's critique of Marx. This perhaps stems, in part at least, from a failure to distinguish a number of different, although interrelated, themes in Weber's writings. Weber wrote not simply as a critic of Marx, but also in response to the writings and political involvements of the prominent Marxists of his day. Three partially separable aspects of Weber's views thus may be isolated: (a) His attitude towards Marxism in the shape of the main Marxist political agency in Germany, the Social Democratic Party. (b) His views upon the academic contributions of Marxist authors to history and sociology. (c) His views upon what he considered to be Man's own original ideas. These three aspects of Weber's thought may in turn be distinguished from the analytic problem of how far Weber's own understanding of Marx's theory of historical materialism was in fact a valid one. Some of Marx's posthumously published writings, unavailable to Weber, allow us to form a clear judgement on this question. The historical changes in the social and political structure of Germany from the middle to the latter part of the nineteenth century form an essential background to the whole of the paper: Weber's attitudes toward Marx and Marxism cannot be understood out of this context. Weber's work was written not solely in response to a wraith-like "ghost of Marx", but also in response to a force--Marxism--which played a vital political and intellectual role in Imperial Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the report of the fourth international symposium on the theory of traffic flow, that was held in Karlsruhe, Germany, in June, 1968. The symposium was attended by 154 participants from all over the world. Here, authors present brief comment on each paper discussed in the symposium. The paper entitled "A Study of Driver-Aided Car Following," by R. E. Fenton and W. B. Montano described recent experiments with a car controlled by a control, stick with a finger presenting a built-in kinesthetic tactile aid to the driver. The paper entitled "On Some Theoretical Traffic Problems" by J. Gustavsson, dealt with two topics, the asymptotic average speed of a vehicle on a long journey, and numerical examples illustrating the author's model for overtaking on a two-lane road. "An Analysis of Delays to Vehicle Platoons at Traffic Signals," by R.E. Allops examined the problem of the delay to a traffic platoon at an unsaturated traffic signal, the theoretical result being expressed in terms of the arrival pattern and duration of the platoon and the arrival time of the leading vehicle.