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The authors' purpose for initiating an investigation of salivary electropherograms was to establish a routine procedure under standardized operational conditions. Patterns of parotid saliva from people under controlled stimulation may then be compared and evaluated. It is also the goal of this paper to standardize the operational factors of paper electrophoresis with a diagnostic laboratory instrument.

This article discusses the experimental design and analysis of research methods in educational research. Writings which have relevance to or are potentially useful for educational experimentation from either a long-range or a short-range point of view are, in general, noticed. In certain areas of experimental design, the analysis of variance, and related topics, only a representative number of the many papers which actually appeared have been considered.

This article focuses on statistical methods that are especially applicable to test construction, analysis, and evaluation. It deals with general developments in statistical theory with particular stress on contributions to statistical inferences involving parametric procedures; recent advances in the theory and application of chi-square and contingency tables; published research concerning the binomial, Poisson, and multinomial distributions; innovations and modifications in nonparametric theory and techniques; developments in regression and correlation theory, including curve fitting; and methodological advances in factor analysis.

This article focuses on the statistical methods as research tools in education. A number of contributions to statistical methodology have been omitted in addition to those represented by the content of other chapters in this issue. In particular, those statistical methods that seemed to be especially applicable to problems of test construction, analysis, and evaluation were deferred for a chapter in a subsequent issue on educational and psychological testing. Thus, many contributions in the area of regression and correlation as well as recent writings on pattern and profile analysis have not been included. It would seem probable that within the next three years a sufficient accumulation of material on decision theory and discriminant analysis will be forthcoming to allow inclusion of a chapter on these topics for the 1960 issue of the "Review of Educational Research."

This article focuses on the status studies and sample surveys as research methods. The major impetus for status studies and the consequent attention to technics of sample surveys has been and still is the need for vital statistics which can be used for social research and the determination of public policy. The many technical articles published in recent years on the theory and methodology of sample surveys and the rise in the number of status studies demonstrate the need for a separate chapter on these subjects.

The article discusses various tests and measurements for research purposes in the fields of intelligence, special aptitudes and personality. Connection between achievement test scores and various other variables was included and an indication was made so that tests should pay added attention towards students urging them to express their thoughts in their own language. It became evident that girls averaged higher on marks, whereas boys averaged higher on achievement tests. Papers presenting useful techniques for achievement testing still fall short as these tests fail to measure all the desirable products of teaching.

The purpose of this paper was to provide a simple reproducible method by which clinical measurements and observations can be correlated with histologic evidence of the epithelial attachments. The authors believe such a method is essential because from a clinical standpoint it is impossible to observe or test the epithelial attachment.

Two micro-modifications are described for determination of hydroxyproline. These methods were used on ribbons of 5-μm histologic sections. Adjacent sections were projected and traced, and tracings were cut and weighed to determine the area of connective tissue. Quantitative chemical concentrations of collagen in histologic sections were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the research paper of sociologist Albert J. Reiss about delinquency as the failure of social controls. He commends Reiss for testing the usefulness of prognostic instruments. He notes that Reiss talks in terms of the acceptance of, or submission to social control. The author says that he is impressed with the precautions Reiss has taken with his statistics and remarks that more researchers like him are needed, who provide research tools.

A great deal has been written about the relative advantages of telephone and face-to-face interviews particularly with respect to comparative costs, sampling problems, interviewer reliability, refusal rates, and ease of administration. A special advantage of the telephone interview is the rapidity of the field work. Expense is likely to be considerably less, in terms of cost per completed interview, than in the face-to-face interview methods. It has also been argued that if facts, rather than opinions, are desired, the telephone approach has particular value. This article provides empirical data on the study of the comparative validity of the telephone and face-to-face techniques. This article presents a survey in which two comparable samples were interviewed with the same questionnaire, by the same interviewers, but by the two different approaches. The verbal claims and intentions of one group of respondents interviewed face-to-face in their homes will be compared with the verbal claims and intentions of another group interviewed by telephone. These statements will then be matched with the actual conduct of both groups, permitting an estimate of the comparative validity of the two interviewing methods.

The article focuses on the revealed difference technique to determine husband-wife interaction. It emphasizes whether the methodological innovation and the technique grew from successive sequences of pilot findings which led to research operations. The experiment was conducted on a group of couples from geographically adjacent communities in the Arizona-New Mexico area. It is concluded that the technique consists of requesting subjects to make individual evaluations of experiences shared by them. It also involves in requesting the subjects to reconcile differences in interpretations which may have occurred.

The article discusses anthropological approaches to the study of education. He suggested that the most promising approach would be the study of individually oriented networks coupled with lengthy fieldwork, microethnographic methodology, interviews and time sampling. In his conclusion, he explained that whatever methods are used in the future, it is important to correct certain biases which seem to characterize the field at present. In closing the author calls for more empirical discussion of methods and methodology in educational anthropolopy.

This article discusses the application of regression and correlation in educational research. Papers on regression cover a wide range of topics reflecting the diversification of problems in different areas of theoretical and applied statistics. A complication in regression analysis arises when it is unjustifiable to assume that the independent variables are free from errors of measurement. While the theoretical aspects of least squares analysis have been investigated since the beginnings of statistical science, certain techniques have emerged as particularly useful in the solution of these problems.

In this research paper data obtained by two researchers who used different methods of clinical examination on the same group of individuals was compared. The first examiner (A) used a slow method of research for the visual diagnosis of dental caries. The second examiner (B) used a quicker method for his clinical research.

The article reports on research methods used in a clinical dental trial which evaluated an unidentified tranquilizer that might be used in operative dentistry. Topics include the definition of relaxation for statistical research and statistical pairing for assessing the number of treatments and use of placebos. The formula for calculating the relative deviate as an alternative to the curve test is explained.

The article focuses on a study of bacterial growth factors in human gingival mucosa that was conducted in the United States. Research methods for examining inflamed tissue samples and identifying niacin, riboflavin, biotin, and pantothenic-acid activity in saliva are described, as well as the complexity of microflora in the mouth

A procedure developed by Feldt and Mahmoud for estimating sample size was applied to clinical trials of dental caries preventives. The procedure was modified to account for features common to most clinical trials of cariostatic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the solubility of dental enamel when the surface is treated with anticariogenic agents. Research methods include the use of human teeth that were stored in water to prevent dehydration and removal of roots below the cemento-enamel junction. Data is given that compares seven compounds: stannous fluoride, stannous sulfate, sodium fluoride, calcium zirconium fluoride, sodium oxalate, sodium dehydroacetate, and sodium-N-palmitoyl sarcosinate.

The article provides information on experiments that were done focusing on the sterilization of dental cartridge syringes via boiling water. The water was boiled for at least 10 minutes. After sterilization the needles and syringes were placed aseptically within the cover of a sterile towel, where they were allowed to dry.

This article comments on studies concerning collective bargaining and the salaries of public school teachers. The study by Hirschel Kasper, which concluded that unionization has no impact on teacher salaries, is criticized for its research methods. The study by Robert Thornton, which reached the opposite conclusion, is noted for its appropriate specification of principal variables, but criticized for its lack of generality. The hypothesis that Kasper presents is that the average salary level relates positively to the level of organization.

The article is a reply to James A. Craft who commented on the article "Toward a Public Employment Wage Theory," published in the January 1969 issue of "Industrial and Labor Relations Review." Craft's criticism of the article focuses on the potential impact of union organization on the research results. The author says that the article was not intended to consider every form of institutional arrangement in the model. Its purpose was to suggest a simple theoretical framework for analyzing decisions in the public sector.

The article is a reply to economist John Pencavel's comments about the article "Interindustry Variations in Voluntary Labor Mobility," which was in the January 1969 issue of "Industrial and Labor Relations Review." Standard multiple regression techniques were used in the study to determine the quit rate across manufacturing industries. Pencavel suggested modifications to the specification of equations, provided alternative estimates, and objected to the use of weighted regressions. He also offered evidence on the impact of wage supplements on voluntary separations. The authors disagree with Pencavel's assessment.

The article discusses the salary structure, as well as patterns and determinants of income, for engineering graduates. The data traces their earnings growth since graduation from a Canadian university with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. Regression analysis shows the impact of independent variables on income. Related factors such as the relationship between mobility and salary improvement are considered. A comparison is made of incomes for Canadian engineers, other Canadians, and U.S. engineers. Statistics from the 1960s indicate that starting salaries for graduates and mean earnings for experienced engineers were nearly identical to the corresponding measures for other engineering specialties. Fringe benefits are also mentioned.

The commentary focuses on the article "lnterindustry Variations in Voluntary Labor Mobility," published in the January 1969 issue of "Industrial and Labor Relations Review." Professors J. Burton and Y. Parker used standard multiple regression techniques to account for differences in the quit rate across manufacturing industries. There is a suggestion that research methods can be improved by modifying the specification of the estimating equation, offering alternative estimates, and outlining procedures for testing the effects of wage supplements on voluntary separations from employment.

The commentary focuses on the article "Toward a Public Employment Wage Theory," published in the January 1969 issue of "Industrial and Labor Relations Review." Professors Robert J. Carlsson and James W. Robinson discussed a theory concerning wage/employment decisions in the public sector. There is a suggestion that the model of analysis is inadequate. The author discusses the theoretical results of Carlsson and Robinson's research and mentions how the conclusion might have been different if it were assumed that there is a workers' union.

The article is a statistical study concerning distributive share of real income and the economic role of labor in U.S. manufacturing industries during 1949-1964. Data from the "Annual Survey of Manufacturers" was analyzed to determine labor's share, which is defined as a ratio of total employee compensation to total value added. Methods used to assess constancy of labor's share, aggregate labor share, business cycle activity, and estimates of elasticity, are explained, as well as the significance of the quadratic equation having a negative sign.

The article reports on a new method for preparing ground sections for conducting microradiographic studies. The author notes that mechanical sectioning machines are too expensive and hand grinding techniques are too time consuming. The author claims that the method reduces preparation time and allows the researcher to produce a variety of thicknesses for examination.

The article focuses on methodologies that may have been used in the New Jersey project of Guided Group Interaction related to rehabilitation of delinquents. It reports on the thinking that lies back while an experiment is in progress. It matters concentrates on basic orientation and underlying research methodology that were involved the work. It discusses the individualistic approach adopted by the Guided Group Interaction which aims to straighten out the muddled problems of the individuals concerned and to get them out of their shells and prepare them for rehabilitation.

The article discusses a method for collecting saliva from the parotid gland of rats. Researchers can extract saliva by anesthetizing rats and holding their mouths open with a small clip. Once the mouth is prepared, a collecting device consisting of narrow tubing, a needle, and a rubber bulb can be inserted into the mouth.

Systematic study of gangs has been largely confined to this century. Five clear periods of development can be identified, two of them overlapping: 1900-1930--a pioneering period; 1980-1943--an era emphasizing social causality; 1940-1950--a decade of search for causal factors; 1942-1962--a period of disciplined observation which focused on the dynamics of ganging; 1950-1960--a decade of theorizing. The pioneer period appears to have been the most fertile era; subsequent theory and research largely confirm and extend the pioneer? work. The factor studies made heartening con tributions; though stemming from an empirical base with no unifying theory, they showed remarkable congruence in their findings; the observation studies showed less agreement. Studies with a single theoretical base show considerable discord in both theory and research findings. There is little consensus among gang theorists and researchers, and theorists pay little attention to available findings in elaborating new theory. There seems to be no "best" theory or research method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses certain issues concerning laboratory experiments. Sociologists have been skeptical about the possibilities of laboratory experimentation as a method in sociological studies. The establishment of the validity of laboratory replicas of concepts has been more difficult in practice as compared to the validation of methods used in field studies. The skilled use of laboratory experiments is stated to result in presenting the findings with a higher degree of confidence than in the case of field studies. Laboratory experimentation requires a higher level of abstraction.

The article explores some of the methodological problems that are produced when social research is performed in the applied setting of a social agency. The article refers to Robert K. Merton's memorandum "The Role of Applied Social Science in the Formation of Policy: A Research Memorandum" and examines the Jewish Centers Association's of Los Angeles, California research into whether setting up a Menorah Center extension program in City Terrace would motivate more Jewish residents to participate. The article discusses the oblique approach which social scientist must often resort to using and the process of transferring research methodology from the academic to the applied setting.

This article discusses various experimental designs used for social experiments. A pattern of practicable procedure has begun to emerge from the diverse experiments with the experimental method in education, psychology, and sociology. This pattern of procedure supplies the outlines of a long desired design for social experiments. One of the best documented and recorded results of an experiment that has been published is researcher, Stuart C. Dodd's, "A Controlled Experiment on Rural Hygiene in Syria." Dodd set out to discover the relationship between a program of rural hygiene and the hygienic practices of the families that were supposed to benefit by the program. Dodd decided to set up an experiment that would attempt to measure the effects of hygienic education upon the hygienic practices of a group of individuals and families. In Dodd's study, "Hygiene means all the knowledge, practices, and environmental conditions which are under the control of the family and which tend to increase health."

This article presents a critique by the authors on appropriate uses and interpretations of statistical power analysis. The authors comment on the article "On the Power of Statistical Tests in the American Educational Research Journal," by J.K. Brewer in the 1972 issue of "American Educational Research Journal," vol. 9, and the book "Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences," by Jacob Cohen. Recent publications by Cohen and Brewer have focused attention on the desirability of including power considerations in the design phases of research. By designing studies with high levels of power, a researcher would probably avoid much of the frustration that generally accompanies failure to reject null hypotheses, there are several concerns that need clarification with respect to the specific procedures which have been suggested in the publications. The purpose of this comment is to clarify those concerns which seem most likely to cause confusion among practicing researchers. In pursuing these clarifications, the authors make reference to certain aspects of Brewer's article, in the hope of reducing the potential for misuse and misinterpretation of power analysis.

The article discusses education from sociological perspective. The author has presented both the conceptual basis for the subject matter of sociology and the salient character of the methodology used in its study of education. He stressed that the juxtaposition of these traditional areas of theory and method within sociology is more than an academic exercise because it provides a framework for a more systematic and comprehensive review of the methods of research used within the sociology of education. In his conclusion he provided an explanation to support his belief that there is no sociological perspective, but rather a range of theoretical approaches that are used to study social phenomena, that sociology, by comparison with some other sciences, lacks a single accepted conceptual framework.

The article discusses aesthetic inquiry and its role in educational research. The author has established that aesthetic inquiry is concerned with isolating a field of relevant data, interpreting it, and when most ambitious, with formulating hypotheses to explain the law-like reoccurrences that may appear in the phenomena under investigation. His very thesis in this article is to examine the methodological assumptions and the practical results of applying specific research techniques to "aesthetic" phenomena in order to determine the workability of educational procedures that depend upon various methods of aesthetic research. He presented some evaluations on several claims of psychologists, linguistic philosophers, and phenomenologist that they have the methods appropriate to develop a workable tool for teaching aesthetic materials.

The article focuses on the theoretical and experimental developments since 1962 that either employ computer-assisted instruction (CAI) as a research tool or focus on CAI as an educational system. CAI is the first high-speed electronic computer constructed to do millions of computations in a few instants. Some studies have utilized computers in the random generation of 2 to 5 values along five dimensions for the production of nonverbal sounds, which are: (1) frequency (2) amplitude (3) interrupt rate (4) duty cycle (5) duration. Another study has used computer to investigate quick memory processes and used to create random number-letter pairs, which have been suggestive for investigations of rehearsal hypotheses and the effect of rehearsal on the storage of information in memory.

The article deals with the selected theoretical and empirical work in the areas of observational techniques and the collecting and recording of observational data. Most of the educational research utilizing observational techniques has used mechanical aids in observation, which have been limited to audiotape and videotape recording. The observational techniques includes: (1) participant observer (2) nonparticipant observer. The factors needed in the collection of observational data includes: (a) structured and unstructured observations (b) classification of category items (c) expressive and instrumental aspects of behavior (d) levels of observational categories (e) descriptive vs. evaluative categories (f) exclusiveness and inclusiveness (g) discrete and continuous categories.

This article presents the methodology of educational research in science and mathematics. Many workers in educational research have been participating in the development of conceptual models and in the formulation of theories of the teaching-learning process; this trend holds great promise for future research in mathematics and science education. This article aimed of citing and describing briefly recent discussions of matters that have important implications for research methodology, pointing out a few research studies in both science and mathematics education which illustrate the use of particular conceptualizations and methods, and identifying a few recent procedures as well as studies illustrative of these procedures in areas not necessarily limited to science and mathematics.

This article deals with the observing and recording behavior as one of the research tools in educational research. The discussion offers a brief historical backdrop to current efforts at identifying, assessing, and quantifying teacher-learner interactions in the classroom; identifies some of the major studies that have developed methods and instruments for observing and recording classroom behaviors; and indicates the directions in which present trends in research seem to point.

This article discusses the usefulness of computers in educational research. It discusses topics related to equipment availability, knowledge needed to use computers, general references, programming the computer, numerical analysis, statistical techniques, operations research, and mechanization of thought processes.

This article deals with the two trends that are likely to be of considerable interest in the future in the field of educational research. These include the increasing amount of information available about educational systems outside the U.S. and the development of machines and systems of searching which permit quick access to ideas and combinations of ideas not easily located through conventional bibliographies, indexes, or abstracts. It discusses first the newer conventional bibliographical and reference aids which are primarily useful in the study of education in the U.S.; then the aids which are mainly useful in international studies; and, finally, the literature on systems for the mechanical indexing and searching of literature.

This article focuses on the scaling and measurement theory as the research tools. Traditional psychometric theory recognizes multiple criteria for evaluating a measurement procedure. Scaling theory should do likewise to avoid futile bickering as to whose numbers are on the side of the angles. This chapter covers scaling theory from June 1954 to June 1957. Limited space precluded several pertinent references, and those included reflect an attempt to give adequate coverage to developments deemed important by the reviewers.

This article highlights the library resources as the research tools. This chapter has been devoted to the technics and procedures for work with reference tools in the library. Research theory has always been ten to twenty years ahead of practice for many reasons. The development of action research, study councils, a variety of new reference tools, and summaries of research have been particularly valuable in stimulating application. This article also presents several references as guides of books as guides for research tools in education. Bibliography is also presented from these research tools.

this article presents the experimental design as a method of research. Many of the contributions to experimental design during the past three years should be incorporated rapidly into statistics textbooks designed for students in education and psychology. Authors of such books need the ability and willingness to translate into simpler but still accurate form relevant material published by mathematical statisticians. Then by studying for at least a year, and preferably longer, under a well-qualified instructor, graduate students may come to understand the rudiments of experimental design.

This article highlights the research tools of observing and recording group behavior. This review of the literature represents only a sample of the numerous research studies in the area. The authors have tried to limit their study to experimentation which more or less directly involves in its design the exploration and refinement of technics of observing and recording group behavior. It should also be noted that the total literature on this topic is not represented because of the exclusion of studies reported in languages other than English. The authors regret their lack of access to material from this expanding source.

The article presents information on recent developments in the field of statistical theory. A conceptual model was formed to deal with statistical data which is based on the theory of probability. The primary purpose of the theory of the design of experiments is to obtain maximum information from the data. The problem of estimation is the basis of statistical theory. The variance technique provides the appropriate method of evaluating the experimental error and carrying out the tests of significance with precision. According to modern research workers, inferences drawn from experimental results must be based on the knowledge of experimental principles at all stages of an experiment.

The article discusses important aspects of observational research methodology. Psychologists with keen observation, delegated to collect data either use written documents or recorded material. The use of life history method is based on insight interviews with the view of obtaining a clear understanding of race relations and problems of an all-African American community. The New York City Department of Health used the group method on rating schedule to evaluate candidates in terms of judging their appearance, manner of speech, attitude toward the group, leadership, contribution to group performance, and scientific approach. The questionnaire is the most frequently used observational technique, having advantages over administrative economy of time, money, and effort over other methods.

This article provides information about Rorschach methods and other projective techniques. It is indicated that the progress which has been made in systematizing research procedures, amassing scoring criteria and norms, using more scientific methods of handling data, adopting more adequate controls, employing statistical methods where they are applicable, and in applying scientific procedure to clinical validation. Today, the Rorschach represents one of the better methods for understanding the nature of personality, and is one of the more valuable instruments for use in clinical psychology.

The article discusses the weaknesses, pitfalls and mistakes of education research in the U.S. The sophistication of educators in research strategy and technique have been questioned and the suggested remedy for the accusation is the accelerated preparation in research methods as part of the graduate training. Education students are required to take a course in educational research. The content of the graduate training focuses on the discussion of research design, statistical techniques, computer utilization and proposal writing. Psychometrists and statisticians who teach from standard psychological texts of experimental design and analysis are the people responsible to teach the program.