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This article focuses on the stimulus factor psychiatric patients in Bender-Gestalt test rotations (BG). Hospitalized psychiatric patients were individually ad ministered the BG with varying orientational clues as follows: first, 40 newly admitted patients sat at a bare desk in a relatively bare room with the BG design cards always placed parallel to the tops of their sheets of paper, second, 37 patients due to be discharged within a week took the test, third, 33 patients varying in psychiatric diagnosis but all manifesting alcoholism drew the designs on horizontally oriented graph paper held in a fixed position relative to the BG cards in an apparatus in which the cards were framed and presented in an upright position.

This paper tries to define and clarify the issue of loss of control as part of the nature of alcoholism. It defines what it really is, when and how it operates most significantly and also clarifies its relationship to alcoholism. As a necessary preface there is a clarification of the concept alcoholism itself. The paper concludes with a discussion on the new focus that this approach permits on the possibilities of prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known of the effects various beverage licencing changes might have on health related sequelae to heavy drinking. However, such changes represent an important method which governments have for controlling alcohol use and abuse. This paper reports the effects of the licencing changes made during the first world war. Chiefly, these changes were a reduction in hours of sale, reductions in alcohol content and prohibition of selling on credit and treating. These changes were passed in some areas but not others during 1915 to 1918. A variety of analyses were performed of the effects of the changes on rates of drunkenness and liver cirrhosis. The results show that: (i) There was a very great reduction in both drunkenness and cirrhosis death rates. (ii) The effects of the licencing regulations were to decrease both drunkenness and cirrhosis deaths immediately after they were passed, especially in more urban areas. (iii) The long term effects of the regulations were not significant but their effects were perhaps swamped by reductions in the availability of alcoholic beverages. The possibility that general social changes associated with the war created reductions in drunkenness and cirrhosis deaths is considered. How- ever, even when the war ended and certain of the regulations were retained neither drunkenness nor liver cirrhosis deaths returned to their pre-war levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper gives an account of the prevalence of alcoholism within American industry. It examines the correlation between alcoholism and certain types of work, job classification and job stresses. After outlining the way this problem is at present being approached in the United States, a further programme of action for operation within industry itself is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines variations in psychophysiological symptom scores for wives of alcoholics in contrasting periods of abstinence and drinking. Much of the applicable literature has stressed that these wives unconsciously want to maintain their husbands' active alcoholism and are very resistant to treatment efforts. It has also been stated that many of these women are apt to develop compensatory symptoms of disturbance if their spouses achieve sobriety. The women in all four comparison groups revealed less symptoms when their husbands were abstaining, with no major differences between those wives with currently drinking spouses and those whose husbands were currently abstaining.

This article presents information regarding teenage drinking in a community characterized by norms. Within American society, the cultural attitudes regarding alcohol use run the garnet from absolute prohibition to permissiveness toward moderate drinking. One reflection of these differences is revealed by studies of the drinking patterns of rural and urban residents. In farm and small community areas, fewer people use alcohol and imbibe less frequently than do urban people. This pattern probably indicates the strong influence in the rural environ of ascetic Protestantism, a belief that the indulgence of the senses is bad and that alcohol promotes sensualism. Unfortunately, there have been few investigations of the use of alcohol among young people reared in rural or small community areas.

The article reports on the alcohol studies in Scandinavia. Drinking patterns and social functions of drinking vary, but there exists in every culture institutionalized ways of determining appropriate situations for drinking. The degree of interest shown in the alcohol research in a given society reflects the societal concern with drinking. The interest in sociological alcohol research in Scandinavia has been shown in areas such as importance of investigating variations of drinking habits and their social functions in different subcultures. The studies indicate that the legal per capita consumption is lowest in Finland and the next lowest in Norway and Denmark and Sweden are very close to each other in consumption. Among the people who use alcohol, there is a wide variation as far as drinking frequency is concerned, but more than 50 per cent of the drinkers drink once a month or less often. Women are less permissive toward drinking and less inclined to attach importance to instrumental drinking. Religious activity tends to inhibit drinking of social participation, however, it seems to be generally true that social participation tends to induce drinking.

This article examines one aspect of the use of a psychological test for recall of earlier periods in personal life histories. When such a test is employed for recollection of the past, validation may prove impossible and the question arises as to whether respondents have been able accurately to recall their experiences of earlier years. The specific psychological instrument considered here is the index of Psycho- physiological Disturbance, hereafter called the Index, which was administered to 262 wives of alcoholics in a research project conducted by the National Council on Alcoholism.

The article reports the effects of sizable amounts of alcohol upon a well-habituated but complex visual-motor task, such as handwriting. All subjects consumed between 9 and 15 ounces of whiskey. The drinking was done in a social setting, four subjects at a time. They usually played cards, chatted among themselves or with the several experimenters present. Occasionally, the subjects were interrupted for alcoholmeter tests. The handwriting test was administered as the first of a psychological test battery prior to the beginning of drinking. The test was re-administered four hours after the aforementioned doses of alcohol had been consumed. The results indicated that the amounts of alcohol ingested by the subjects affect their handwriting quite markedly. These results are even more significant in view of the fact that the subjects were much more familiar with the material to be copied upon re-administration.

This article discusses variations in behavioral strategies and interpersonal trust in a two-person game with male alcoholics. The Ss were 21 male alcoholic patients drawn from the Alcoholism Unit at the Brockton Veterans Administration Hospital. A primary diagnosis of alcoholism in the absence of psychosis, brain damage and other organic defects and a history of at least five years of drinking problems served as the primary criteria for selection of Ss. The laboratory setting consisted of two adjoining rooms in which a small electrical switch box was set up on a table. This switch box was wired to and from a master electrical switch panel operated by the E.

The folate status in 51 alcoholics from 4 different hospitals was studied. Forty seven per cent had subnormal S. folic acid levels. A comparison with 22 normal controls shows the difference between the groups to be highly significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the status of alcoholism as a disease. The author claims that alcoholism belongs in a category of non-specific behavior disorders and diseases different only in degree from normal behaviors or states of health. Also, the author discusses the possibility of role of genetic factors in alcoholism. Finally, the author warns against inflexibility in theorizing about alcohol and suggests that the promotion of the disease concept of alcoholism has been an important event.

The article focuses on problems like alcoholism and drug dependency subjects, which are the responsibility of many disciplines. The 2nd International Congress on Social Psychiatry had a special section on Alcoholism and Drug "Addiction" and forthcoming Congresses of The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in Belfast in September, and the 11th World Congress of the International Society for Rehabilitation of the Disabled in Dublin in September, will also deal with these subjects. The fact that so many different scientific bodies now pay special attention to these problems shows an increasing awareness of their importance.

Each member of a sample of 59 men admitted to one London alcoholism halfway ho use was interviewed concerning the details of his social and drinking history. Analysis suggested the existence of two major dimensions of individual variation: degree of chronic alcohol dependence, and late-uncomplicated versus early-complicated alcohol dependence. Observation of the lengths of residence and manners of discharge of members of the sample suggested two varieties of failure; premature discharge (length of stay less than two months) and irregular discharge (drinking at discharge and/or discharge to an unknown or unsatisfactory destination) 4 There was a significant tendency for early-complicated alcoholism to be associated with premature discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An epidemiological study of psychiatric illness in the Irish-born population of Camberwell, London, has been briefly reported. The Irish-born manifest a higher rate of alcoholism and a relatively similar rate of schizophrenia when compared with the indigenous population. Detailed diagnostic assessment did not support the hypothesis that alcoholism in the Irish masks schizophrenia. It was found, however, that alcoholism was under-estimated in the Irish immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A questionnaire in which patients were asked to relate their experience of craving for alcohol was sent to 750 members of AA and the Renaissance group. A third of the patients had experienced craving in the last week. Descriptions of craving fell into those akin to descriptions of anxiety and depression and also a group in which craving was experienced as a mental phenomenon somewhat akin to obsessional thoughts. When the craving and non-craving groups of patients were compared there were significant differences in terms of recent drinking behaviour and presence of alcoholic symptoms. Thus there was significantly a greater likelihood that the craving patients had drunk recently and they also had experienced symptoms of addiction and alcoholism in the last year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is felt that the data on female versus male onset is significant and that an onset time does seem identifiable in males, but indefinite in females. The data on late venus early quitters and respective duration of their sobriety is also of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the psychological effects of social drinking on women's fantasy. According to a study, analysis of men's fantasies before, during, and after drinking in a variety of social settings point to power needs as important motivational factors in male drinking. According to the power theory of drinking, the ability of alcohol to make men feel more powerful explains why so many men drink moderate amounts of alcohol in relaxed social settings. The study presented in this article presents three hypotheses about the psychological effects of female social drinking. First, drinking increases feelings of dependency need gratification, second, drinking increases feelings of power, and third drinking increases feelings of womanliness. The study's results supported neither leading theory of drinking the dependency theory not the power theory. The results suggest that a major gratification of drinking for women may be the enhancement of feelings of womanliness or, alternatively, the decreased salience of "masculine" concern with power and assertiveness.

This article examines the changing level of drink consumption and expenditure between 1870 and 1914, and an attempt to assess the extent to which this expenditure inhibited any improvement in working-class living standards, which might be expected to follow from rising real wages. In order to gauge the impact of drink expenditure on the family budget, the fact that wife and children are abstainers is irrelevant as they are still affected to the extent that some part of the family budget is spent on drink by the wage earner. Of greater value would be data on the number of adult male abstainers who were heads of households, but even the temperance movement, with its penchant for collecting statistics, failed on this score. Personal expenditure on drink can give only an imperfect indication of the economic effect of drink consumption unless it can be related in some way to income. While the growth, in consumer demand was not positively retarded by rising drink expenditure, neither was it positively assisted by an absolute reduction in this expenditure until after 1900. This suggests that while levels of drink consumption were partially determined by relative price changes of competing commodities, there was also a significant degree of autonomous consumption.

This article discusses findings of a study which examined the role of alcohol drinking in home accidents and other injuries. The study found that 56 percent of the patients who were admitted to a general hospital emergency service with injuries resulting from fights or assaults had positive alcohol levels. However, patients with injuries from fights or assaults were included in the sample for comparative purposes, as were those with medical conditions and diseases other than injuries. Information was available from interviews with these patients which made it possible to study the relationship between the circumstances of nonfatal fights and assaults and the patient's alcohol level at the time of admission. Furthermore, studies of the relationship between alcohol and criminal violence are often difficult to interpret because of the lack of comparable data on alcohol consumption in a non-criminal population.

This article presents a study, which describes alcoholism as a predictive index of elapsed time between grand mal seizure. Patients who reported to a veteran's outpatient clinic because of a grand mal epileptic seizure were classified initially as to whether alcohol appeared to precipitate the seizure. These male patients were "followed" for up to 27 years, depending upon when they entered the study, and assessments of their alcoholism status were made at yearly intervals. A study of the elapsed times between the initial seizure at the time of first clinic visit and the subsequent seizure showed a statistically significant shorter time for the "definitely" alcoholic vs. the "obviously" nonalcoholic.

The article cites a study that suggested quantative changes in alcohol consumption as a function of electrical aversive conditioning. Results of the study suggested that the method of electrical aversion used in this study reduced quantity of alcohol consumption. They added that while the present design does not rule out completely the role of expectancy of the subject of the study with respect to behavioral change, the surreptitious nature of what actually was being measured in the "taste test" probably lessened the likelihood of this influence.

The article discusses nonsignificance of membership in alcoholics anonymous in hospitalized alcoholics. Members and nonmembers of AA in a hospital setting were compared on the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) and Inventory of Habits and Attitudes (lHA). Both tests measure personality and adjustment characteristics, but the former test is a sensitive measure of subjective experience associated with drugs and alcohol withdrawal, whereas the IHA test gives an indication of the history of alcohol use, functional utility of alcohol, environmental press for using alcohol, and acceptability for therapy. In studies of these tests involving over 700 Ss, AA membership was not a significant determinant of individual differences in response.

The article focuses on the relationship between alcohol and marihuana. In general studies based on diverse samples, and from a variety of geographical areas, indicate that most marihuana smokers also drink alcohol. Among youths who, as a rule, show a greater affinity for marihuana, the proportion of alcohol consumers is higher than the proportion of marihuaria users. Another specification appropriate for marihuana and alcohol refers to the fact that acceptance of either or both of these drugs differs with the particular age group.

A method is described for measuring the taste threshold to alcohol in a sample of 163 subjects whose average age was 27 jean. The subjects taste ascending concentrations of alcohol in water from 025% up to 64% absolute alcohol. Five mls of each concentration is tasted for 20 seconds, spat out, and then the subject washes out his mouth with the diluent water. Alcohol is detected as a sweet taste at a concentration of 4.2±S.E. 0.24% alcohol. The sweet taste changes to a burning taste at a mean concentration of 21.2 ±S.E. 1.22% alcohol. The frequency distributions for the sweet and burning tastes of alcohol depart significantly from the unimodal normal shape. During the 20 seconds while alcohol is maintained in the mouth for appreciation of its taste, the concentration of the 4% solution falls to 2%, and the concentration of the 20% solution falls to 16% a The taste threshold for metronidazole was tested in the same subjects and found to be 149±S.E. 17 mg/litre; the frequency distribution curve is unimodal in shape but negatively skewed. The taste threshold for FTC in the same subjects was bimodal with modes at 20 and 1300 mg/litre. Oral administration of 600 mg of metronidazole as 200 mg tablets over a period of 14 hours, caused no change in the taste threshold to alcohol during the following 6 days. Administration of 800 mg metronidazole over a period of 20 hours, caused a significant elevation of both sweet and burning taste thresholds to alcohol which reached its maximum on the second day after the last tablet had been taken. The taste threshold returned to its pre-metronidazole level on the fourth day. The alcohol taste threshold was raised at concentrations of metronidazole equivalent to those excreted in the saliva. The taste threshold to alcohol is a measurable human physiological characteristic. In humans, and by implication in rats, taste threshold to alcohol is appreciated through pereipheral receptors and specific afferent taste discharges, and the taste mechanism is the primary regulator of alcohol intake. The finding of a taste threshold distribution curve with more than one mode provides evidence that there ma, be a genetic basis to variations in alcohol taste threshold. The action of metronidazole on the alcohol taste threshold suggests that this drug may exert psychotherapeutic effects on alcohol consumption in man not only through peripheral taste receptiors but also through central taste pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the findings of a follow-up study of treated male alcoholic addicts. The study group consisted of 211 alcoholics with loss of control and excessive, frequent drinking. The ages ranged from 24 to 70 years. After studying the changes in the different aspects of the patients' condition, it was found that around 22.5% became abstinent of whom 98 % showed an improvement in physical, mental or social respects; 49 % had changed their drinking habits positively of whom 96% improved in physical, mental and social respects.

The aim was to investigate the emotional state of the alcoholic after one limited drinking session as compared to the sober state. Forty volunteer male alcoholics were psychologically assessed, both sober and after taking three or four two-ounce drinks of brandy at ten-minute intervals. Tests: 1, Willoughby Personality Schedule. 2, Thematic Apperception Test (5 cards). 3, Rorschach. The Klopfer system of scoring and interpretation of the Rorschach results was used. In addition the Wichmann method was also used which gives a global assessment of Rorschach protocols. In the quantification of the T. A. T results the system of Dana was used. Results: 1, The Willoughby. Seven questions showed significant decreases, indicating decreased neuroticism in certain aspects of social interaction. 2, The Rorschach, The following significant changes were recorded under the influence of alcohol: (a) An increase in inanimate movement responses, indicating increased tension and conflict (b) A decrease in the quality of introspection, indicating an increase in unsuccessful introspective effort. (c) A decrease in the quality of inner adjustment. (d) A decreased number of subjects classified as having intermediate total adjustment. 3, The T.A.T The combined, standardised score showed a highly significant change towards more psychopathology after consumption of alcohol. Discussion of Results: The first three Rorschach results are clearly related. An increase in tension and conflict would' contribute to decreasing the quality of inner adjustment. The decreased number of subjects with intermediate total adjustment is a neutral change wit/unit any meaning in itself The increased psychopathology indicated by the T.A.T. agrees with the increased tension and conflict indicated by the Rorschach. The Willoughby results may appear in conflict with the above, but it must be renumbered that the tension reduction reflected by it was limited to certain aspects of social interaction only. Conclusion: After one limited drinking session the alcoholic experiences an increase in inner tension and anxiety. Compensatory mechanisms are then set in motion by the personaIity to counteract these emotions. These mechanisms may result in an immediate, perhaps superficial experience of tension reduction despite underlying anxiety. Discussion of Conclusion: The increase in tension recorded after the alcoholic took alcohol is in keeping with some of the latest findings but contrary to the traditional viewpoint. The temporary, Superficial experience of tension reduction, which is a new finding, might partly explain previous discrepancies. Possible reasons why the alcoholic nevertheless proceeds with his drinking were discussed Closer inspection of the results show that many individual subjects did not necessarily follow group trends, but reacted in their own unique way to alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

100 alcoholics were classified according to their drinking patterns, sex, social class, and preferred alcoholic beverage. The continuous form of drinking (delta alcoholism) predominated in male patients, anti the bout variety (gamma alcoholism) in females; as male subjects were more numerous the continuous pattern was the most frequent in the series. The types of alcohol beverage consumed did not affect the relative incidence of drinking patterns, but in males continuous drinking was significantly more common in subjects from social classes I and II (professional and managerial occupations), while patients from these social strata were also more liable to drink spirits it is suggested that the ambiguous phrase "loss of control" has prevented full recognition of the common occurrence of the continuous form of drinking among United Kingdom alcoholics. The high relative frequency of this pattern, in which marked intoxication is generally avoided, helps to explain some of the difficulties of case finding in alcoholism, as well as the ability of certain alcoholics to drive after heavy drinking without an invariable gross impairment of performance. Thirty per cent of the patients (63 per cent of females) usually drank wine preparations that, whether fortified or not, were commonly inexpensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-three male "alcoholics" and other heavy drinkers were examined by air-encephalography, psychometry and the LEG to determine the incidence of brain-damage. Seventy per cent had radiologically significant atrophy and in 65 per cent of these, psychometry supported a diagnosis of brain-damage, although this was clinically apparent in only one case. Cortical atrophy seemed more closely related to intellectual damage than ventricular atrophy, and the EEG was relatively unhelpful. The term "omega-alcoholic" is proposed for a type of drinker not previously described. Alcoholic brain damage is not uncommon and may be a factor in heavy drinkers with diagnoses other than "alcoholism". For both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons, combined radiological and psycho- metric assessment is suggested as a routine measure in the management of patients who drink heavily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this presentation I have emphasized the importance of consumption averages in the etiology of alcoholism. Some current epidemiological work was discussed in the light of the apparently fixed relationship between consumption averages and alcoholism rates. Evidently many questions remain unanswered. Why does the distribution of drinkers according to their consumption approximate a logarithmic normal curve? (Fig. 1). Is the quasi-mathematical connection between alcoholism prevalence and per capita consumption absolutely unalterable? What specifically determines a person's level of consumption at any point in time? What leads him to decrease or increase his consumption? Why is it that only a relatively small proportion of drinkers progress to extremely high levels of consumption? Finally, I would like to pay tribute to the late Sully Lederman whose monumental work on alcohol consumption and alcoholism has greatly influenced current epidemiological thinking. It may be appropriate at this point to quote from his address to the 27th International Congress on Alcohol and Alcoholism, Frankfurt, 1964: "This quasi-mathematical connection between reasonable consumption and unreasonable consumption which the available data show, without any exception cited, seems to be the most important result, for it has the most direct effect on anti-alcoholic action, in Leaving among other things, little hope for those who hope to reduce alcoholism without affecting the consumption and production." "If this connection cannot be broken, and if one considers as an absolute priority the elimination of alcoholism, there remains no more or less apparent solution other than suppression of alcohol in all forms in which it is consumed (wine spirits, etc.)." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the behavioral symptoms during alcohol withdrawal in chronic alcoholics. Measurement of changes during an alcohol withdrawal period; Means of recording skin potential responses from electrodes during the withdrawal; Ways to help establish a common drinking baseline for all subjects.

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Deals with the prevalence of alcoholism and the care of alcoholics in the Netherlands. Relationship between care of alcoholics and criminal behavior in the country; Statistics of client-referrals and sources of referrals for care of alcoholics; Legal systems instituted in the country for the criminal behavior of alcoholics.

Provides information on the prevalence of alcohol abuse and alcoholism among adolescents in England. Statistics of the offences of drunkenness among teenagers in the country from 1954 to 1966; Discussion on the risk for increased incidence of alcoholism; Differences between drinking patterns of normal adolescents and those who become dependent at an early age.

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Explores the sociological dissimilarities between alcoholism and drug addiction. Legal status of drugs and alcohol; Social functions of drugs and alcohol; Patterns of drug and alcohol use.

Focuses on moderate drinking among alcoholics despite loss of control. Definition of loss of control; Factors that influence the drinking patterns of alcoholics; Relationship between blood alcohol level and the loss of control phenomenon.

Discusses findings of a study on the drinking patterns in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Level of consumption of alcoholic beverages in the countries from 1906 to 1963; Shift of Denmark from spirit drinking to beer drinking; Average age of teenagers who are users of alcoholic beverages.

Focuses on a study which examined the relationship between alcohol and rape. Association of race with the presence of alcohol in person involved in a rape event; Relationship of alcohol presence and the occurrence of sexual humiliation; Discussion of theoretical problems in the relation between alcohol and rape.

This study focuses on the cultural attitudes towards drinking which provide a setting, a cultural context, in which the range of socially acceptable behaviour may or may not include drinking for the relief of tension. Sociologist Robert Bales described four attitudes towards drinking. The first is an attitude which calls for complete abstinence. For one reason or another, usually religious in nature, the use of alcohol as a beverage is not permitted for any purpose. The second, a ritual attitude, is also religious in nature, but it requires that alcoholic beverages should be used in the performance of religious ceremonies. In the third, the convivial attitude, drinking is a social rather than a religious ritual, performed both because it symbolizes social solidarity and because it actually loosens up emotions which make for social ease. The fourth type, a utilitarian attitude, includes medicinal drinking and other types calculated to further personal satisfaction that it is possible to drink for utilitarian purposes in a group and with group approval. The utilitarian attitude, if commonly held, is the one of the four types likely to lead to widespread compulsive drinking.

Copyright of British Journal of Addiction (to Alcohol & Other Drugs) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the contribution of Professor Francis Edward Camps in his fight against alcoholism and addiction. The sudden passing of the President, Professor Francis Edward Camps, has been rightly described as a tragic loss to legal medicine, of which he has been such a brilliant exponent and pioneer, but it is no less severe a loss to the fight against alcoholism and drug dependence. This brief account of some aspects of his contributions in the field of dependence has concentrated mainly on his work. It is difficult to know how he could find time for all these various tasks, but a contributor to "The Lancet," recalls that when Francis Camps was both Physician and Pathologist in 1935, in Chelmsford and Essex Hospital, his day began with his work as a junior partner in a Chelmsford General Practice.

The article throws light on the progress in the fields of alcoholism and drug dependence. This is possible only if there is adequate medical under and post- graduate education. Responsible authorities are well aware of this, and last month two London conferences or symposia were concerned about such education. In order to stimulate general interest and to decrease the stigma still attached to alcoholism and drug dependence, however, doctors will have to give a better lead than they have done hitherto. It must not be forgotten that the main impetus to progress in the field of alcoholism over the past three decades has come from non-medical sources.

The Quantity theory of drink has a long and illustrious history in the cultural and intellectual life of Western Man. Its beginnings can be traced to the late Eighteenth Century, like so many other facets of modern Social Science. There the similarity ends, however; for the quantity theory of drink is essentially an oral, unwritten, tradition. Whether this is because its early proponents were illiterate, or were subject to periodic bouts of temporary paralysis during which their manuscripts were mislaid, or indeed whether they were simply too busy drinking, must remain a subject for armchair theorizing. However, the oral tradition held sway at a handful of academic centres, most prominent of which was Essex. To the best of my knowledge, no systematic statement of this theory as developed at Essex exists. And this is as it should be; for the Essex tradition was not a rigid system, an unchangeable orthodoxy, but simply a way of wasting time, a way of making the most of a cultural desert. The purpose of this introduction is to set down a "model" of a drink theory in an attempt to convey the bouquet of the oral tradition which nurtured the remaining essays in this volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]