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In early 1933 Jay Catherwood Hormel proudly described his rule over the George A. Hormel & Company packinghouse in Austin, Minnesota, as a "benevolent dictatorship." Laborers for the Hormel Company agreed that Hormel's rule was dictatorial, but they disagreed with his use of the adjective "benevolent." In fact, the term "sheer tyranny" was more often used by workers to describe Hormel's labor relations policy within the giant meat packing plant. But in the eyes of local businessmen Hormel's benevolent dictatorship was both economically wise and just. Meat packing was the industry of Austin. In 1933 Hormel employed 2700 of the town's 17,000 residents. Four years later Fortune magazine observed that should Austin ever lose the Hormel payroll "the town would wither away to a few roadside stands and retail stores for farmers." The thought of Hormel moving even a part of his family enterprise from Austin haunted local businessmen. As a result, the town's business establishment provided a worshipful captive audience for Jay Hormel's pronouncements on labor relations. George Hormel attributed his success to a passion for perfection which inclined him toward the use of instructional maxims for his employees whenever he observed them wasting time or materials. Labor relations difficulties were not among George Hormel's management problems. A principal reason for this was Hormel's friendship and openness with many workers, who in turn did not hesitate to discuss their grievances and difficulties personally with him. He shared the humble origins of many of his laborers.

The article reports on the contrasting aspects of recreation for the rich and poor. Factors that contribute to increased recreational participation includes more people, increased amounts of leisure, better education, greater mobility, more money to spend and more favorable attitudes toward leisure and recreation. Money spent on recreational activities includes boating, bowling, television and radio purchases and maintenance, cultural activities and travel. It is commented that leisure is contributing to a classless society in the U.S.

This study addresses itself to the problems of "cultural difference" through a semantic feature analysis of the lexicon of the hard-core poor. The hard-core poor are an internally organized, often highly resourceful, deviant subculture, the members of which do not share common societal values and do not wish for social mobility. They have their own ideology concerning the middle-class striver, considering him "sick" and his values inimical. Although other types of slum residents appear to lack integrated social systems for surviving in conditions of economic marginality, the hard-core poor do not. Their neighbors refer to them as "the self-contained society." They have developed their own adaptive institutional forms, including those for religious expression, economic survival, and social aid. This subculture has its own economic strata (not all of the hard-core group are economically poor), as well as its own elites, its own methods of communication, and highly efficient system maintenance and group insulation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plight of New York City's poor has been an ever-present problem. Their rapid increase accompanied New York's accelerated growth during the post-Revolutionary years. This condition, in turn, imposed new responsibilities for public welfare upon the municipal government. Public provisions for the relief of poverty in New York began with a provincial poor law of 1665-one year after the British assumed control of the colony. This measure and succeeding legislation of the colonial period, based upon the principles of the Elizabethan poor laws, made local communities responsible for their own poor and stipulated that taxation would be the source of relief funds. The economic and social dislocations produced by the American Revolution imposed obvious strains upon New York's local welfare system. Each year thousands of others came to depend on public outdoor relief and the city's charitable societies. As the number of publicly supported paupers rose, so did municipal expenditures for poor relief, which soon became the most costly item in the city's annual budget.

Emphasizes on the need for compensatory education and social justice for the surplus population of poor people in the United States. Reasons for failure of compensatory educational programs; Purpose of compensatory education; Ways to maximize human serviceability of a society; Role of educators and scholars in educational programs for the poor.

This article focuses on several issues related to public health in Great Britain in the nineteenth century. The nineteenth century was a time of paradox, the third quarter, generally regarded as an age of unprecedented prosperity, also reached high-water levels of mortality and pauperism. Everywhere was much that was squalid. The popular attitude to health was less than enthusiastic and administrative machinery was largely ineffective. Such machinery as there was, was busily occupied with attempts to mitigate gross environmental abuses. But the stage was being set for major advances in personal health services that came with the new century. The growth of health and social welfare in Great Britain in the nineteenth century makes fascinating study. Mostly, of course, the process was one of slow, straightforward evolution; but occasionally events took strange turnings, swayed by conflicting pressures. Already quite early in the century more of the people of Great Britain were chiefly engaged in trade, manufacture or handicrafts than in agriculture, though Wales was still an exception.

This article focuses on the poor people's cave, in China. This cave is five to six feet high, seven to eight feet wide, and twenty to thirty feet long, had been shared for many generations by several poor families. The occupants of the cave were those who had been reduced to abject poverty because of the exploitation by landlords and rich peasants. Since the liberation, the poor people's cave has been preserved as historical evidence of the exploitation of peasants by the landlord class. It has been completely restored and preserved by the Hsiao-sung Production Brigade of the Kao-ho Commune in Chtang-ch'ih hsien as a tool for the class education of young people. Early on the morning of May 5, 1943, a man of medium stature was helping an old woman along on her way from the temple of the local deity to the poor people's cave in northwestern Hsiao-sung Village. A little over thirty, with an emaciated face, the man carried a broken earthen vessel in his hand and shabby quilt on his shoulder.

This article emphasizes on role of education in the future, and presents it as a principal feature of all role-model literature. In this article the past is transmitted in concretized form to revolutionary successors. Hsiao Ping-ch'uan is the deputy director of the Poor and Lower-Middle Peasants Cooperative in Hsiang-yüan hsien, a member of the Party branch committee in the Chi-chia-ling Production Brigade, and the deputy director of the production brigade in charge of animal husbandry. Now forty-one years old, he is a veteran shepherd. He usually likes to wear a pair of patched nailed shoes. He still treasures two pairs of mill-stone shoes. Three soles are nailed to the bottom and the sides are braced with five patches. They are five times heavier than ordinary shoes, and they are all the heavier when wet with rain, and mud sticks to their soles. His two pairs of millstone shoes have a twenty-year history. Though they are ungainly, they are called the shoes of glory by members of the production brigade. Now, let us tell the story of the shoes of glory.

This article attempts to find official and unofficial expectations concerning the care of the sick. In addition to the nature of illness, social factors also have an influence on the patient's seeking treatment. The poor and those who have difficult access to medical care do not seek treatment so often as do those living in more advantageous conditions. Thus one can see that the actual behaviour in connection with illness varies from group to group. The public health nurse, there are 1445 public health nurses or one per 3100 inhabitants in community care in Finland, often has to estimate whether a patient ought to be attended to by a physician, or a nurse, or to be sent into a hospital. Her estimation can be considered as representative of the official idea of when people should seek medial treatment. Her judgment is probably based mostly on medical considerations. The patient and his family, on the other hand, have their own, unofficial view about the necessity of seeking treatment. The official and the unofficial conception may be in agreement but they need not be.

The article examines the article reporting the results of study commissioned by the United Nations Department Economics and Social Affairs regarding the low cost rural housing in Asia and South-East Asia. Accordingly, the study was focused on the living conditions of families belonging to lower income groups. The result showed that domestic economies of Asian countries visited, cannot support the necessary cost of programs aimed at alleviating poverty and development of urban and rural housing. Researchers, however, recognized some promising projects in countries visited and efforts of the government in dealing with the housing of families.

An analysis of attitude survey responses involving 44 business employees and 66 business administrators was made according to the paternal income of members in each group. 1. The responses of high paternal income employees differed significantly from all other groups on approximately 50 per cent of the issues presented in the survey. 2. No significant differences were found between responses of high and low paternal income groups of administrators on 85 per cent of the issues. 3. Low paternal income employees differed from high paternal income administrators on 5 per cent of the issues at the 5 per cent level of confidence and none at the I per cent level. 4. A question is raised whether the marked difference between the high paternal income group of employees and all other groups in the study is the result of basically unique characteristics of the group, or whether it is the result of a spurious and relatively small sampling of a major group? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of the School Meals Service. During the latter part of the nineteenth century reformers had become increasingly aware of the poor home conditions of many children, and their weak physical state. Many people during the nineteenth and early years of the twentieth centuries had feared that such a service as feeding school children might destroy family responsibility and the values of family life. Supporters of school feeding and the school medical service had not only to fight apathy and ignorance, but the criticism of those who strongly believed in the importance of maintaining the unity and independence of the family. Very few authorities had organized a School Meals Service by the First World War, but during this War and the subsequent depressions of the 1920s the numbers increased. During the 1930s the numbers fell. The necessity of feeding large numbers of children during the Second World War, however, animated the demands for a better service, and the 1944 Education Act made it obligatory for local education authorities to provide a School Meals Service.

Emphasizes the need to promote the education of the mentally retarded in the United States. Acquisition of education services for retarded children through the collaboration between parents; Development of fundamental social activism within and around special education; Failure of the public culture to meet the criterion of success in the delivery of essential services to the poor.

Examines the role of field teacher as a social critic to elaborate assumptions and activities associated with Neighborhood Learning Centers (NLC) in the United States. Educational problems of lower-class people; Social functions of the school system; Problems faced by special educators; Benefits of the NLC to the culturally deprived people.

Reports on the Experiment in Higher Education, an experimental speech education program conducted by Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville for several low-income, under-achieving youth from East Saint Louis, Illinois. Problems faced by the speech program; Ways in which orthodox speech teaching methods and programs were reoriented to meet the problems; Recommendations.

The availability of the mass media, or at least the potential for widespread use of them, is one of the major factors that makes the development setting of today's poor countries radically different from that of the developed countries a century ago. This has been widely recognized and has led to attempts to integrate communications factors into general theories of development. It has resulted in what may be called positive, negative, and neutral orientations or theories, that are held implicitly and sometimes simultaneously by media scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideology of self-help and free enterprise has had as one of its consequences the fact that businessmen and other citizens have come to take for granted a host of ancillary services on which their enterprises depend, whether these be the law courts or fire departments or the customs offices on the one hand, or many "private" activities on the other hand which provide advice, maintenance, and other supports to a Durkheimian "organic" division of labor. To be sure, uneasiness as to whether one is really a self-made man may be an element in the attraction of radical right-wing thought for some corporate businessmen who are dimly aware that they are not as independent as their frontier outlook would demand of them; certainly, they do their best to conceal from themselves the support they derive from the governmental and corporate infrastructure. Such men in their civic capacities are apt to demand asceticism from governmental and other nonprofit institutions, while being themselves not at all reluctant to accept the perquisites of what they regard as their personal achievements, and in their corporate capacity to dress their institutions with the luxurious trappings of success, such as handsome modem air-conditioned buildings, college-educated and "charming" receptionists, and all other conceivable appurtenances for making the doing of business pleasant and at times even expeditious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between the education and employment in the developing Commonwealth countries. It describes the condition of the increasing numbers of educated young people in the countries unable to find suitable jobs. The members of the educated unemployed are minorities, the poor, rural dwellers and women. Meanwhile, the main factor that contributes to unemployment in these countries has been the disparity between the limited job opportunities in the wage-earning sector and the large output from schools and universities.

The article reports about Chen Ai-ying. She was a member of the Chi K'ou Brigade, Hsi Sin Commune, in Sha Hsien, Fukien Province. Her native home was in the vicinity of Wei An City. In 1956, Ai-ying heeded the Communist party's call to open up and construct the mountain areas and, with her whole family, moved to the mountainous area of northern Fukien and settled down there. At that time some people said that life in a mountainous area was too bitter. The roads were uneven. There was no electric- ity. The food was bad. None of the families with daughters were willing to let them marry into that area. Ai-ying was a good girl; she thought: "A happy life is created by human labor, she was determined to spend her life here. While working in the fields, Ai-ying became acquainted with a young fellow from the village, Wen Ying-hsien. Brides from the plains who married into the mountainous areas demanded even more. When the neighbors heard that Ai-ying had found a mate, they said lightheartedly: "Ai-ying! Your father is very old, and your household is poor. You should ask for more betrothal gifts. In fact, Ai-ying had long ago decided in her heart that she is a daughter of a poor peasant. She should certainly listen to the party.

The article presents the results of a study on medical care costs of white and Negro households in the southern rural areas of the United States. It was found that many southern rural families do without any medical care. This is attributed to the indifference of doctors. Most doctors are urban-oriented, accept patients by appointment only, and tend to bypass distant rural home calls. Further compounding the issue are the meager incomes of southern ruralities, the distances they live from available medical help, and charges of town physicians for remote home calls. The data shows that Negroes, largely because of poverty, neglect their health more than whites. They tend to be oriented to traditional and personal values rather than to professional, scientific, and rationalistic values of organized medicine. Southern rural poor whites and poor Negroes have most economic problems in common, including those of medical care. In gross numbers, however, poor white families outnumber poor Negro families in a ratio of three to one, at least in the 27 counties surveyed.

The revenue sharing act as it is now constituted is having an adverse effect on Neighborhood Health Centers and poor people generally. As an alternative solution, specific federal grants should be tailored to their needs. It is especially important for minorities, public officials, poor people and interested others to be watchful of how funds are spent and to make their needs known and felt even before state and local plans are made.

The article focuses on the life of master Sang, whose given name is Yün-chiao, and who is fifty-one years old. The son of a blacksmith, he followed his father from one place to another. From his childhood, he was fed the bitter water of class oppression and class exploitation, the old society drove to their deaths seven members of his family. In 1945 the Communist Party saved his entire family. Now, he is the head of the welding group of the United Factory in Wu-hsiang hsien and an honored labor model. From the time of Yü-chiao's great -grandfather, his family served the big landlords like Yang Lao-p'ei. horses and mules. Yang employed scores of lackeys, these plus his hired laborers and maidservants must have made his household number more than 100 persons. Yang operated a salt shop which monopolized the business and controlled salt prices, and it cost ten catties of maize to buy a catty of salt. Salt was as expensive as silver, how could poor people afford it. They could not eat salt for years.

This article presents a description of the Japanese labor research institutes and labor training camps in Japanese-occupied regions of China and examines the lives of prisoners of war (POW) laborers in labor camps in Japan. The author remarks that when he was nine years old, his family lived on the verge of starvation and his three-mou plot of land was seized by a landlord nicknamed "Sheep Knife." The author's father went away to make a living and fell sick and died. Then, his mother, taking him and his younger sister, married Wu Yung-kuang. His stepfather could manage to make a precarious living by cultivating several mou of land. After the death of author's mother his stepfather brought him up. He was already sixteen years old. On the evening of the first day of the tenth month on the lunar calendar, 1923, when the author returned from the work in the field, he saw Shu-shu, his stepbrother sitting in dejection by the door. He told him that the village office has assigned them to beat the watches that night. In their village, the poor people had to take turns beating the night watches.

This article presents story of the wheelbarrow in China. Author's landlord was a black-hearted man. He exploited poor people by lending money at an exorbitant rate. If one borrowed ten strings of cash from him, the interest was one string of cash. Fearing that one would not pay his interest, he would deduct it beforehand, and only give him nine strings of cash. Month after month there was interest, and interest was added onto interest. By the next year, those several strings of cash of author's father's debt had become more than ten strings of cash. It was already December, but everyone in his family still wore summer clothes. His father could not pay his debt. The landlord came every day to put pressure on them. His father was terribly upset and did not know what to do. Poor families who had little more than they were sympathetic but had no left-over food for them. They had almost nothing to show for our whole morning's efforts. The landlord's boy would not allow him to do so. As they argued, a man from a nearby customs checkpoint came to inspect the wheelbarrow. This check-point was set up to intercept contraband.

The article provides information on sheep breeding in South India. Sheep are relying their food on grass and herbage whereas goats live to a large extent on the foliage of trees and shrubs. Sheep are therefore considered the cultivators' animal, finding food on his stubbles and fallows and giving him manure. Sheep are mostly owned in this country by poor people and flocks are small. The shepherds are ignorant and naturally, completely controlled in their operations by tradition and superstition. Conditions under which sheep have to live and breed are such that the tendency has always been for natural selection to produce a type of animal which is able to live on the minimum of food rather than an animal highly productive of mutton or wool.

The article focuses on family patterns of the poor. It is opined that there are a number of family patterns that are more characteristic of the poor than of the non-poor. Prominent among these family patterns are consensual marriage and other man-woman relationships; separation of marital partners; a high official rate of illegitimate childbirth; and many female-headed families. These patterns do play a part, contributing, for example, to more delinquency. Family patterns among the poor are an adaptation to their deprived circumstances. The poor are hemmed in by deprivation and discrimination--and they usually find that they can't get ahead, that opportunities are not open to them, and that the good life is not for them. It is believed that the poor must adapt to the conditions they face. There is a preference for the conventional family patterns, but also an acceptance of the alternatives one must pursue in order to adapt to deprived circumstances-and in this way poor people find it possible to live with their conscience and their economic uncertain ties.

Responds to the articles on field teaching published in the January 1972 issue of 'Peabody Journal of Education.' Teachers' technical shortcomings in the classroom; Inability of teachers to improve the mental health of children; Activities of neighborhood learning centers and child advocate councils.

The media in this country profoundly underemploy black people, fail to report properly and adequately the facts of black life, and fail to reflect the culture of the black community. Only 1.5% of the professionals in the newspaper industry are black. In the broadcast industry, blacks constitute only 2% of all officials and managers, 6% of all professionals, 3% of the technicians, and 2% of the sales workers. The press is also profoundly and endemically middle class, which means that for the most part it is an avowed enemy of poor people. Approximately 360 radio stations are oriented to the black community, but only 19 are black owned. Legal pressure may dislodge some of the racist owners of radio and TV stations who have made exorbitant profits out of the airwaves which the people own. Picketing and boycotting will be necessary. It will do no good to gain access to the white press and to build a meaningful black press if the press turns out to be controlled and distorted by government. At this time, the press is facing a serious attack upon its freedom in the problem of immunity.

There is more then generous gesture in the efforts towards “openness” so frequently heard about today. The more one encounters it, the more one finds certainty that it springs from a deeply experienced insight that there is no way so human and integral by which to reach out to solve problems as in the opening of oneself to the messages contained within human interaction and in the giving and receiving of opinion on ways of proceeding. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There is less consensus about the practice meaning of self-determination in the 1970s than perhaps ever before. Until a decade ago the literature appeared to be enunciating a principle which, although difficult to apply, especially in some circumstances, enjoyed reasonable consensus about its essential meaning; the issues surrounding its translation into practice could therefore potentially be refined enough to give substance and form to its application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Outlines a paradigm consisting of segments or sub-groups of individuals within an audience. Effect of a segmental audience orientation on the student speaker; Categories within a classroom audience; Way in which teachers should orient students on the composition of audiences.

Edwin Eames and Judith Granich Goode. Urban Poverty in a Cross‐Cultural Context. New York: The Free Press, 1973. vii + 299 pp. Notes, references, and index. $8.95. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Bryan R. Roberts. Organizing Strangers: Poor Families in Guatemala City. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973. xviii + 360 pp. Tables, bibliography, and index. $12.50. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Harland Padfield and Roy Williams. Stay Where You Were: A Study of Unemployables in Industry. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1973. xviii + 282 pp. Figures, tables, and appendix. $7.50 (cloth), $3.25 (paper). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chalmers Johnson's book Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power is important for several reasons. It is a complete reinterpretation of events of the Chinese revolution, presenting the revolution as merely another form of nationalist development of the modern nation-state. And it has had an enormous impact in the academic community. Most of the major works on this period of Chinese history are to some extent answers to Johnson. And its effect has extended beyond the field of Chinese studies. Almost all other studies of peasant mass movements and contemporary social change at least acknowledge Johnson's thesis and make some attempt to deal with it. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Thailand is now the linchpin in America’s Asia. As revolutionaries in Indochina continue to force a reduction of U.S. ground troops in Asia and as Washington’s commitment to Taiwan weakens, Thailand assumes increasing strategic importance for current American counterrevolutionary operations in continental Asia. This development extends a general trend which began in the early 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the political, economic and cultural development on the docks in Shanghai, China after the War of Liberation. As the broad masses of dock workers have undergone these profound changes from the preliberation to the postilberation era, they have come to deeply appreciate the fact that without the Chinese Communist Party, the dock workers would not have the political position they have today. The class consciousness of all the workers has risen tremendously, and their revolutionary fervor surges forward without a stop. By being outstanding politically and leading the way in their tasks, they have made many remarkable achievements in loading and unloading work. Every year throughout the entire harbor, large groups of outstanding personalities and outstanding collectives appear. Some among them are judged to be the city's outstanding producers, and some are Judged to be among the nation's outstanding producers. In addition, there are also many collectives that are selected as outstanding both citywide and nationwide. These outstanding personalities and collectives all provide examples for workers throughout the harbor to emulate. Quite a few dock workers have even had the glorious honor of joining the Chinese Communist Party and the Communist Youth League.

The article focuses on the improvements in the conditions of workers in the South Seas Brothers Tobacco Company. The wage reform in the factory was carried out under the direct leadership of the higher Party and governmental authorities and the unified leadership of the Party committee in the factory. It also had the conscientious support of the workers' union and the Youth Corps. Prior to this reorganization in the wage structure, the average wage of the personnel in the factory, including those who had abnormally low wages, was 770 thousand yuan in the old currency. Since all the postliberation reorganizations of the wage structure were but partial modifications of the existing system, the wage structure had never been thoroughly reformed. The piece-rate payment of wages was only determined by the single quotation rate and did not take into account the changes in quantity produced per man-hour alter the modifications in production procedures and the organization of labor had been implemented.

Four different approachs to nutritional rehabilitation were evaluated in a nutrition rehabilitation centre in Tanzania. The approaches were the provision of Day‐care without the presence of the child's guardian; Residential‐care without a guardian; Day‐care with guardian; and Residential‐care with guardian. Children above 18 months of age under residential care gained weight considerably faster than children receiving day‐care. Though the day‐care centre was somewhat less expensive than the residential centre, the day‐centre was more expensive when the longer rehabilitation period was taken into account. The centre offering day care experienced difficulties in reaching new patients once the mal‐nourished children living near by had been treated. The provision of transport raised cost to an unacceptable level. Residential care of children alone avoided the problem of transport; parents visited the centre occasionally which offered at least some opportunity for health education. There is evidence that children admitted with their guardians to the centre showed a better growth several months after discharge than children who had been admitted without their guardian. Similarly, the acceptance of innovations was apparently improved when mothers had gained practical experience in their use during admission to the centre. Therefore the residential care of children in the continuous presence of their guardian was found to be the best method of rehabilitating malnourished children. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Examines the social structure and values of Thai society and sees it changing from a 'Gemeinschaft' (natural community) to a 'Gesellschaft' (impersonal, legal society). This, along with increased indebtedness, land pressure, and an unresponsive ruling class, will lead to further Marxist intervention in Thailand.

Presents news briefs and opinions related to environmental studies, including climate, ecology, energy, health, nutrition and food, urban problems, population and pollution. End of the International Hydrological Decade, Management of aquatic weeds; Criticism by noted environmentalist Barry Commoner of a draft statement issued by the United States Atomic Energy Commission on liquid metal fast breeder reactors; Continued outbreak of smallpox in India; Others.