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The article analyzes how labor courts handle legal issues concerning subcontracting and plant removal in the U.S. It traces the judicial processes of various labor court cases, from the court trials to establishing judgments. The concept of subcontracting and plant removal depict the desire of the labor market to ensure job security or balance property rights with job rights. In analyzing the role of courts in the contractual area, the issues of arbitration and merits of law declared by them must be taken into consideration. From analyzing labor court cases, it can be concluded that court have done a great job when it comes to arbitration process.

The Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, particularly those sections which amended the Taft-Hartley Act's provisions on secondary boycotts and organizational picketing, is probably not the terminal phase of postwar governmental regulation and control of labor organizations. A substantial body of opinion argues for even stricter control and advocates removing unions from their exempt status under the antitrust laws. In effect, as the author of this discussion suggests, the antitrust approach would return the making of public policy in the labor field to the courts and limit, for a time at least, further congressional action. In this discussion, the author reviews the present status of unions under the antitrust laws and appraises some of the proposals for amending those laws to curb union practices that are alleged to be in conflict with the public welfare, In general, he believes that the assumptions underlying the antitrust approach require more critical appraisal than they have thus far received. His discussion points up some of the difficulties that may result if the proposals become law, assuming that encouragement of collective bargaining is to remain as a valid public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The denial of certiorari by the United States Supreme Court in the Inland Steel Company case was the final step in litigation which established pension and welfare plans as a bargainable issue under the National Labor Relations Act. The decision, however, has not eliminated from the minds of many persons the question of the character of these plans as gratuities or compensation to the employees. This article traces the views concerning the character of such plans, particularly of the courts and administrative agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the studies on court decisions in reference to the planning and construction of buildings in the U.S. With regards to tort liability and negligence, researchers have analyzed the court decisions and legal theories involved, pointed out the nonliability of school districts generally, excluding New York, California, and Washington. The subjection of the principle of municipal immunity to several legal theories to criticism, the author recommended that: (1) the acceptance by courts of the rule of complete liability of municipalities for tort; and (2) the damages be confined to the monetary damages actually sustained. Furthermore, the courts are divided on the issue on whether public school property may be used for other than school purposes without express statutory permission, and recent decisions indicate the tendency to recognize the schools as centers of community life. Moreover, in cases involving tax exemption, the charter exemption from taxes could be voided by legislation without violating Article X of the U.S. Constitution. Additionally, courts have decided that property which contains the specific condition in its title that the property is granted only so long as it shall be used for educational or school purposes.

This article discusses the court decisions in the school plant field. During the three years now under review the most important research landmark is a comprehensive study of judicial decisions concerning public school property. Annually upwards of a hundred decisions of the higher courts are concerned with the public school plant. Among the phases highlighted are the acquisition and management of school sites; financing the construction of buildings; contracting for buildings, equipments and supplies; insurance; liability arising from the condition or operation of the plant; and the use of the plant for extraschool community purposes. Recapitulation of the findings is not practicable in this research, but some of their bearings upon the topics treated in this chapter will be mentioned at appropriate points.

This article discusses methods and materials of legal research in addressing the problems of locating particular documents related to the law. The author of the article classified the law into two main divisions namely statutory law and case or common law. The author of the article specifies the location and interpretation of statutory law and court decisions. The author also includes in the article a list of guides that will help in locating judicial decisions on any point of law. Lastly, an example of method of finding cases is also provided in the article.

This article discusses court decisions and legislative provisions governing textbooks and curriculum of schools in the U.S. Subject to constitutional limitations, the power of adoption and control of textbooks is vested solely in the legislature. It may provide for a uniform series of textbooks which must be used, to the exclusion of all others, in all districts of the state except those definitely excepted, and may, without creating a monopoly, grant the exclusive right of furnishing such books to a person, firm, or corporation. The authors suggest that the terms of the statutes must be strictly complied with by adopting authorities and those dealing with school officials must take notice of the authority conferred upon them by law.

Two major hypotheses dominated the design of this article. It was held, first, that moral judgments be differentially distributed for two populations, if the racial frames of reference for the judgments were dissimilar. This hypothesis represents a departure, in emphasis, from the view that moral attitudes may be taken as relatively fixed attributes of the person,and focuses upon the situational frame as a variable. The hypothesis derives theoretically from the work of sociologist M. Sherif and H. Cantril, their work being an attempt to utilize the frame of reference concept as a common principle underlying the psychology of perception, judgment and attitudes. The second hypothesis, a methodological one, revolved about the possibility of developing a scale for the measurement of attitude toward the Negro which would be semi-projective in character. The scale would be semi projective in the sense that it would disguise its purpose and permit the subject to project attitudes toward the Negro into materials not directly centered upon such attitudes.

The article focuses on the type of cases courts decide and the judgments they pass in the modern era of social technology. The cases the supreme court and other courts are called upon to decide are much too technical in most instances even to be considered intelligently by persons learned only in the law. The progress of science and technology has, in recent years, completely invalidated the idea that individuals lacking highly specialized training and experience can pass intelligent judgment upon complex technical questions. For example, in the Milk Control Board case indeed Justice Robert L. Hale went so far as to say that "there is no closed class or category of business affected with public interest "for it must be determined" in each case whether circumstances vindicate the challenged regulation as a reasonable exertion of governmental authority or condemn it as arbitrary or discriminatory." Each case had social and economic implications. Yet in each instance an irrelevant judgment was rendered as to whether certain acts were in violation of the Constitution, or of States rights. In no instance did a reviewing board of qualified, competent experts, hear all relevant facts and render an expert judgment.

One readily grants that the recognition of the importance of personal relations is growing. The only kind of a family clinic we now have exists for the purpose of helping the social order. This assumes that those persons in the clinic responsible for this social order know what standards in family relations and in the relations of the family to the community will serve this purpose. If these standards are of the scientific sort, they must be based on verifiable data. In reality, we are lacking not only scientific data in this field but even agreement on standards of the popular and legal sort. Keeping the discussion within our own country the stage of development in social standards is illustrated by our state laws and by the administration of relief. The laws in the forty-eight states bear evidence to the confused definition of that which is contrary to social well being. In Indiana, adultery is a misdemeanor punishable by a maximum penalty of six months in jail, less than the penalty in some places for a man's stealing food to keep his family alive. In Vermont, adultery is a felony punishable by five years in state prison. In a third state, a Court of Domestic Relations recently found that a couple's pleading guilty to adultery was the most constructive solution to a tangled affair-that is, the most constructive solution in the opinion of certain people, and apparently one that was equally satisfactory to the representatives of society and to the individuals.

The article discusses conflict and its resolution in the Supreme Court. Behavior of Supreme Court justices indicating conflict and its resolution constitutes a significant sector of activity that is called law in action. It is surprising that the subject has received little scholarly attention. The main reason for this, apparently, is that only a few persons are in a position directly to observe decision-making in the Courts--the justices themselves and to some extent their law clerks and a few others--and they are not inclined to write about it, at least not systematically. Conflict in the Supreme Court is inevitable as the justices attempt to fulfill their primary political role--the settlement of disputes brought before them. It is due largely to the kinds of cases that come to the Court, those for which legal guidelines are unclear and those which involve basic societal conflicts. Such cases make the justices' values salient in decision-making, and therefore value disparity is a major source of intracourt conflict. Another major source is disparity of conceptions of the basic judicial role. Other sources of conflict include the justices' personalities.

This article discusses about turbulence over school desegregation. The May 17, 1954, Supreme Court school desegregation ruling unleashed forces potentially capable of initiating considerable change in the race patterns of the South. For many Southern whites this prospect was perceived as constituting a distinct threat, one to which they responded by resistance. As a consequence the relatively smooth road to compliance envisaged by many at the time of the Court ruling has not been realized. The presence of widespread negative attitudes toward desegregation within the white community has not been a decisive factor in determining the incidence or severity of disturbances attendant upon desegregation. Operative among individuals involved in desegregation situations are a multitude of values and attitudes, which, inter- acting with those on race, contribute to the community reaction. Included among these other values and attitudes are respect for law and order, fear of violence and chaos, regard for public education and respect for authority

The article presents the basic principles of educational integration. The Supreme Court of the U.S. rendered an epoch making decision on May 7, 1954. It held that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, that such practices deprive minority members of the "equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteen Amendment. Problems incident to the removal of segregation in the schools will be felt most keenly at the local level. Consequently, the failure of a competent teacher to secure employment cannot be morally justified. A number of communities have tried novel ways of meeting the impact of the teacher shortage in their school systems. Teachers have been placed in the elementary division though their preparation lay in the area of secondary education. In those educational systems wherein racial segregation has been the rule, a slight change in the racial character of a neighborhood has always posed a serious problem in the provision of adequate schooling for the youth of the community.

The article informs that the recent decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Champaign case virtually outlawed a popular method of giving religious instruction through the public-school system and has brought renewed attention to the familiar question of the place of religion in the public schools. Since more than 50 per cent of the American population is listed as church members, and the bulk of the rest is at least mildly friendly to the Hebrew-Christian tradition, it is easy to conclude that the public considers religion an important field of life. In this respect, it is somewhat incongruous that as the schools enlarge their curriculum in other directions they simultaneously decrease the attention devoted to religion. The fact that religious lessons were retained in the schools during two major changes in the political regime would seem to indicate that they had been generally accepted by the German nation and that a strong measure of support existed for religious instruction among all social groups.

The work of the 1956-57 Committee on Relations with Sociologists in Other Countries was concerned with exploratory efforts to conceive ways through which the Society might promote better relations with foreign sociologists. On the basis of suggestions submitted by various Committee members a set of eight proposals were circulated among the 14 members of the Committee. Judgments were secured from 11 of the members. It is clear that further study of the proposals is required before definitive recommendations would be in order. Hence, the Committee has only a single recommendation that the present report be transmitted to the 1957-58 Committee for further inquiry and action. All of the 11 responding members agreed that such a roster would be of value. Its uses might be many. It would convey a picture of the extent of sociological interest abroad that few members of the Society possess. It could be helpful to American sociologists planning visits abroad. It could be of aid to American sociologists seeking information through correspondence. It might have subsidiary value to members of our Society interested in possible exchange relations.

The article focuses on the author's viewpoints against the logico-meaningful integration of culture and method. Apodictically, therefore, it is clear that culture and cultural phenomena are made up largely of words, propositions, judgments, their substitutes and derivatives, and, of course, of the ideas, images, and meanings externalized by them. If the logical category is, according to author's critic, applicable to all of these, self-evidently it must pertain to at least a major part of culture. The conclusion pertains not only to oral words, propositions, and judgments, but also to their derivatives and substitutes. It extends over all forms of "language," such as written words and propositions, gestures, mathematical and other symbols, mimetic, ritual, and ceremonial forms. The enormous variety of signs, pictures, songs, customs and mores through which the meanings are expressed and conveyed to others cannot be excluded.

The article reflects on the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on non-citizenship in relation to one of the court cases. On November 19, 1973 the United States Supreme Court ruled that a rejection of an application for employment by a private employer because the applicant is an alien is not a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act makes it unlawful for an employer to refuse to hire an individual because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It is interesting to note that in interpreting the Civil Rights Act, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has traditionally held, and set forth by regulation, that discrimination on the basis of citizenship has the effect of discrimination on the basis of national origin and, therefore, a lawfully immigrated alien who is domiciled and residing in the United States may not be discriminated against on the basis of citizenship. At this time, the potential danger resulting from the decision of the Court can only be averted through an amendment to the Civil Rights Act which would add "alienage" as a prohibited form of discrimination.

The article provides information on a court ruling issued on an indictment lawsuit against two men in the U.S. for an alleged cruelty to animals. The two men, W. D. Parr and Jim Jones, were charged for working with a pair of mules with sore shoulders and leg. The defendants' counsel Thomas B. Collier requested the termination of the proposed indictment due to the ambiguousness of the charge.

The article presents writer Robert K. Merton's rejoinder to Jessie Bernard's criticism of his article. "Fact and Factitiousness in Ethnic Opinionnaires," published in the February 1940 issue of the journal American Sociological Review.Jessie Bernard's comments on Merton's discussion of the Thurstone procedure for measuring attitudes involve several issues which are perhaps significant enough to merit brief reexamination. Bernard's objections do not deal directly with the central theses of Merton's paper: the Thurstone scales do not constitute linear continuation on the basis of intuitions of judges, the scales, rank but do not measure opinions. Thurstone's operations enable us to say that one opinion is more or less favorable to a value than another opinion but not that it is twice or thrice as favorable. The assignment of ordinal numbers to these opinions in the fashion prescribed by the Thurstone techniques does not justify their manipulation as if they were cardinal numbers. Finally, the familiar analogies drawn between the Thurstone scales and such measuring instruments as thermometers, manometers, do not hold inasmuch as the Thurstone data are not shown to be uniquely connected with phenomena independent of those involved in their definition.

This article presents a list of U.S. official reports and proceedings related to human ecology. "Preliminary Remarks on the Role of Ideas in the Socio-Economic Development of the Southwest (Arizona and New Mexico) up to 1846," contains data from official archives, church writings, historical reference works, and anthropological studies of primitive peoples in the area. "Changing Cultural Patterns and Social Attitudes in a Frontier Area," contains 400 schedules of a relief group and a nonrelief control group. "The Sociological Position of the Japanese Farmers in the State of Washington," is based on life histories; statistical data from field work and extant documents; files of newspapers; masters' and doctoral dissertations; biographical and historical documents; participation in conventions, projects, and daily life of Japanese farmers; examination of laws, land records, court decisions, and their administration. "The Location of Heirs and of Property Rights in Farm and City Estates," is a statistical study of about 1500 farm estates and about 2000 city estates (Ohio and Arizona) covering: forms of property in estates; amounts received by heirs; residence of heirs at time shares received; amounts received by heirs in cities, in rural districts, in local areas, in concentric areas.

This article focuses on the modern controversies in education. On the one hand are those who assert that youth lacks the experience essential for sound judgment, and that education should seek primarily to preserve in youth the attitudes and convictions of their elders. On the other hand there are many who, with equal earnestness, believe that only as youth learns to face modern problems realistically and to have the opportunity for forming judgments and expressing their convictions are they able to cope with the ever changing issues of American life.

The article examines the development of employers' strike insurance plans in the U.S. in 1960s. Such plans have spread to six industries: newspaper publishing, rubber, air and rail transportation, California fruit and vegetables, and Hawaiian sugar cane. The author describes the content and operation of these plans. He then deals with the legal status of strike insurance. He finds that: the plans have been upheld by federal courts or approved by a federal regulatory agency; it is difficult to assess their impact on collective bargaining; use of such plans likely will increase in the future; and a filing requirement for employer strike insurance plans should be added to the Landrum-Griffith Act.