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This is the second of two papers which report on a survey of 600 articles related to marriage and the family. The articles were published in 12 journals between 1962-1968. This paper deals primarily with 444 of the articles which were based on empirical data and focuses on approaches to the family as a researchable unit, current trends and problems and prospects in the area of family study. Findings include: uneven attention to component parts and minimal attention to the family as a whole. Frequent use of data collection techniques which involve minimal contact with the family, increased use of very large and very small samples, increased use of longitudinal studies, and more efficient use of data through application of a wider range of statistical techniques were also noted. The predominant use of static variables as independent variables and dynamic variables as dependent indicates little progress in viewing the family as an institution which shapes its own course as well as that of other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor Jones has observed that one of the most important contributions of the Institutional Investor Study was the collection and editing of a vast quantity of new data. Because of limitations of time and resources, the staff of the study was unable to analyze these data as thoroughly as they might have wished. It was the hope of many investigators, both within and outside the Securities and Exchange Commission, that these data, collected at great cost to the government and possibly at an even greater cost to the respondents, would eventually be made available for more complete analysis. So far, only one of the myriad of files developed by the study has been made public and then in such an aggregated form that many types of empirical investigations are precluded. The SEC appears to be devoting very little, if any, resources towards making these files available to "interested scholars." Professor Jones' presentation highlights one of the major weaknesses of the Study. The policy recommendations contained in it appear generally quite reasonable at least on the surface, but it is not always clear how these recommendations follow from the empirical analyses. Further, a discussion of the interrelationships of the different chapters is almost non-existent. This lack of integration of the Study undoubtedly stems from the pressures of deadlines and the resulting fragmentation of the efforts of the different members of the staff. These remarks are not meant as hostile criticism but rather as an indication of the limitations of the Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of areal units by population size has been suggested as a useful tool for studies of within-urban and within-rural variations. Size of population is doubtless one of the most important factors affecting mans collective life. But in studying within-urban or within- rural variations, population size will be a powerful tool only if the places so classified are approximations of communities in the sense of a collective phenomenon. That is, population size may not differentiate organizational characteristics of areal units unless the aggregates studied are inter-dependent wholes, organized units, entities exhibiting a high degree of unit character. Data from India presented in this paper illustrate this point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains an exposition of the types of family statistics derived and published annually from the Current Population Survey of the Bureau of the Census. The authors discuss the Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS) in terms of its relevancy and value to sociologists interested in the field of family studies. Recent improvements in data collection and processing techniques, as well as a discussion of the wide range of social and economic variables relating to family studies and obtainable from the CPS for the national population are presented. it is pointed out that the CPS is, and can be, an important source of recurring family data for supplementing independent research in many related fields. The Census Bureau's household and family projections program is discussed and a brief demographic sketch of the family in America in 1970 is offered as an illustration of the nature of the data currently available in the CPS programs and the "Current Population Reports" publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper attempts to estimate median age at marriage for Pakistan and its regions from census data. Urban-rural differentials and trend, in age at marriage have also been discussed. An effort has been made to analyze the errors in Pakistan's enumeration data, adjust the reported proportions single, and re-estimate age at marriage in that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the accuracy of role definition on the part of individuals in dating situations. Data are based upon the responses of 417 college students to questionnaires. It was found that both males and females misread the sexual expectations of members of the opposite sex, and both always do so in the direction of increased permissiveness. A tentative suggestion is made that such inaccuracy in role definition will result in sexual standards being liberalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a study examining the effect of aggregation on the success of decision making in accounting. It is argued that the aggregation of data can destroy a portion of the information contained in a set of data messages. This study considered aggregations which theoretically result in no loss of information content. The issue focused on the ability of a decision maker to use accounting reports having equal degrees of information content but different degrees of aggregation. Based on the results it appears that little is contributed by the accountant performing the simple aggregation described in the study.

The article presents commentary and criticism on the report "Term Structures of Corporate Bond Yields as a Function of Risk of Default," by Ramon E. Johnson, included within the issue. A review of Johnson's analysis of corporate yield-maturity curves is provided and general criticism is offered concerning popular economic use of imperfect data in research which leads to imprecise modeling and indefinite conclusions. Particular manifestations of this in Johnson's constructions are mentioned and the validity of his conclusions are declared suspect.

Five numerical zonation methods have been applied to two sets of pollen data from deposits o Flandrian age at Scaleby Moss, Cumberland and Red Moss, Lancashire. The zonations suggested by these methods generally correspond to the conventional Flandrian pollen zones with the exception that the ‘elm-decline’ is not consistently distinguished as a zone boundary. Reasons for this omission are discussed in terms of the weightings implicit in the various numerical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of symbolic modeling, the development of social skills in preschool children was investigated. 19 socially isolated children were exposed either to 4 5-minute videotapes in which social skills were modeled (treatment) or to 4 sequences of a nature film (control). The frequency with which subjects dispensed and received social reinforcement and the frequency of social interaction were rated by observers pre- and posttreatment and at follow-up. Results indicated that treatment produced increases in all 3 dependent measures for the treatment group. The data were interpreted as supporting a social facilitation explanation of treatment effectiveness. The importance of peer reinforcement in supporting social interaction was also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procedures were described for identifying stimuli in the natural environment whose presence was associated with altered probabilities for both the initiation and persistence of noxious responses. Observation data were analyzed from the interactions of a problem child and his family in order to identify networks of stimuli controlling the interaction for each of his 8 noxious responses. Responses initiated by similar parent an sibling behaviors were combined to form a class labeled "hostile." The response class sewed as a dependent variable to search for consequences which significantly altered the probability of the hostile responses persisting. The empirical information about the response class "hostile' and these maintaining consequences were used to construct probability trees which described extended interactions. The data showed that the context of the interaction itself set constraints on the performance of both the boy and his parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral studies of early visual development are interpreted within a framework provided by data from the neurosciences. It is concluded that the visual responses elicited during the first month of life are mediated directly by components of a phylogenetically older "second visual system," and that the more sophisticated reactions that typically begin to appear during the second and third months reflect a dawning participation of the primary visual system in the processing of visual input. The process of postnatal visual development is viewed as a progressive encoding, within different components of the visual network, of increasingly more complex aspects of the information contained in the visual signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

20 21 and 3-year-old children were presented with simple questions and command in the context of an at-home play situation. The questions and commands were spoken in varying degrees of word-order distortion in order to evaluate the communicative effectiveness of word order in the children's comprehension of meaning. The majority of the non fluent children responded appropriately to both normal and scrambled sentences. Only the fluent children's response scores were significantly lower to scrambled sentences than to normal. Data suggest that young, non fluent children's receptive language processing is focused on familiar semantic elements rather than on syntactic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept "reference group" has long been used to explain behavior, but appears not to have been applied to associations per se. In clarifying the concept, two forms of reference groups are described: the normative and the comparative. Combining these types with Sorokin's idea of unibonded and multibonded groupings, an attempt is made to discover if associations serve as reference groups. The data presented indicate that associations are not reference groups in that their referent function is limited to too great an extent, and that referring to associations as reference groups suggests that they have a greater effect on their membership than is the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses an analytical scheme for fitting together migration streams, representing separate migration patterns, into an integrated whole. Attention focuses on indicating the probable existence of "migration systems" on the demographic level, their conceptual form, the data necessary to study them, and some problems associated with such study. Migration systems are illustrated by 1949-1950 migration data for State Economic Areas of the Southern Appalachians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article throws light on problems affecting regional project organization and data comparability by the rural sociologists. One of the basic problems in regional research is finding other professional people who have strong interests which are sufficiently similar to permit the development of a common project to which all can fully subscribe. This suggests that the interests of the individual researchers need to be recognized and incorporated into the project in sufficient detail to permit professionally meaningful and useful data to be obtained. Efforts to include such detail will be recognized as a potential source of friction. The apparent conclusion is that there are obstacles which must be overcome to achieve a high degree of comparability in this type of project because of the many individuals involved and the turnover of personnel. The organization of the project to achieve maximum comparability involved a variety of patterns of responsibility allocation for each step in the project, depending upon the degree of technical sophistication required and the skills and facilities available to the researchers involved.

Problems of data, problems of form, and problems of theory are discussed in examining the relation of data and theory. Data-collecting techniques make commitments to theory. Inferences regarding behavior in social systems from data based on mere geographic area are unwarranted, since the data exclude sociological premises. The form of statement for quantitative data may vary in scope from descriptive summary to the mathematical model. A mathematical or logical model becomes a theoretical model when all terms are connected to theory and operationally defined. Group and structure must be distinguished, and these manifest different kinds of cohesiveness, as illustrated in certain problems in the study of migration. Since only data statements are directly apprehended, theory is logically prior to data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of irrigation on the total population of an area is of real importance in the planning of irrigation developments. Plans must be made for towns, schools, roads, churches, and other public and semi-public developments that will be used by the total population, rather than by the farm population only. Some of the benefits of irrigation accrue to these townspeople and if wisely planned, the irrigation development may well assess a portion of its costs to the non-farm population supported by it. On the other hand, overly optimistic estimates of the number of non-farm persons that will be associated with an irrigation development serve no useful purpose, and may lead to erroneous conclusions as to the worth of the development. This analysis seeks to bring out some of the existing relationships of population groups in irrigated and non-irrigated areas in the Western states and to draw some conclusions from them. The total acreage in farms in 1940 was 255,605,636 acres and was made up of 93,316,209 acres in irrigated farms and 162,289,427 acres in non-irrigated farms. Thus there were 1.74 acres of land in non-irrigated farms per acre in irrigated farms. Recognizing the limitation of the data, a selection of counties was made, based on the ratio between the two groups of farms.

The article offers information on the numerical classification method of information analysis, which is also an agglomerative polythetic method. Questions are raised concerning issues about the usefulness of the methods when applied to relatively species-poor data. Problems include the relative effectiveness of numerical and traditional methods for eliciting structure from phytosociological data, the efficiency of presence data compared with quantitative data, the differences between normal and inverse analyses and their resolution, and the interpretation of numerical models in terms of the ecological models.

The article focuses on the study conducted which highlights the investigation on the features of phytoplankton at River Severn and River Stour in England. The study highlights the general description, data on the chemical composition and detailed analyses of the components of phytoplankton. It also mentions that the prevailing algae of the phytoplankton in both rivers have manifested small centric diatoms of the genera Cyclotella and Stephanodiscus during spring and summer. Further, it reveals that the study has featured on the possible relatedness between phytoplankton and filter-feeding benthic animals in both rivers.

The article focuses on the utilization of Wilm's method to explain the underlying principles in the collection and statistical treatment of climatic data. It cites that the method is used to determine several chemical elements found in the throughfall data, such as the suspension of bryophyte ground layer in the gauges and approximation of the variance of temperature and humidity data. It also mentions that the changes in the utilization of the method are based on the consideration of the regression line in the data analysis. Further, information on the statistical techniques and methods of computation for the result is also included.

Findings are reported regarding the relationship between the level of self-de-rogation of adult subjects and the prior experience of a broken home during childhood. Data were collected by survey research methods from a sample (N=500) of the adult population of Harris County (including the city of Houston), Texas. The data were analyzed to determine the particular characteristics of the broken home situation (those relating to resultant living arrangements, cause of broken home, subject's age at time of broken home, parental remarriage, and subject's age at time of parental remarriage) which were associated with high self-derogation scores relative to subjects from intact families. Results are reported for the total sample and for subgroups differentiated by the race, sex, and social class of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assumption that illegitimate births are attributable to unmarried females is challenged by data recently released by the Registrar General of England and Wales. Births which are registered as illegitimate during the same month that many of the mother indicated married status to the census taker make up a significant proportion of all illegitimate live births, Of those who said they were legally married yet registered the child as illegitimate, about 63 percent said that they were cohabiting with the natural father. Estimates of changes in both illegitimate and legitimate age-specific fertility rates because of these married but separated females have been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary respondents, representing three degrees of emotional involvement with their dating partners, and their best friends evaluated the frequency with which each primary respondent's dating partner exhibited 17 characteristics. Data were used to test the hypothesis, derived from Willard Waller's analysis of idealization, that individuals tend to be differentially idealistic about their dating partners in the order of casual involvement < moderate involvement < serious involvement. Support for the hypothesis was not found among either male or female involvement groups. Male involvement groups exhibited significant differences in total idealization scores indicating decreasing idealization with increasing involvement. Significant differences were not found among female involvement groups, although Kruskal-Wallis sums of ranks data indicated a trend similar to that for males. An explanation was offered to account for findings, and suggestions concerning lines of further research were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study treats the relationship of childlessness and color. There is a general cultural belief in the United States that indicates a higher amount of childlessness for white couples as compared with nonwhite couples. This belief was tested by using data from the 1960 United States Census. A five-percent sample of women, aged 35 to 54 years, indicates that the percentage of childless couples is much higher among nonwhite couples even under various controls which were employed. The data do not support but are contrary to the general belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on ages at which significant sexual-reproductive events occurred for one generation, and on trends in illegitimate births for three generations are reported from a study of 793 poverty-level (PL) and 239 lower-middle income (LMI) black females ages 15 to 39. The general hypothesis that illegitimacy "runs in families" is supported by data on three generations for both income groups. A strong trend toward increased illegitimacy in each succeeding generation is compounded by a marked increase in illegitimacy among the 15 to 24 year-old females in the current generation (respondents) of both income groups. When increases in illegitimacy by five-year age groupings are compared for the two income groups, it is obvious that if the rapid increase in illegitimacy among the younger LMI females continues it will soon cancel out the present difference in illegitimacy between the two income groups. One interpretation of the findings is that economic improvement will not serve as a deterrent to illegitimacy, unless it is achieved at a far faster pace and to a much higher income level than is generally believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family planning is presumed to contain the potential of yielding reduced rates of reproductive wastage. This effect has not yet been observed in the United States; nor has the relation of family planning to pregnancy loss been investigated. It is questionable as to whether or not loss rates, as conventionally computed, provide appropriate evaluative criteria for the early detection of the desired effect. The basis for this position is developed, following which are presented data relating to a necessary condition which must hold if the assumed relation is to be manifested. The tentative conclusion drawn is that the relationship appears real and that postpartum programs may hold greatest potential for its early demonstration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study dealt with intelligence differences in an optional-shift paradigm between children who performed a reversal shift and those who performed either a nonreversal or nonselective shift. 2 optional-shift tasks using two different pairs of stimulus dimensions were administered a week apart to 32 kindergarten and 32 second-grade children. When Ss were categorized according to first-task shift behavior, IQ was not related to type of shift at either age level. Shift behavior was not found to be reliable: only 50% of kindergarten Ss and 59% of second-grade Ss showed the same kind of shift on both tasks. But an analysis of data from only those Ss who made the same type of shift twice showed that reversal shifters possessed significantly higher IQs than nonreversal and nonselective responders in kindergarten but not in second grade. This latter finding also emerged when all Ss were categorized only on the basis of second-task shift behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

16- and 14-month-old children were studied in 3-choice delayed-reaction problems. 16-month-olds were able to locate a hidden object correctly on initial trials but made subsequent errors due to a tendency to return to a previous location. The majority of these children, however, located the object correctly with their second choice. 14-month-olds were less successful. These data indicate that the information from the hiding remained effective even while the child was making his initial error. the findings are interpreted in terms of search strategy and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns the onset and early development of wariness in human infants. Thirty-two male and female infants were repeatedly observed, over the age period 3-9 months, as they responded to (a) the near approach of a strange person and (b) a variety of unfamiliar objects; their reactions were video recorded to permit repeated codings at various levels of analysis. The data suggest positing a hierarchy of aversive reactions, beginning with the distress reactions of early infancy, then a wariness of the unfamiliar, and, finally, acquired fears. Distress reactions were reported present from the first weeks of life; signs of wariness toward the stranger began to appear occasionally within the fourth month and became frequent in the second half of the first year. By 9 months there was indirect evidence of acquired fears in some infants. Infants who were particularly prone to distress during the first postnatal months were the first to show signs of wariness toward the stranger and, in general. remained more wary' than other babies as they grew older. In the second half-year the conditions in which a stranger was encountered, as well as various aspects of an infant's interpersonal history, began to affect the quality of a baby's response. The novel objects promoted exploratory interest at all ages; only at 9 months were some unequivocal signs of wariness also in evidence. Detailed consideration, is given to the parameters affecting reactions to the unfamiliar, including the temperament of the infant, the qualities of the unfamiliar stimulus, the nature of the encounter situation, and the baby's age and experiential history. It is suggested that reactions to an unfamiliar event often reflect the momentary balance between conflicting orientations: on the one hand wariness or fear, on the other a tendency to engage in an affiliative social relationship or in the exploration of a new object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on persistence and fluctuation of traits and attitudes. One of the main objectives of this study was to determine if traits persists relatively unchanged, or are revised throughout the life span of the individual. Different tables were used to clarify this position. The results stated that a hundred percent of the cases manifest both persistence and fluctuation of traits. The total number of traits per case checked at one, two, or three levels ranges from 70 to 147, and the standard deviation is 19.35. Table 19 showed that the number of traits which fluctuate through three levels ranges from 4 to 32, and the mean number per case is 14.84.

his article examines the response of state and local governments to U.S. Federal grants by means of regression analysis using cross-section data for the 50 states in 1960 and 1965, and time-series data for the 48 continental states covering the period from 1957 through 1965. The author uses the report by Stuart Greenbaum, "Banking Structure and Costs: A Statistical Study of the Cost-Output Relationship in Commercial Banking," to demonstrate the necessity of including interbank interest differences in an output index.