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The article discusses the importance of the distributor in the Pacific Coast wholesale paper trade during a war-time economy. The author points out the growing importance of paper to the war effort in areas such as paper cups and plates for mass feeding of soldiers and paper goods for packaging of materials. Many of the paper products that are need for the war effort are manufactured throughout the United States with many being east of the Rocky Mountains. The paper distributor allows those placing orders to receive their order from one location and to place one order for a variety of materials. Several problems faced by distributors, such as lack of manpower and union restrictions, are also discussed.

The article presents information about the wholesale wallpaper trade in the United States. The author presents a brief overview of the history of the U.S. wallpaper trade and census records of the industry's earning in 1849. Statistical information related to earnings and growth in the wallpaper industry are presented. A discussion is presented about the differences between wallpaper wholesaling and the distribution of other commodities, specifically the difference in marketing strategies used by buyers and distributors of wallpaper. Various trade organizations related to the wallpaper industry are mentioned.

The article discusses a collection of papers from former U.S. presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren in the possession of the U.S. Library of Congress. Jackson's papers had been turned over to former U.S. postmaster general Amos Kendall. Both collections include correspondence from Jackson and Van Buren. The author comments that the papers dispel suggestions that Jackson was uneducated despite some grammatical errors in his writings. A document listing elements favored by Jackson for his administration, including a cabinet and a strong attorney general, is noted. Letters between Jackson and Van Buren regarding the opening of trade with the West Indies are discussed.

Discusses paper money issues in the American colonies from 1720 to 1774. Misinterpretation of the colonial monetary policies; Overview of the political background of British monetary policies in the colonies; Controversy over colonial practices during the period.

The article presents an in-depth analysis of the archives of the Brown family, collected at the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. In it the business activities of the family from the 18th to 20th centuries are charted. Comments are given highlighting the historical value of the papers, citing their remarkable comprehensiveness for such a long period. Issues addressed within the collection include records of business conditions and transactions during the Revolutionary War, the transitions in international business networks after the war, and the family's Western frontier land speculation ventures during the 19th-century.

Facets of human behavior deserve the serious consideration of man more than the re-evaluation of our moral codes and the development of a sound, functional, ethical orientation regarding sex. Because human beings have sex impulses, society has found it necessary to order and regulate sex activities and relations, and therefore every cultural group has established some set of rules and patterns to which its members were expected to conform. Some of the traditional attitudes and beliefs about sex have focused upon the negative view that sex was unclean--something to be denied and rejected. The church and state took upon themselves the responsibility of establishing regulations and attempted to enforce adherence to these regulations in order to preserve the values of the society or group. The double standard in premarital sexual intercourse has been increasingly questioned and criticized in modern United States. There are those who believe in and observe a single standard of chastity, and an apparently increasing number who are accepting premarital coitus for both male and female.

The article reviews the relations between the federal government of the U.S. and the newsprint paper manufacturers during the years 1918 and 1919. The U.S. Federal Commission started investigations for the causes of rising prices of newsprint paper in 1916 which brought seven of the known manufacturers under the criminal provisions of the Sherman Law. After the hearing, the commission announce the award by fixing the maximum base price of $3.10 per hundred pounds or $62.00 per ton for standard roll news. But manufacturers were not content and they petitioned the Circuit Judges to review the award and an application was also filed with the Commission for a readjustment.

Focuses on the prevalence of tax discrimination in pulp and paper industry in the U.S. as of August 1907. Tax methods employed by various states for paper and pulp industry; Difficulties inherent in tracing connection between the amount of tax exaction in each state and the prevalent method of taxation; Discrepancy observed in taxation policy in Pennsylvania.

The article describe the shop steward-training program of the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers which is operated jointly with the International Brotherhood of Paper Makers. Due to the emergence of trade unionism throughout the U.S. industry, new needs and new jobs were created for international unions. The objective of the training of union stewards in the pulp and paper industry is to stimulate activity among the men and women who represent the local union. The activity will depends upon the local union and the location of the community.

Discusses the shortage of paper in the U.S, and other related issues facing the paper industry. Areas of greatest shortage; Causes of paper shortage; Projected demand for paper and paperboard for 1975; Ways of dealing with paper shortage; Advice to solve or prevent the problem of paper shortage.

This article talks about international trade in the period between 1862-1879, or the greenback period. F.W. Taussig, a professor, concluded in 1917 that with the U.S., which was using inconvertible paper money as monetary standard, borrowing heavily and continuously from Great Britain, which was using gold as basis, there will be increased sterling supply in New York and lowered cost, in U.S. paper, of imported commodities. The author noted that when both countries are on a gold basis, there will be an influx of gold from Great Britain in the U.S. and general prices will rise, while they fall in Great Britain. He concluded that the large borrowing operations of the U.S. in the 1860s was an important factor in the disturbance of the normal course of trade.

The article focuses on the legal tender notes of the United States. The legal tender notes of the United States present now, as they always have presented, an appearance of great simplicity. There are still but two such issues, the United States notes of the Civil War and the coin notes of 1890: their legal tender power has few exceptions, and the obligation for their redemption is to be read in a few lines. Take away the confusing element introduced by the silver agitation, which is quite extraneous to the original conception of the legal tender paper. But, simple as the notes themselves may appear, it is by no simple process that the conditions under which they are now issued have been arrived at. The legislation on this subject now covers a period of thirty-five years. During that time there has been a rapid succession of important legislative acts bearing upon the legal tender paper and some administrative acts of equally serious import. The system, that is present today is a product, not of any compact declaration by the law-making power, but of a singularly complex series of laws and executive orders.

The article focuses on an investigation conducted by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to know the reasons for the increase in the price of newsprint paper in the country during the year 1916. The results of the investigation were submitted to the U.S. Senate on March 3, 1917 and June 13, 1917. It was found that the domestic consumption of newsprint paper in the year 1915 was about 1,575,000 tons and it increased to 1,774,000 tons in the year 1916. An increase in the volume of advertising forced newspaper publishers to increase the number of printed pages of each issue. The circulation of newspapers also increased which resulted in a substantial increase in the consumption of newsprint.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers submitted at a meeting held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1938. The paper "The Sequent Occupance of a Boston Suburban Community," presented by Edward A. Ackerman focuses on areas surrounding the Boston metropolitan district. The proximity of a large city market, plots of level land and fertile soil determine the existence of these suburban fanning communities. The article "The Recession of Victoria Falls," by Wallace W. Atwood. The world famous falls on the Zainbesi have had a strange and remarkable history in recession. The gorge is serpentine with many curious off-shoots, and located on the floor of a broad and much older flat-bottomed valley. Today the water tumbles over a ledge, fully a mile in length, and into a very narrow chasm 350 ft. deep.

The article focuses on four papers by the geographer, Ralph H. Brown. The writings of Brown in historical geography of the U.S. are among the notable contributions to American geography. His many articles, as well as his two major works, "Mirror for Americans," and "Historical Geography of the United States," demonstrate his concept of historical geography with eminent clarity and with scholarly regard for the origins of that concept. He observed existing geographic facts and he searched historical records.

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the Association of American Geographers' 1942 meeting in New York City. "Rural-Urban Population Ratios," by Alford Archer; "Land Classification in the Matanuska Valley," by Meredith F. Burrill; "Siberian Resources for Soviet Warfare," by George B. Cressey; "Geographical distribution of human productivity," by Ellsworth Huntington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1935. Variability series of crop and livestock maps of Nebraska; Technique for constructing a population and urban land use map; Effects of sea temperature on anomalies in seasonal temperature and rainfall departures.

Presents the title and abstracts of papers presented during the 1934 annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Increasing significance of geographic conditions in the growth of nation-states; Erosional history of the wind river range, Wyoming; Long-lot farm and economic in public services.

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1925. Beet sugar industry of Nebraska as a response to geographic environment; Physiographic stages in the evolution of the San Juan Mountain region in Colorado; Urban development in the Kentucky mountains.

Presents a list of titles and abstracts of papers regarding geography presented to the Association of American Geographers from 1904 to 1910.

The article presents letters and correspondence related to the biography and career of U.S. legislator Aaron Burr and includes an introduction that discusses management of the archival collection by Burr's adviser Matthew L. Davis.

The author presents comments on papers by economists Robert H. Rasche and Leonall Andersen. The author expresses criticism towards both Rasche and Andersen. One of the author's main concerns with the research is the focus of the FRB-MIT-Penn econometric model used to study the United States economy during the period of 1966-1970. It is suggested that too much attention is made to how the FRB-MIT-Penn econometric model behaved during the period, instead of accounting for other economic activities occurring during the period. The author expresses less criticism towards Andersen's research, but does note that there are several problems with it.

The author comments on the papers by economists Robert H. Rasche and Leonall Andersen. The aim of the author is to demonstrate why the research conducted by Rasche and Andersen presents an important professional event and the analytical problems this event raises. It is explained that the event the author references is the establishment of monetarism as "conventional wisdom." In Andersen's research he attests to the legitimacy of the monetarist succession by citing the now-familiar litany of impressive empirical research results achieved at the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank. Rasche's research demonstrates that the FRB-MIT-Penn Model has to incorporate what the author takes as being the critical structural element of monetarism.

The article comments on the perspective of professors Georg Rich and Raymond F. Mikesell on the operations of the Eurodollar market using different perspectives in Europe. The author explains that the work of Rich and Mikesell makes the point that Eurodollar volume and rates are determined simultaneously with the United States balance of payments, foreward exchange premiums, and other international financial variables. It is the author's belief that Rich and Mikesell do not adequately handle this issue in their paper. The author presents several criticisms of the works.

The author comments on papers by economists John Scadding and George Mitchell regarding competition in financial institutions. He states that if the U.S. Congress repealed the prohibition against interest payments to owners of demand deposits, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. could protect itself from excessive bank competition by adopting a new pricing policy. He comments on the reluctance of the Federal Reserve to work with other governmental agencies in long-range reform measure before an economic crisis occurs, which has resulted in patchwork regulation by the Federal Reserve.

Argues the case for commercial paper investments in the United States. Opportunities in the commercial market; Sustained interest after the 1966 crunch; Identity of participants; Prestige value.

The article focuses on the resolution, submitted by the North American Assembly of State Arts Agencies, regarding arts and education in the U.S. The resolution aims to create a better learning environment for students and to support the teachers working toward better educational quality in American schools. The North American Assembly believes that arts are fundamental in American public education to encourage an open society and that they give way to the acceptance of cultural democracy. In addition, the committee considers an open teaching method in schools as a way to nurture students' capacities.

The interest in uniform accounting or standard accounting in the newsprint industry began to become manifest about ten years ago. In 1916 a firm of public accountants issued a report on the subject. And since that time fairly rapid progress has been made. The movement was greatly facilitated by the attitude that the Governments of the United States and Canada took regarding the cost of manufacturing and price, when the industry was controlled during the war. They insisted that definite costs should be arrived at and this greatly promoted accounting activities in the industry, so that much of the resistance to the development of uniform cost accounting, which has been found in other industries, was overcome in this way in the news print industry. Accountants were employed both by the Government and by the manufacturers to make extensive investigations of costs and related matters and these investigations disclosed the lack of reliable cost data and indicated the necessity for development.

Focuses on the extension of the anti-fraud protection of various securities acts to short-term investment instruments of less than nine months maturity in the U.S. Supreme Court's review of decision on Sanders v. John Nuveen & Co., Inc.; Security and Exchange Commission's interpretation of investment securities; Potential changes in securities laws.

The article comments on the paper related to social development in the Philippines. The author of the paper had neglected the vast body of European and American study of and in both Western and non-Western societies. Even though it is justifiable that conceptualization and methodology must be developed in relation to the particular "time-space characteristics" of the research situation, it not justifiable to adopt some as yet undeveloped and essentially unknown "new" theory. The author of the paper had discarded too lightly the enormous experience of "Western" social scientists in observation and interpretive analysis of socio-cultural patterns ranging from the most "scared" to the most nearly "secular." The use of scientific experience remains the most powerful intellectual guide which man has yet devised. The de-emphasis of "quantitativism" in favor of field and problem-oriented study is vitally necessary. The author of the paper easy slip into the concretistic error of assuming that the historical peculiarities of Philippine societal development require unique interpretive tools.

The author comments on the usefulness of a monetary commission in the United States. The author cites the work of economists, Robert Z. Aliber, William G. Dewald, and Scott Gordon. It is suggested that the economists do not take a position on the question of the prospective usefulness of the monetary commission. The author asserts that they should have used a cross-sectional study of a number of commissions according to type. The author also expresses criticism towards the authors for not offering ideas for the formation of a new commission.

The author comments on articles by economics Greenbaum and Haywood (G&H) and Bloch concerning the major factors that must be considered in analyzing changes in the financial sector and their resulting impact on the economy. He states that G&H argue that demand for financial assets is dependent on standard variables, income, interest rates, and more. He suggests that G&H didn't delve far enough into government policy on the financial sector and states his belief that the introduction of large quantities of U.S. Treasury Bills is the most important financial innovation from 1940-70. He states that Bloch's view of the U.S. Federal Reserve's behavior is instructive, and said that while he doesn't question Bloch's analysis, he does question if the reasons are correct.

The article deals with three agreements signed by the United Wall Paper Crafts of North America in New York City. This association was established by a consolidation of two smaller national unions which are the National Association of Machine Printers and Color Mixers of the U.S. and the National Print Cutters' Association of America. The first contract deals with printers and color mixers and covers 300 mechanics in 19 industrial areas. The second deals with 125 printer cutters in a single factory. Lastly, the third contract covers 150 print cutters employed in the shops of print-cutting entrepreneurs.

Examines pulp, paper and paperboard mill wages in the United States. Straight-time hourly earnings of production and related workers in the sector; Job averages and benefits.

The article comments on the papers of Barry Bosworth and Robert J. Gordon about wage and price control in the U.S. I thought Bosworth's paper was excellent. I am grateful for the presentation and assembling of data that had not previously been properly correlated--for example, the reconciliation of Pay Board wage approvals with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data on union wage settlements. Undoubtedly, a significant disinflation began with the freeze. Although individual estimates of the precise impact may vary, something significant happened at that point. Nonetheless, the data lead me to conclude that the impact of both the Price Commission and the Pay Board on actual prices and wages has been surprisingly small. First, the overall price situation indicates that, with the exception of a few building materials, few prices would be raised if the controls were removed. For example, recent evidence on the term limit pricing agreements indicates that, whereas the average approved price increase was about 2 percent, only a small proportion of these increases have been put into effect. Thus, it appears that because of weak market conditions, these firms were unable to raise their prices even with Price Commission approval. The wage side is a little more difficult to evaluate. The institution of a general wage standard would be expected to narrow the distribution of wage increases by reducing the larger increases.

Examines the problem of paper pile-up caused by office machines in the U.S. Increase in the consumption of office paper; Estimation of the paperwork cost; Office version of the Parkinson's Law; Impact of office gamesmanship on paperwork; Paperwork requirement of governments on companies; Ways to reduce the paperwork cost.

Comments on articles about the economic history of the United States. Economic development of the country; Application of eminent domain on expropriate private property for public purposes; Stability of property rights in the country's legal order.

The article analyzes various African American newspapers in the United States. Some misunderstanding exists as to the actual number of African American newspapers now in operation. A decade ago census reports listed many religious, fraternal and business papers as newspapers. This is no longer done only "general" newspapers are now included. The sometimes mentioned demise of "half the African American press" never occurred. What did occur was a methodological change in the bureau of census calculations. According to the latest census reports, there were some 135 African American general newspapers in the United States in 1945. Most literate African American are exposed to the influence of the African American press at least part of the time. A third of the urban African American families regularly subscribe to African American papers, the proportion is much smaller in rural areas. These readers include, however, the alert and articulate individuals who form much of African American opinion. Newspapers contents are sometimes passed by word of mouth among those who cannot read.

Cites research findings on wages in the papermaking industries of the U.S. Correlation between wage levels and the type of pulp-making process and grade of paper or paperboard produced; Impact of unionization and plant location on wage rates; Policy implications on industrial relations.

Discusses how communication played a vital role in the environmental control activities of the U.S.-based Riegel Paper Corp. Results of the benchmark survey conducted by the company which determined the status of the control effort; Seminars conducted to inform management personnel about the company's activities; Report given to stockholders; Policy of the company in handling complaints from citizens.

This article evaluates relationship between the U.S. press and U.S. elections. U.S. people often find the way U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt won elections with a majority of the press against him as something unprecedented. The author brings out the detail analysis of press right from its initial days to the present scenario. He reports that in the early days there was federalist domination in newspaper activity. The reasons for federalist dominance in the press are clear. The early papers were published chiefly in the seaports and commercial towns, and they generally stood for and expressed those patriotic aims characteristic of the politics to promote commerce with Great Britain and to establish a sound U.S. financial system. There were six Presidential elections during the period of federalist domination of the press, and in half of them the winner was elected without the help of a newspaper majority. In the next four Presidential campaigns, parties tended to divide on sectional lines rather than upon the old and familiar questions of policy, while new issues made other new groupings.

The article presents comments on the future of private pensions in the U.S. The large overall amount of 7 billion dollar net annual increase in private plan assets and the 12.5 billion dollars for all plants should be put into perspective. Improvements in private plan are not alternatives to revamp the public program. The comments on the maximum tax base by the Advisory Council on Social Security should be observed in establishing historical perspective. There is a disagreement on the proposals to broaden the tax base beyond that of the payroll tax.

The article comments on studies by Robert E. Hall and Charles C. Holt that examined the effectiveness of manpower policies in improving the inflation-unemployment tradeoff in the economy in the U.S. My own position lies between these two extremes. I think that Holt and his colleagues are too optimistic, both in their assessment of the magnitude of the effect of their program in reducing unemployment and in their implication that a program of the size and kind they envision is politically feasible. I find completely unacceptable Hall's argument that, if a public employment service could succeed in doing a significantly better job than it is now doing, private placement services would have been more active since the gains accrue to the workers or the employers and therefore could be paid for. In a footnote. Hall admits that there may be some externalities involved in a public employment service. But so far as I can see, he ignores barriers to an effectively functioning labor market that a large and efficient Employment Service could hope to overcome, such as the lack of information among the unemployed and their inability or unwillingness to pay for the services of private agencies. I agree with Hall that there is little chance of eliminating the dispersion of unemployment rates among the various sectors of the national labor market. However, I think he pays too much attention to the occupational dimension, as do Holt and his colleagues. I believe other dimensions of the labor force, particularly age and sex, are more significant in this connection.

The article focuses on various laws related to the denomination of greenbacks in the U.S. The U.S. Congress has repealed the provisions which limited the issue of national bank currency to denominations of $5 or more. A legislation passed on February 12, 1873 authorized the coinage of trade dollars. Another law had been passed on February 12, 1862 which authorized the issue of $150,000,000 in currency notes in the country. A legislation passed on July 11, 1862 authorized the secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury to determine the denomination of paper currency.

This article presents the author's view on George Stigler's paper debunking the effects of economic conditions on electoral results in the United States. I view Stigler's paper as a healthy antidote to conventional wisdom and a refreshing contrast to the frequent practice of computer-users of running regressions until they find something significant. Nonetheless, I believe there is more to the relation between voting behavior and general economic conditions than meets the jaundiced eye, and I am particularly concerned that Stigler's criticisms should be correctly interpreted as dropping the gauntlet--and not a wet blanket--on research in this area. I do not share his negative presumptions about the satisficing model in general or its applicability to voting behavior in particular. To use his example of a 3 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate, it tells us far more than the extra number of people unemployed at a moment of time. It also means that an extra 12 percent of all adult male workers will have experienced some costly spell of unemployment within the preceding year. Without a reliable theoretical guide, the specification of favorable economic conditions becomes a matter of hunch and taste. In the final section of his paper, Stigler sets forth as an alternative a long-memory model of how macroeconomic performance might influence voters. Unlike the Kramer satisficing voter who sees the two parties only as ins and outs, the Stigler long-memory voter has a definite perception of Republicans and Democrats.

The article discusses researches conducted by economists Paul A. David, Warren J. Scoville and Earl J. Hamilton. Researcher Stanley Engerman in his discussion on David's article suggests that his article represents the most thorough study in the debate concerning American economic growth between 1800 and 1840. It is based both on new time series not previously utilized and upon the resourceful application of available data to clarify certain key points. Another researcher Ross M. Robertson while discussing Scoville's article finds his article on the whole persuasive. Robertson certainly has no quarrel with his quantitative inferences, nor for that matter with his description of French governmental regulation in the eighteenth century. He was not altogether convinced of the direct correlation between the paper industry's expansion and the relaxation of direct governmental controls that Scoville alleges. Perhaps Scoville's more extended publications on this subject will elucidate this relationship.

This article focuses on papers discussed at the round table meeting on "the teaching of elementary economics" on December 30, 1949, at New York. Since the movement toward a general course in the social sciences seems to one essential it would be useful at this stage to collate the experiences of the hundred institutions now engaged in offering such a course. Fortunately both the American Economic Association and the American Political Science Association are engaged in a survey of this field by questionnaire and interviews. It is already clear, however, that the general course can be expected to follow no set formula. Its content and emphasis will vary from college to college with the abilities, interests, and philosophies of the staff members, and with the financial resources of the institution. One do not consider such diversity unfortunate. It is fragmentation and compartmentalization which are making the teaching of the social sciences increasingly ineffective in the light of social integration today. The closest integration will continue to recognize the infinite diversity contained in the fundamental unity of society.

Presents several excerpts from papers related to industrial relations presented at the Industrial Relations Research Association conference held on December 1668 in Chicago, Illinois.