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This study addresses itself to the problems of "cultural difference" through a semantic feature analysis of the lexicon of the hard-core poor. The hard-core poor are an internally organized, often highly resourceful, deviant subculture, the members of which do not share common societal values and do not wish for social mobility. They have their own ideology concerning the middle-class striver, considering him "sick" and his values inimical. Although other types of slum residents appear to lack integrated social systems for surviving in conditions of economic marginality, the hard-core poor do not. Their neighbors refer to them as "the self-contained society." They have developed their own adaptive institutional forms, including those for religious expression, economic survival, and social aid. This subculture has its own economic strata (not all of the hard-core group are economically poor), as well as its own elites, its own methods of communication, and highly efficient system maintenance and group insulation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the problems involve in world security and the role of the developed countries in world peace as well as arising conflicts. The author elaborates his viewpoint whether world peace will ease the economic welfare of poorer humanity. World security struggles with three aspects of problem, including the conflicts among the rich, the conflicts between the rich and poor, and the conflicts among the poor. The tension among superpower countries has established benefits for developing countries, like the death of colonialism after the World War II. The cold war and competition between countries of winning friends developed foreign or strategic policy.

Emphasizes on the need for compensatory education and social justice for the surplus population of poor people in the United States. Reasons for failure of compensatory educational programs; Purpose of compensatory education; Ways to maximize human serviceability of a society; Role of educators and scholars in educational programs for the poor.

This article focuses on several issues related to public health in Great Britain in the nineteenth century. The nineteenth century was a time of paradox, the third quarter, generally regarded as an age of unprecedented prosperity, also reached high-water levels of mortality and pauperism. Everywhere was much that was squalid. The popular attitude to health was less than enthusiastic and administrative machinery was largely ineffective. Such machinery as there was, was busily occupied with attempts to mitigate gross environmental abuses. But the stage was being set for major advances in personal health services that came with the new century. The growth of health and social welfare in Great Britain in the nineteenth century makes fascinating study. Mostly, of course, the process was one of slow, straightforward evolution; but occasionally events took strange turnings, swayed by conflicting pressures. Already quite early in the century more of the people of Great Britain were chiefly engaged in trade, manufacture or handicrafts than in agriculture, though Wales was still an exception.

This article attempts to find official and unofficial expectations concerning the care of the sick. In addition to the nature of illness, social factors also have an influence on the patient's seeking treatment. The poor and those who have difficult access to medical care do not seek treatment so often as do those living in more advantageous conditions. Thus one can see that the actual behaviour in connection with illness varies from group to group. The public health nurse, there are 1445 public health nurses or one per 3100 inhabitants in community care in Finland, often has to estimate whether a patient ought to be attended to by a physician, or a nurse, or to be sent into a hospital. Her estimation can be considered as representative of the official idea of when people should seek medial treatment. Her judgment is probably based mostly on medical considerations. The patient and his family, on the other hand, have their own, unofficial view about the necessity of seeking treatment. The official and the unofficial conception may be in agreement but they need not be.

The article focuses on the history of the School Meals Service. During the latter part of the nineteenth century reformers had become increasingly aware of the poor home conditions of many children, and their weak physical state. Many people during the nineteenth and early years of the twentieth centuries had feared that such a service as feeding school children might destroy family responsibility and the values of family life. Supporters of school feeding and the school medical service had not only to fight apathy and ignorance, but the criticism of those who strongly believed in the importance of maintaining the unity and independence of the family. Very few authorities had organized a School Meals Service by the First World War, but during this War and the subsequent depressions of the 1920s the numbers increased. During the 1930s the numbers fell. The necessity of feeding large numbers of children during the Second World War, however, animated the demands for a better service, and the 1944 Education Act made it obligatory for local education authorities to provide a School Meals Service.

Emphasizes the need to promote the education of the mentally retarded in the United States. Acquisition of education services for retarded children through the collaboration between parents; Development of fundamental social activism within and around special education; Failure of the public culture to meet the criterion of success in the delivery of essential services to the poor.

Examines the role of field teacher as a social critic to elaborate assumptions and activities associated with Neighborhood Learning Centers (NLC) in the United States. Educational problems of lower-class people; Social functions of the school system; Problems faced by special educators; Benefits of the NLC to the culturally deprived people.

The availability of the mass media, or at least the potential for widespread use of them, is one of the major factors that makes the development setting of today's poor countries radically different from that of the developed countries a century ago. This has been widely recognized and has led to attempts to integrate communications factors into general theories of development. It has resulted in what may be called positive, negative, and neutral orientations or theories, that are held implicitly and sometimes simultaneously by media scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideology of self-help and free enterprise has had as one of its consequences the fact that businessmen and other citizens have come to take for granted a host of ancillary services on which their enterprises depend, whether these be the law courts or fire departments or the customs offices on the one hand, or many "private" activities on the other hand which provide advice, maintenance, and other supports to a Durkheimian "organic" division of labor. To be sure, uneasiness as to whether one is really a self-made man may be an element in the attraction of radical right-wing thought for some corporate businessmen who are dimly aware that they are not as independent as their frontier outlook would demand of them; certainly, they do their best to conceal from themselves the support they derive from the governmental and corporate infrastructure. Such men in their civic capacities are apt to demand asceticism from governmental and other nonprofit institutions, while being themselves not at all reluctant to accept the perquisites of what they regard as their personal achievements, and in their corporate capacity to dress their institutions with the luxurious trappings of success, such as handsome modem air-conditioned buildings, college-educated and "charming" receptionists, and all other conceivable appurtenances for making the doing of business pleasant and at times even expeditious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between the education and employment in the developing Commonwealth countries. It describes the condition of the increasing numbers of educated young people in the countries unable to find suitable jobs. The members of the educated unemployed are minorities, the poor, rural dwellers and women. Meanwhile, the main factor that contributes to unemployment in these countries has been the disparity between the limited job opportunities in the wage-earning sector and the large output from schools and universities.

The article presents the results of a study on medical care costs of white and Negro households in the southern rural areas of the United States. It was found that many southern rural families do without any medical care. This is attributed to the indifference of doctors. Most doctors are urban-oriented, accept patients by appointment only, and tend to bypass distant rural home calls. Further compounding the issue are the meager incomes of southern ruralities, the distances they live from available medical help, and charges of town physicians for remote home calls. The data shows that Negroes, largely because of poverty, neglect their health more than whites. They tend to be oriented to traditional and personal values rather than to professional, scientific, and rationalistic values of organized medicine. Southern rural poor whites and poor Negroes have most economic problems in common, including those of medical care. In gross numbers, however, poor white families outnumber poor Negro families in a ratio of three to one, at least in the 27 counties surveyed.

The article discuses about the important roles of science and technology in raising living standards. In this report, the author emphasizes the practical problems of science and development, particularly on the intensity of world poverty. The author also indicated the need for a world supermarket in science and technology, a comprehensive display of what science and technology can achieve in raising living standards and to what cost. With this crucial stage of counsel and advice, the author recommended to seek the technical knowledge and the idealism of scientists.

The revenue sharing act as it is now constituted is having an adverse effect on Neighborhood Health Centers and poor people generally. As an alternative solution, specific federal grants should be tailored to their needs. It is especially important for minorities, public officials, poor people and interested others to be watchful of how funds are spent and to make their needs known and felt even before state and local plans are made.

The article focuses on family patterns of the poor. It is opined that there are a number of family patterns that are more characteristic of the poor than of the non-poor. Prominent among these family patterns are consensual marriage and other man-woman relationships; separation of marital partners; a high official rate of illegitimate childbirth; and many female-headed families. These patterns do play a part, contributing, for example, to more delinquency. Family patterns among the poor are an adaptation to their deprived circumstances. The poor are hemmed in by deprivation and discrimination--and they usually find that they can't get ahead, that opportunities are not open to them, and that the good life is not for them. It is believed that the poor must adapt to the conditions they face. There is a preference for the conventional family patterns, but also an acceptance of the alternatives one must pursue in order to adapt to deprived circumstances-and in this way poor people find it possible to live with their conscience and their economic uncertain ties.

The article presents the new frontiers of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. According to the president, the government pledge its best efforts to help the poor people to help themselves for whatever period is required. If a free society cannot aid the poor people, it cannot also save the few who are rich. To those nations who want to be the country's adversary, the Americans offer not a pledge but a request that both sides would start anew the request for peace before the weapons of mass destruction are unleashed. Allow both sides to explore what are the problems that would unite the countries instead of belaboring those problems which divide the people. Let both sides seek to invoke the positive contributions of science instead of its terrors.

Responds to the articles on field teaching published in the January 1972 issue of 'Peabody Journal of Education.' Teachers' technical shortcomings in the classroom; Inability of teachers to improve the mental health of children; Activities of neighborhood learning centers and child advocate councils.

The media in this country profoundly underemploy black people, fail to report properly and adequately the facts of black life, and fail to reflect the culture of the black community. Only 1.5% of the professionals in the newspaper industry are black. In the broadcast industry, blacks constitute only 2% of all officials and managers, 6% of all professionals, 3% of the technicians, and 2% of the sales workers. The press is also profoundly and endemically middle class, which means that for the most part it is an avowed enemy of poor people. Approximately 360 radio stations are oriented to the black community, but only 19 are black owned. Legal pressure may dislodge some of the racist owners of radio and TV stations who have made exorbitant profits out of the airwaves which the people own. Picketing and boycotting will be necessary. It will do no good to gain access to the white press and to build a meaningful black press if the press turns out to be controlled and distorted by government. At this time, the press is facing a serious attack upon its freedom in the problem of immunity.

The article offers information on scientific revolution. The author is perplexed by the fact that the scientific revelation took place in Europe and not in China which he considered more ready for such changes. He also noted that all countries adopt technologies which came from Europe or North America. These include steel frame buildings, airplanes, automobiles, scientific agriculture, and factories. The rise of superculture has eventually caused the progress of the human race, and its rise followed the emergence of science. However, the rise of superculture created great increase in the inequality of world incomes.

An excerpt from the paper presented by J. Calvin Giddings at the Utah Award of the Central Utah and Salt Lake Sections of the American Chemical Society on world population and nuclear holocaust.

The article offers information on Project Apollo. It is noted that this initiative effected revolutionary insights into the origin and evolution of the Earth, the solar system, and the moon. The American landings on the moon manifested a triumph of man from every part of the globe. The project also not only paved the way to manned exploration beyond this planet, but it has influenced man's concept of the world. However, many critics of this project stated that this is simply an interplanetary WPA for the military-industrial establishment.

The article focuses on the energy crisis in the US. This problem is brought about by the federal legislation imposed on the use of sulfur-containing fuels in power plants to comply with anti-air pollution standards. The restrictions have resulted to lesser fuel for electric utilities so people will face the choice between the occurrence of more brownouts or the limitation of their use of electricity. This social policy creates chaos because middle class citizens have access to more energy while the low income segment is vastly underserved with electricity. To augment the problem, rationalization is preferred rather than power rationing.

The article discusses the impact of nuclear-powered, industrial complexes (Nuplexes) on the society in the U.S. Nuplexes is designated to a difficult-to-describe phenomenon that is expected to come into a physical existence and is considered as one consequence of the introduction of a great nuclear reactors for electrical power production. The author states that it can contribute positively to the people if it will become an institution with an image of its own for which it could gain popular support.

The article presents a speech by Gunnar Myrdal, an employee at the University of Stockholm, delivered at the American Institute of Planners on October 3, 1967. He discusses on the plans for the development and reforms, to be done for Utopia. The author also calls for an execution of a system which will coordinate policies framed to have the effect of shaping the foreseen trends toward realizing ideals.

The article discusses the applicability of science to the problems in Middle East in 1960. Accordingly, one way to solve the conflict between two gigantic lands is to embrace the fact that military science is the wrong kind of science for the underdeveloped areas, those areas which are situated between the East and West blocs. The statement was concluded after considering the fact that those underdeveloped areas are so poor it is absurd to pass out arms for defense. Instead, the biological sciences of medicine, engineering, and education which could speed up agricultural, industrial and social development are suggested. Aside from these sciences, the construction of a United Nations Zone of Peace in some underdeveloped area is likewise hinted to help ease the tension of the two.

The article focuses on issues and topics related to the academic freedom in universities and colleges in Italy. Professors in Italy share a good deal of academic freedom. They are free to profess the ideas they want to profess. They are not dismissed if they are ultranationalist. Also, they are not dismissed if they are Communists. Unlike their American counterparts, they are not required to make an oath of loyalty to the state. Indeed, all the employees of the Italian state ought to swear an oath of loyalty to the state, all except university professors.

This article consists of three parts: First, a presentation of some results concerning leisure use in Finland, secondly a sketchy theoretical interpretation of these results, and thirdly some discussion of the role of community and leisure activity in the national political system. In the Finnish society of today the Communists represent a totalitarian movement, which attacks the legitimacy of the prevailing social and political order. What makes the political situation interesting is the fact that Communist support is fairly widespread. In the parliamentary elections after the Second World War the Communists usually obtained almost a quarter of the total vote and occupied almost a quarter of the seats in Finnish Parliament. The community activity and leisure use among the Communist party members and supporters display a peculiar pattern, in fact, an analysis of the community and leisure activities among the communist supporters seems to provide an important key to an understanding of variations in Communist strength in Finland. In order to analyze the structural bases of community and leisure activities, the Finnish Communists have here been dealt with as a demonstrative case. The main point is that the adherence to a totalitarian movement has occurred under two rather different conditions. In the South/West the Communists display strong social activity and belong to voluntary associations, which, however, are not tied to the total social system. In the North/East the associations, which are supposed to function as mediators, do not exist at all.

The contention that geography is a ‘spatial’ discipline is often interpreted to mean that a set of laws are uniquely geographic in their structure. From the viewpoint of the structure of scientific explanations, such as suggestions is unwarranted and ill-advised. With trivial exceptions, all explanations, except those of synthetic geometry, can answer aspects of geographic questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Thomas William Marshall, Inspector of Education in 1847. Just before his appointment as an Inspector in 1847, Roman Catholic elementary schools had been brought into the voluntary system of State aid operated under the Privy Council Regulations; this was accomplished on a basis similar to that upon which the Church of England or the Methodists also received State aid, and with parallel guarantees for denominational rights and privileges. An Inspector's work at that time was often physically arduous, involving much travel, frequently under adverse conditions, and he had to deal with an enormously varied series of tasks. As each man was a travelling set of eyes, ears and tongue for Kay-Shuttleworth, he might be required to make any or all of a complicated collection of on-the-spot judgments about legal, financial, religious, architectural, sanitary and political matters, and upon questions of an educational, human, or commonplace practical type. Marshall was particularly ready and skilled in the analysis and demolition of small-minded criticism, based, as much of it was, on Victorian gentlefolks' fear that education of the people would make them discontented.

Examines the role of the field teacher as an alternative to schooling. Assumptions and intentions of compensatory education; Analysis of the socialization of poor children in the school system; Role of cultural background in student deficiencies; Role of education in the society; Ability of education to remediate the life chances of the poor in the society.

Focuses on the involvement of universities in the process of social change in the U.S. Debate among social scientists on the extent to which a university should respond to the demands of a society; Role of university professors as consultants and evaluators; Impact of behavioral scientists' investigations on the interest of federal government agencies.

The article discusses proposed additional and supplementary perspective of the counter cultural social movement as a means of understanding the commune. The use of the term counterculture derives mainly from J.M. Yinger's concept of contraculture. The use of the term would be limited as countercultural based on groups that reject the foundation of the dominant culture. It is not implied that an entire cultural renaissance is involved. The understanding of the term suggests that a countercultural social movement is one that radically opposes its parent society that it tends not toward change for existing social order but towards a sectarian alternative. The paper results from studies on countercultural deviance based on survey data of respondents from twelve communes. Information on style of organization, formal norms and others were obtained by mail from 60 communes across the U.S. The limitation of the data is apparent in the absence of random sampling techniques. Therefore the analysis must be regarded as tentative instead of definitive. The hypothesis suggests that it has withstood critical evaluation by the seminar members who brought diverse data to bear upon them.

Old people are found in every society. Although sociological interest in the aged is relatively recent, the old as a significant part of society have been noted and described for centuries. The ancient Greeks, for example, recognized aging and the aged. The words of the aged Cephalus, quoted in Plato's The Republic (Jowett, 1937:593), have a modem sound about them: Men of my age flock together; we are birds of a feather, as the old proverb says; and at our meetings the tale of my acquaintance commonly is—I cannot eat, I cannot drink; the pleasures of youth and love are fled away: there was a good time once, but now that is gone, and life is no longer life. Some complain of the slights which are put upon them by relations, and they will tell you sadly of how many evils their old age is the cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tug concert of class consciousness seems to mean many things to sociologists, perhaps because they have not always agreed on the meaning of one of its elements-class. In contemporary writing the term has been used in five different ways. These, in order of comprehensiveness, are: first, the manifestation of an awareness that a system of stratification exists in society; second, the willingness of a person to designate where he feels he belongs in this system; third, the manifestation of interests in common with others who feel they belong in the same aggregate; fourth, the possession of presumedly accurate knowledge of the interests of the class to which one feels he belongs, and as a consequence, a manifestation of interests similar to these; and fifth, a feeling of solidarity with those who are identified as belonging to one's self-assigned class, and a feeling of estrangement from those not identified as belonging to one's self assigned class. The first three usages are indicative more of class identification than of class consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]