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A conference paper about auditing and accounting is presented. It discusses the definition of critical synthesis which is an antonym for analysis and how the author will analyze research done on auditing practices and accounting. It examines other papers concerning auditing procedures and accounting methods including the one by Neil Churchill.

This section presents abstracts of research papers presented at the 1963 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology.

This article focuses on the identification of research papers by physical units appearing the periodical "American Documentation" in 1963. It was hoped that through the identification of the units, specification of ranges and coincidence of units papers in reasonably broad research fields could be identified. This approach would eliminate those papers not containing the specified units in the specified ranges and coincidences. For example, it may be hypothesized that a nuclear physicist should request papers reporting experimental determinations of neutron cross sections for incident neutron energies between 1 and 20 MeV.

The article presents information based on a report investigating on the metabolism of new scientific information. To investigate the metabolism of new scientific information, questionnaires were sent to the authors of 463 papers presented or read by title at two important meetings for cardiovascular and endocrine research workers. Information is one of the vital nutrients of research. Its digestion, absorption and assimilation by the scientific community may be likened to the metabolism of food by the human body. One of the most powerful modern tools for studying biological metabolism is the use of tracers or tagged substances that undergo the various metabolic changes of foodstuffs in the body but, unlike the bulk of such material, can be identified at any desired stage in the sequence of transformation and analyzed to determine what changes in composition are occurring and how efficiently conversion is proceeding.

Contributions to this section are invited. Statements, not exceeding 1,500 words, should be submitted in two double-spaced typewritten copies, in English, French, Spanish, Russian, German or Italian. Particular emphasis on current or planned research activities is desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the written word as a means of mass communication. has a particular importance regarding advisory literature. In this study an attempt was made to investigate if and to what degree the information, passed on to the farmers through a number of well-known periodicals of the Dutch agricultural press and the agricultural advisory service, is tuned in to the public for which they are intended. Readability formulas are only aids for measuring certain aspects of the readability of the written word, but as such they can perform a useful function in promoting clearer communication between writer and reader. In the search for more objective standards in determining the difficulty of written notices use can be made of the readability research which is developed and practiced in the U.S.A.

Presents research papers that are accepted for publication in the forthcoming issues of the International Union of Immunological Societies.

Discusses the use of facsimile systems as an aid to research. Basic units of a facsimile system; Information on the use of a facsimile system by Western Union; Functions of facsimile systems.

In this article the author comments on the two methods of conducting accounting research, the search for universal relationship between accounting variables and the behavior of information researchers, and another approach which considers differences in peoples' use of information systems. The author comments on Edward J. Lusk's research paper related to the cognitive aspects of annual reports that the author claims does not successfully use either approach. According to the author, Lusk's paper is very vague about his experimental procedure, presenting data on eighty-seven randomly selected students and on thirty-four randomly selected financial analysts, not stating how the students and analysts were selected, nor why only thirty-five analysts were included.

The article presents a discussion of the research paper by Donald Nester, "The Effect of Aggregating Accounting Reports on the Quality of the Lending Decision: An Empirical Investigation." The author criticizes Nester's methodology for establishing the levels of aggregation on several points associated with Nester's model. These points include the existence of questions concerning the integrity of the conventional account classifications, that there is insufficient data to allow calculations of the 11 ratios, that all footnote and supplemental information are held constant, and that there is a 10 percent materiality rule.

The article lists several scholarly papers related to ecology including "The reaction of plants of the genus Melandirum to Exposure" by H. G. Baker, "The biological detection of pollution" by R. W. Batcher, and "The late-glacial period" by H. Godwin.

The article reports that the 1969 Spring Meeting of the American Academy of Periodontology is being held in New Orleans, Louisiana, in May 17-21, 1969. Graduate Student Research Program during this meeting will consist of papers read for the Balint Orban Prize. Balint Orban Prize, including a $ 200 Award from the Academy, will be presented to the author of the best paper, based on Graduate Research. Each participant will be allowed 20 minutes for his presentation. The paper should be approximately 15 minutes long, leaving 5 minutes for open discussion.

This article focuses on research done on freshwater algae as of September 1968. Man's interest in freshwater algae undoubtedly extends back to prehistoric times. Many of early researchers were remarkably accurate in recording details of structure and reproduction. In 1847, professor Jacob W. Bailey published a short paper on the freshwater algae, mostly of the Catskill Mountains. He described two species of triploceras, a freshwater algae. Three Britishers who are important in this research are researchers William West, G.S. West and Felix Fritsch. The early work of Felix Fritsch was on the algal flora and ecology of Britain, Africa and Ceylon but he soon turned to morphology.

This paper presents the first empirical sociometric evidence of an international invisible college for information exchange. Using sociometric techniques and ratings of professional status as a researcher, a highly elite invisible college was identified which crossed international boundaries. Members of this elite group were found to be in relatively frequent contact with one another and were considered by the professional community in high energy physics, the context of this study, to be doing the most important work in the area. An important part of the information infra- structure of this invisible college consists of intermediaries who perform a gatekeeping and linkage function. Selected differences in communication behavior between the key people of the invisible college and the intermediaries is noted briefly. Also selected communication differences are noted between members of the invisible college and a matched sample wholly outside this special information network. The paper concludes with suggested questions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A re-examination of data used in a study of informal communication among sleep researchers raises some interesting questions on the definition of communication and its relationship to research productivity. This paper presents results of this re- examination and suggests directions for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Rural Sociology has published a number of papers written by social scientists from outside the United States, it appears that many such social scientists have not known that it was appropriate for them to submit papers for consideration by the Journal's Board of Editors. Just as membership in the Rural Sociological Society is open to any person in any country who is employed in the field of rural sociology or who is interested in promoting the development of rural sociology through research, teaching, or extension work, so it is the intent of Rural Sociology to be an international medium of communication in the field of rural sociology. The Board of Editors takes this opportunity to invite the submission of papers to the Managing Editor by rural sociology workers outside the United States. The Board of Editors takes this opportunity to invite the submission of papers to the Managing Editor by rural sociology workers outside the United States. The Annual Meetings of the Rural Sociological Society was called to order at 11:00 a.m. by Howard W. Beers, president. Minutes of the September 2-3, 1951, meetings are published in the December, 1951, issue of the Rural Sociology accepted as printed.

The thesis of this paper is that farm tenancy is an attempted adaptation of land and other resources to human needs through definite socially sanctioned institutional channels. Thus far, however, sociological research, in farm tenancy has been incidental for the most part. Hence there is a need for more specific research on tenancy as a purely sociological phenomenon or as a pattern of social adjustment. The principal task of the paper is, therefore, to set up definite general propositions or hypotheses to be tested by research. In all, fifteen propositions are positioned which purport to cover, if not the entire sociology of farm tenancy, at least its major aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the process of scientific documentation and the significance of it in research works. Much of the literature on scientific documentation is concerned with machines, machine methods and mechanized systems for the storage and retrieval of pertinent information. Conventional indexes, on the whole, act primarily as guides to the literature. They classify articles according to subject matter and tell the user where to find the original document, which contains the sought-after information. Informative abstracts, on the other hand, such as those appearing in Chemical Abstracts and Biological Abstracts can, if well done, act as a short cut through the literature.

The article presents an evaluation of the language curricula in preschool children. This paper focuses on the language ability of children from culturally disadvantaged homes. The linguistics and educators have different point of view with regards to the language system of this group of children. Researches have been conducted to look into the high incidence of school failure among these children categorized to have a different language. This research deals with the evidence indicating language deficit characteristics in low-income families.

The article focuses on research papers of clinical psychology. It informs that the same definition of research was applied in culling these journals; papers were included in the survey if they presented systematic investigation of a specifically described group of subjects and the derivation of normative or comparative data from psychometrics, case histories, or therapeutic interviews; or analysis of administration, scoring, and interpretation of a given instrument. It further informs that it is necessary to recognize, however, that changes in editorial policy of certain of the journals have resulted in the acceptance for publication of a larger number of shorter papers.

This article focuses on the evolutionary processes of research and its implications to the accounting profession. The author states that there are many kinds of research including basic research, which seeks to develop knowledge without any immediate use in mind, applied research, which seeks solutions to particular problems, and codification, which encompasses organization, interpretation and retrieval of knowledge. He suggests that without research no group can be truly professional. He believes that the group can be licensed, it can discipline its members, it can develop a body of specialized knowledge, but will still not be professional without research.

The article announces the fifth annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research which will be held on October 15-17, 1965 at Shamrock Hilton Hotel in Houston, Texas. A detailed program on activities for the annual meeting was provided. Tours for the attendees will include visits to laboratories at Baylor University College of medicine, Houston State Psychiatric Institute, Veterans Administration Hospital, University of Houston and Manned Spacecraft Center of National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

This article presents information on the research papers presented at the annual meeting of National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST) in New York City. Most of the research papers were published in the journal "Science Education." One of the research papers related to elementary science was published in the October 1949 issue of the journal. Another paper was pubished in the February 1950 issue of the journal. Next meeting of NARST will take place from February 26-28 in 1950.

The article presents a comment to Doctor Kenneth E. Anderson's paper "A Look Ahead in Science Teaching," in the U.S. The author agrees with Anderson that some plan is needed to enable the gifted to pursue the sciences more extensively than their contemporaries of less ability, but the author believes that Anderson's mode of implementation is impractical especially in a state where there are many small high schools. The author stress that the mode would create an intellectual elite which is the antithesis of democracy in the modern high school.

The article expounds on the intent of the issue, and the symposium from which it developed, which is to give consideration to the relevance of some research approaches to the problem of war and peace. Men from several social science disciplines, specializing in different dimensions of the general problem of social behavior, were asked to present papers from their own viewpoints on "What research approaches can be brought to the problem of war and peace?" No single paper provides an exhaustive discussion of this topic. The papers provide the perspective necessary for taking the first steps toward the theoretical formulation of problems in this area. Each author comes to the problem with his own personal predispositions and a heritage of ideas and folkways from his particular branch of the social sciences. This leads each to deal with a different aspect of the problem, and to proceed from a different set of basic assumptions.

The article presents information on the possibilities and limitations of cross-national and cross-regional research. In approaching cross-national and cross-regional research, the author has taken for granted the fundamental rationale of comparative study as such, and disregarded general problems of its validity. This is so, as the last Congress considered this issue, and the main points of these deliberations are on record. Instead, the author has tried to focus on more specific topics of conceptualization, methodology and organization, as they bear directly upon rural social study. Accordingly, the papers included have two major foci and fall into two groups; in each of which the author has tried to secure a discussion of both theoretical as well as applied and practical aspects. The first group, focuses on problems of the proper meaning or nature of comparative research and on the essential qualities it must have to be effective. The second group is related to problems attending the execution of comparative projects. The first of the two deals mainly with major questions of methodology: firstly, with problems of interpersonal relations, including those of political clearance, of tackling cultural variations and of stereotyping; and secondly, with technical ones, chiefly the comparability of secondary data, the utilization of and relationship to theoretical models and the standardization of field procedures.

This paper is based on the proposition that a lack of clear, conscious conceptualization has hindered the usefulness of past studies of the "occupational choices" of adolescents. Using a synthesis of past thought and empirical efforts, an attempt is made here to outline a conceptual scheme that incorporates certain minimal distinctions that seem necessary to research adequately the occupational aspirations of adolescents. Suggestions are thus offered to clarify existing semantic confusion, to aid in the development of more efficient empirical indicators, and to pinpoint potentially fruitful research problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some practical implications of the present research, some gaps in the current research, and some future directions for social research in fluoridation. The articles reported are a beginning of research on why fluoridation referenda have succeeded and why they have failed. They document certain occurrences, and suggest hypotheses for further study. Unfortunately for the practitioner, these reports do not yet present any clear answer on how to win a referendum. While future research will undoubtedly continue to emphasize understanding rather than action, there seems reason to be optimistic that help for the practitioner will be one of the eventual by-products.

The paper provides a conclusion to a series of articles about the approaches to the problems of war and peace. One paper distinguishes between those who do research in terms of governments and those who do research in terms of peoples. It is possible to make another distinction which overlaps to some degree the first two. This is a distinction between those who approach the problem in terms of macroscopic units, such as the nation, and those who essentially use the individual as their unit of analysis. Of the papers presented, one came close to the first type of emphasis. Operational research and regulatory research, would also fall in this category. Along with this difference in terms of the units of analysis used in the two approaches, there appears also to be a difference in the assumption about the nature of the phenomenon of war. Those who deal with the individual tend to conceive of war as a deviation that essentially occurs because of some failure in the mechanisms of maintaining peace. The extreme of this position is represented by the psychoanalytic approach suggesting that war is an aspect of irrational behavior, related to irrelevant, personal motivations, usually traceable to childhood experiences.

In this article the author remarks states that motion pictures are often treated as if they had been admitted into the record family by some accident. They do not fall properly into place in any conventional classification scheme. The accepted guidelines and ground-terms applicable to orthodox record materials and in records administration programs cannot be adapted to them without radical modification. There are some valuable papers concerning some technical aspects of motion picture storage and preservation, and a piece or two which deal with the characteristics of motion picture records from the standpoint of the researcher in history.

Theoretical and empirical bases are presented in this paper for considering the situation of parents during the period after the children leave the family of orientation as an emergent and identifiable phase of the family cycle. The post parental period is found to be generally a satisfactory one for marital partners although problems arise in role-taking and adult socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barker, Dembo and Lewin (BDL) classic study of frustration and regression has been widely discussed in psychological literature. Researchers have reinterpreted the experiment and have come to conclusions which differ from that of the original authors. In the present paper further analysis of the data will be presented in an attempt to evaluate the two interpretations. BDL feel that psychological development can be characterized by structural changes in the life space such that there is increased differentiation of the person into subsystems and a change of organization of the person.

The characteristics of one's moral code determine how often and in what life situations inner conflict is aroused, influence the ways such conflict is experienced, and set limits on the techniques that can be used to resolve it. The goal of this paper is to convey the theoretical richness of the topic and to clarify some of the research implications. Therefore, only a brief outline of empirical work on the acquisition of moral needs is explained here. Details of the latter are presented elsewhere. Instead, the article describes a number of the problems that have been encountered in the development of the investigations. The paper closes with a discussion of some hypothetical interrelationships between moral standards and other facets of personality.

The article presents comments of the author on his article "Profiting from a Comprehensive School," published in the "British Journal of Sociology," to draw attention to the sociological study of comprehensive schools. Author defends his article on two grounds presentation and analysis, and conclusions. Any inadequacies on presentation are probably determined by the limitations of the article-intended as a research note and not a fully developed paper. The criticism in conclusions seems largely directed at presentation. The conclusions are in fact valid on the basis of the findings of the research itself. The same applies to statistical techniques employed. In short it would seem that no valid critique of the conclusions themselves is presented. However, here is a point-by-point reply. The tables present the most outstanding deviations in keeping with the summary nature of the article. They are condensations of tables in the thesis. Thus class categories are included or omitted in accordance with the importance of variations.

The paper discusses the wing-patterns of genus undersides of the two genera in question are dealt with. The fact is that the uppersides of many exotic genera of butterflies show some singular types of the wing-patterns which are so to say super-generic as the same type may occur in several genera and vice versa one genus may show several types. On the other hand no exact dependence is established of those upperside patterns upon those of the underside. To elucidate the indicated very complicate interrelations a special extensive research is necessary which has not been done.

The article focuses on research papers related to hermaphroditism in viviparous ophiurids. The statement of researcher Wyville Thomson that the eggs and embroys of Ophiacantha vivipara Ljungman species are found lying free in the body cavity in the interbranchial spaces is, evidently, due to the fact that the bursae of Ophiurids were unknown at that time. Amphiura magellanica Ljungman is hermaphroditic. The arrangement of the gonads is quite different from that known to occur in Amphipholis squamata.

Just as the practice of administration is changing — as it is generally acknowledged to be — so is the study of administration. This process of viable, increasing change is the result not only of rapid social alteration and technical advancements, but also the number of able critics, the very activeness of professional organizations, the financial cornucopia of foundations interested in administrative processes, and the growing legions of social-behavioral scientists applying their knowledge and methods to the problems of administration. In these times of change it is becoming a prevalent suspicion that contemporary theories of administration are inadequate and perhaps even misleading and erroneous. In fact, a popular sport among students of administration is the cataloging, labeling, re-labeling and criticizing of the various administrative theories. These critics see the theories as being too abstract or too concrete, too limited to the descriptive or too drastically over reaching their evidence, too culture-bound, time-bound, or institution-bound, and too 'unscientific', that is, neither reliable nor valid. This paper reflects the present uneasiness with administrative research and theory, yet hopefully does not add to the current outcries or complaints. Rather we hope to offer a strategy for research on the administrative process which should be less open to the above charges. This strategy in essence suggests we do not over formalize too early in theory development, rather that we systematize the process of the step-by-step thinking we rely upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on several conferences on weed research. Subjects discussed at the Ninth British Weed Control Conference held in Brighton, England from November 18 to 21, 1968; Information on the Conference on Technological Economics of Crop Protection and Pest Control that will be held by the Pesticides Group of the Society of Chemical Industry at the University of Stirling in Scotland from September 3 to 5, 1969; Overview of the First International Symposium on Flower Bulbs sponsored by the International Society for Horticultural Science in Noordwijk, The Netherlands from March 30 to April 4, 1970.

Presents an update on issues related to weed research as of March 1963. Titles of weed research presented at the first Irish Crop Protection Conference held in Dublin, Ireland; Overview of the book "The Profitable Use of Farm Chemicals," by Sylvia Laverton; Topics of papers to be presented at the Fifth International Pesticides Congress in London, England in July 1963.

The article focuses on problems related to information classification and presents information on a Classification Research Group that has been England. The importance of classification to documentation in general and to the new field of machine literature searching in particular is becoming increasingly apparent.

Introduces a series of research papers on parent-child relations featured in the December 1960 issue of the periodical "Child Development."

The article discusses the paper presented at the Thirty-Third Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching held February 12, 1961 in Chicago, Illinois. It highlights the strengths and weaknesses of several types of college biology laboratories to disprove or prove the value of laboratory experiences. The requirements of a modern self-contained experiment is taken into account in the experiment design. Six lecture sections were involved in the study with each lecture section constituting a separate experiment.

The study of Asian societies has not yet had its share of attention within the framework of comparative sociology as a whole. As one step towards remedying this situation, a one-day conference, called by the British Sociological Association, was held in London, England, at the School of Oriental and African Studies on December 2, 1961, to discuss the position of sociology in Asia. Papers dealing with India, China, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand and Indo-China and Burma were presented at the conference. Coverage was thus fairly comprehensive, though certain areas, including the whole of the Middle East, were left out on this occasion. The aim of speakers present at the conference was to assess the present state of knowledge about societies they were considering, with special reference firstly to sociologists of Asian nationality and secondly to the current contribution of British scholarship. Papers that were presented, while they showed wide variation in the state of sociology in different countries, also showed for Asia as a whole a volume of work being done which western sociologists could ill afford to ignore. Some criticism arose in the discussion of the idea of regional research entrees and of inter-disciplinary teams assembled for area studies. There was discussion also of the alleged problem of translating sociological concepts into Chinese or Japanese.

This note is concerned with (1) the history of bond tables, and (2) the origin of equations for evaluating perpetual annuities with rising income streams. The author has long had an interest in both of these problems; his research concerning risk-premium structure of long-term securities--both debt and equity--beginning with 1900 has been under way for some time, and several articles discussing the yield on common stocks and a book of basic tables have been published. This has led to the historical research which is reported in this note. This research was done by the author at the New York City Public Library and the Library of Congress during the summer of 1965. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the research paper which appeared in the Tweed Commissioners Annual Report for 1972 released in April 2, 1973. The paper reflects the results of the study on the growth of the 500 hatchery reared tagged brown trout with an average fork length of 25.0 centimeters which were released into the River Tweed, Scotland on March 29, 1972.

The article presents the program for the annual meeting of the Phycological Society of America at the Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. The meeting will be held from June 16-22, 1974. The chairman of the program is Norma J. Lang. A field trip is scheduled on June 15, 1974. Researchers Dean W. Blinn and Gerald W. Prescott will lead the field trip. All sessions of the program at which contributed papers are presented are joint sessions of the Phycological Society of America and the Phycological Section of the Botanical Society of America.

Reasons for citizen reporting to the police have not been systematically studied. This paper presents the results of an inquiry into the patterns of reporting noncriminal incidents. These events far outnumber crimes reported to the police in most jurisdictions and present unique opportunities for research. Four reporting patterns are presented and discussed: maintaining social boundaries; relieving unpleasant situations; counter-reporting; and correcting hazardous situations. The consequences of these patterns for policing and criminology are outlined in terms of citizens defining the most probable outcomes of situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the possible availability of interdisciplinary abstracts on magnetic tape. During the past few years there has been increasing emphasis on the machine abstracting and indexing of raw natural language, the exchange of information in processed form between information centers, and the use of large computers in working information retrieval systems. The principal condition imposed upon borrowers of the tape would be that they come back perhaps a year later and tell people what they have done with it. If enough interesting papers show up one might want to hold a symposium at any rate, and researchers will want to issue a report showing the cost and practicality of this experiment.

The paper presents comparison between the associations of British and American voluntary associations. The development of postwar research on the structure and functioning of voluntary associations has been uneven, and there have been marked differences between British and American research in this field. This paper offers a narrow definition of voluntary associations. It defines voluntary associations as groups in which membership is in no sense obligatory, which have a formal constitution, but which do not have paid officials at the local level. The next section of this paper places the subsequent analysis in context by pointing briefly to the very substantial similarities between research in Great Britain and the U.S. The third section discusses differences in the research environments of the two countries, and suggests their relevance to the main problem. The fourth section assesses the differences in research orientations between the two countries, as it has influenced the study of voluntary associations. The final section considers the effect of these differences upon the functional analyses that have been made.

The fact is that the lower classes are not more likely than the middle class to have a disease or condition but they do react more violently to it and are more concerned about it. Nonetheless, neither sociologists nor public health researchers have for the most part taken proper note of the split between getting sick and reacting to it. For example in a recent general review of chronic illness the author does not even mentions his own study which shows no relationship between class and the prevalence of illness. Rather, he shows that some few chronic illnesses diagnosed in hospitals are related to living in lower class neighborhoods. Yet, he avoids making an overall statement about chronic illness and social class. There are obviously sonic problems here in the sociology of Sociology. First, there is a serious problem in the interpretation of tables which is caused by a lack of satisfactory non-parametric measures of association and analyses of variance. Second, there is a fallacy of forgetting why it is thought that social class was related to illness in the first place. The present paper concludes that social factors are important in the experience of ill health, although not in the gross fashion that had been imagined.