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This article focuses on the scarcity of newsprints in the U.S. A handful of metropolitan papers, about 200 are getting 85 per cent of available newsprint, while 17,000 papers struggle for the remaining 15 per cent. The U.S., with 6 per cent of the world's population, gets about 60 per cent of the world's production of newsprint; this hampers the spread of democratic ideas abroad and causes loss of jobs to foreign newspapermen and newspaperwomen. During the war all papers subsisted more or less comfortably on quota allotments. Troubles started when the American Newspaper Publishers' Association quietly pushed for lifting of controls, January 1, 1946.

This article focuses on the company Power Trust going into newspaper business. The author says that newspaper editors and owners all over the country are now manifesting over this disclosure. Power Trust is purchasing a tangible financial interest in fourteen American daily papers. The author provides with information related to the Archibald R. Graustein, president of the International Paper and Power Co. According to the author, Graustein's explains that the company desired to assure itself of a permanent market for the newsprint which it manufactures, and doubtless that consideration did enter into the purchases.

Good many of the admirers of an irredeemable paper currency have begun to admit, within the last few days, that whatever other virtues this currency may possess, it does not possess the power of preventing panics. They are, however, a little hasty, in making this confession, because their experiment has not been tried under the necessary conditions. If they will recall their talk of a few years ago, they will find that the reason they gave for believing that inconvertible paper would protect the nation against crises was that, unlike gold, it could be increased indefinitely in quantity whenever the occasion called for it.

Focuses on the origin and growth of Boston, Massachusetts' newspaper "Boston Phoenix." Influence of the newspaper on Boston' liberal paper "Globe"; Difficulties faced by the paper over editorial content and management; Operating losses suffered by the "Boston Phoenix"; Circulation of the newspaper in 1972.

Presents a list of books by contributors to this journal. "Black Star Over Japan," by Albert Axelbank; "A Continuous Harmony: Essays Cultural and Agricultural," by Wendell Berry; "The Rise of the Irish Trade Unions," by Andrew Boyd; "Entreitiens: Claude Simon," contributed by Tom Bishop; Others.

This article focuses on the prices of newsprint. Almost all West European, Middle Eastern, and Asian papers have pressed their London representatives into service to hunt up possible sources of this increasingly rare and valuable commodity, which is now officially classified as "an essential raw material." Inadequate recognition of the world's newsprint short-age on the part of the U.S. has produced considerable resentment among newspapermen abroad. Great Britain has had to be satisfied with six or eight-page papers for so many years that it has adjusted itself to their thinness just as it has to the meager meat ration.

This article presents information on quality papers used by magazine publishers in the U.S. In the publishing trade, the "smooth-paper" magazines are those healthy, well-fed, lavishly illustrated papers which make life happier for the vast majority of the American reading public They sell up in the hundreds of thousands, even in the millions, they usually cost a nickel or a dime. Although persons of a leftish inclination prefer not to believe it, they are the literature of the masses. And they reflect, not what the masses are feeling, but what they would like to feel. Their editors are confident that they know what the public wants. And successful editorial guessing shows quickly enough in the balance sheet.

This article focuses on the state of newspapers in France. In its passion, its quarrels, its gossip, its magnificent invective, its bad journalism but literary excellence, its infinite variety of political opinion, the French press is far more readable, entertaining and in some ways informative than the British or American. Because of the lack of competition the volume of advertising remains small. The "Temps" with only 70,000 circulation but the most important paper in France, is the cornerstone of the press interests. The "Temps" has three times the dignity of the New York "Times" and at least twice that of the "Times" of London.

The national planning association, which is engaged in a comprehensive study of "the causes of industrial peace," has reported on one of the cases it has examined, that of the West Coast paper industry where there has been no stoppage of production for fourteen years. The unions and the management have settled their own disputes without outside intervention. The unions have been secure in their status, not fearful of attacks by management. It may be good politics, just before an election, to bring an anti-trust suit against the big-four packers at a time when meat prices are high, but they may be sure that the action is not the result of a sudden inspiration. Such cases are carefully prepared by months or years of research on the part of government lawyers and economists.

Tabloid journalism in New York is only seven years old. The history of its growth makes a mushroom seem like a century plant. Tabloids have been appearing all over the country since Joseph Medill Patterson started it. Less important newspaper publishers hopped on the bandwagon, and Bernarr Macfadden, who whelps magazines in litters, decided to get in line. It is said that the inception of the News was due to an earnest desire on the part of Patterson to lose money. The year 1918 saw the Chicago Tribune pile up more profits than ever before in its highly prosperous career.

The article presents information on several books. The book "Capt. Francis Champernowne, the Du'ch Conquest of Acadie, and Other Historical Papers," by Charles Wesley Tuttle, is the tribute of affectionate friends to one of the most diligent and careful of our antiquarian writers. Charles W. Tuttle, of noted New Hampshire origin, was a student all his life, and fortunately his tastes led him to give much time and care to investigating the more obscure portions of our local history. Another book discussed is "Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society," vol. 4. The Massachusetts Historical Society, in 1877 and 1878, published two volumes of "Belknap Papers" from manuscripts found in its cabinets, consisting mainly of letters between Jeremy Belknap, the author of a history of New Hampshire and Ebenezer Hazard of Philadelphia, Post-master-General under the old Confederation, and editor of the historical collections known by his name. Though these letters grew out of the historical and literary projects of the writers, they throw much light upon a great variety of subjects between 1779 and 1798.

It is hard to find an explanation for the extraordinary fact that France, after paying a gigantic ransom and incurring enormous expenses, has not suffered in the same degree as the United States from a system of forced paper currency. The premium on gold never rose very high and it can be said that at the present moment gold and paper are at par in France, while in America, nearly ten years after the victories of the Union, the premium on gold is still very high. The lessons of the last year in France and in Europe may not be without their utility for the United States. This is assured, in all probability, the manner in which the payment of the five milliards of francs has been made to Germany:

This article presents information about the book "The Lincoln Papers," edited by David C. Mearns. The papers begin with an exact copy, from the original manuscript of the autobiography which Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. president, wrote soon after his nomination in 1860. Then follow the notes furnished to the campaign biography written by William Dean Howells in that year. Then turning back to 1847, when Lincoln was in the Congress, the selected papers are concerned mainly with the matter of keeping or getting offices for Lincoln or his friends. Most of the selected papers are made up of his mounting correspondence on national affairs. This became, naturally, enormous after he was nominated for the Presidency.

This article presents a list of books published in 1971 by writers who have appeared in the 1971 issue of the journal "The Nation." Some of the books are "Rules for Radicals," "History of the Irish Trade Unions," "The Best of Thoreau's Journals," "Holy War in Belfast," "Indian Mountain & Other Poems," "Words From the House of the Dead: An Anthology of Prison Writings From Soledad," "The Open Decision: The Contemporary American Novel and Its Intellectual Background," and "The Three-Chambered Heart."

This article lists books which have been published in 1970 by writers who have appeared in the periodical "The Nation" this year. Some of the books listed are "Violent America: The Movies 1946-1964," by Lawrence Alloway; "Politics and Environment," by Walt Anderson; "Meditations," by David Antin; "The Press and the Cold War," by James Aronson; "Out From Under," by Robert E. Burger.

This article focuses on various political issues in Great Britain and the U.S. Hardly any one who recollects the principal struggles of recent years between workmen and their employers can have failed to be stuck with the extent to which the Homestead laborers have obtained the sympathy of the classes socially above them. The letter from the financial correspondent which appeared in the previous issue of the journal, describing the apprehension felt in that city about the effects of silver laws, showed a certain confusion in regard to our silver paper money, which is shared to a large extent in this country. London constituencies, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hull, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, Salford, Sheffield, and Wolverhampton, being all the places which, under the existing distribution of seats, return more than two members each, will be represented in the new parliament.

The British government's decision to cut newsprint imports was indorsed by the House of Commons in spite of a barrage of criticism from members of all parties. The cut means that British newspapers must either reduce circulation or return to the font-page format of war time. As a result, it is charged, publishers will lose revenue, workers will lose jobs and the task of keeping the public properly informed about current events will be rendered immeasurably more difficult. Moreover, it is argued, the maximum saving to be achieved is $12,000,000, a minute fraction of the current trade deficit. One sympathizes with British publishers and journalists but realize that the Labor government has a case too. Its thankless task is to cut down imports at a time when they are so far below the total Britain could absorb that any cut must be painful.

The Committee on Indian Currency and Exchange in Great Britain has recently issued a report which has in substance been adopted by the India Office. The recommendations of the Committee aim to restore stability to the rupee and to maintain the convertibility of the Indian paper currency. This article presents a summary of the chief recommendations of the Committee, taken from the London newspaper "Morning Post" of February 3, 1920. Some of the recommendations are as follows. The present rupee unchanged in weight and fineness should remain unlimited legal tender. The import and export of gold to and from India should be free from Government control as soon as the change in the statutory ratio has been effected.

Focuses on underground press medium prevalent in the U.S. during the 1970's. Views of liberal writers towards underground press publications; Information about papers published by alternative press.

The article focuses on issues related to international relations. Stabilization of the franc has brought with it in France an unemployment crisis of exceptional severity. France, cruelly impoverished by the war and the heavy cost of rebuilding the devastated regions placed upon her as a result of Germany's long default, has nevertheless enjoyed for a certain period an illusory ease which, sooner or later, was bound to disappear. This artificial prosperity she owed to inflation. Even during the war, France was forced to issue an enormous amount of paper money to meet expenses which were essentially destructive and sterile from an economic point of view.

The article presents brief discussions on various political developments in the U.S. and other countries. National Greenback party of New York have adopted a platform of principles declaring that all debts, public and private, should be paid with paper, and that the paper should not be paid with anything. The Ohio Greenback partymen proposed to limit the paper issues of the U.S. government to the demands of business or the employment of labor, and suggested that gold, silver, and greenbacks be made the equals of each other in value. The New York branch proposes no limits whatever, and have no toleration for metallic money of any kind. Absolute money is the only medium of exchange they admit into their bedlam.

This article discusses several sociopolitical issues. The eagerness with which the political candidates' letters of acceptance have been looked for in the present canvass is a striking proof of the small amount of confidence reposed in the regular platform. Also in the article, attention is drawn to some time ago when the remarkable change which came over the friends of irredeemable paper-money since silver began to fall rapidly in value. Now, there has been, as everybody must have noticed during the last year, a considerable falling-off in this admiration for paper-money.

This article presents information about political developments around the world during the week as of February 22, 1917. Berlin's figures for submarine sinkings began by agreeing with Lloyd's figures, but have since steadily diverged. What appears to be an effort to impose new German war taxes, sufficient to cover annual interest on the war debt, is reported from Berlin through Amsterdam. The request of the news-print manufacturers that the U.S. Federal Trade Commission fix the prices of paper during the period from March 1 to September 1 is, perhaps, the logical outcome of the activities of that the commission during the last eight months.

Presents several letters to the editor regarding different previous articles and various socio-political developments and issues. Comments on a critical note concerning ownership for issuing paper money; Information regarding questions of Italian and Chinese immigration; Criticism of comments made by Californian writers on the Chinese.

The article focuses on prevailing political conditions in the U.S. and around the world, as of October 10, 1867. The news from Europe seems to indicate pretty clearly that the world is on the verge of what diplomatists call grave events. There has been, as the world knows, sufficient feeling of chagrin on the part of France and sufficient suspicion on the part of Germany, ever since the battle of Sadowa, to put the peace of the Continent in danger. The act of Congress known as the Legal-Tender act, because it authorized the issue of $150,000,000 of paper money, declared to be a legal tender in payment of all debts, also authorized the issue of $500,000,000 of six per cent bonds, redeemable after five years at the pleasure of the U.S. and absolutely payable after twenty years from their date.

This article critically appraises the book "Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski, and His Correspondence With Alexander I," edited by Adam Gielgud. The editor has done his work acceptably, and has provided it with an index. The publishers furnish good paper and large print, but seem to have no idea of consulting the convenience of readers by using typographical devices for distinguishing the matter of the memoirs from the editor's additions, letters, documents, and the like. Prince Adam relates his conversations with the future Emperor. He was deeply moved and surprised that a Russian heir to the throne should entertain sentiments so liberal, humane, and just, and should rejoice at the establishment of the French Republic and wish it success.

The article discusses some of the political updates related to the U.S. The Republican leaders in the U.S. Congress do not intend to take any steps towards a reformation of the currency at the present session. The odor of loyalty that attaches to the greenback as an instrument of war, "battle-scarred and blood-stained," is still potent. The belief is general that the greenbacks cost nothing that they are a debt drawing no interest and that it would involve an annual loss to the Government to fund them into bonds. The Governor announces that he will give a hearing on the graduated inheritance-tax bill passed by the late Legislature and, "the millionaires" are going to proceed in large numbers to Albany to urge the Governor to veto it.

Presents letters to the editor published in this issue of the periodical "The Nation." Reference to the future of national banknote system; Information related to various periodicals circulated in the U.S.

This article critically appraises the book "The Biglow Papers," by James Russell Lowell. It is in his character of a satirical and humorous poet that one now has to do with him, for a second series of the fatuous "Biglow Papers" is just put forth. Certainly no one will gainsay us when we say that in this particular walk no one can be for a moment compared to Lowell. Everybody knows that the poems were a complete success from. the ginning, and at once gave the author the highest place among living critical and humorous writers.

The article discusses several issues related to finance from different countries of the world. It is conceded by all financiers that the monetary condition in Europe is abnormal; the scramble for gold is acute and universal. Nations with good credit, alike with nations whose currency is on a paper basis, join in the efforts to get gold and to hoard it. London, England is the money clearing-house for the commercial world, and London, watching the battle now going on among Continental nations, has been carefully guarding her metal treasure. All knots come to the comb, and the Giolitti comb has got entangled in a number at the same time. Ever since the forced circulation of paper money, the banks of issue, especially the Tuscan and the Roman, have had their troubles, which have been from time to time staved off. There are two distinct parties in Italy on banking questions, the one advocating a single bank, the other that all banks are allowed to issue notes on their own account and responsibility.

In this article the author presents information related to the emerging technologies in mass media in the U.S. during 1939. Wires now carrying news pictures and offset presses already installed in printing plants are jointly humming a song, and newspapermen know it to facilities are available. be a song of social significance. A photograph of an eight-column newspaper page can be sent by wire as easily as a photograph of an airplane crash. These developments come as a shock to the newspaper business because, while it has played a considerable part in developing the transmission of photographs by wire, it has not been equally aware of changes in the commercial-printing industry.

Presents several letters to the editor about various articles published in the previous issues of the periodical "The Nation." Definition of sound money by M.L. Scudder, Secretary of the Chicago Honest Money League; Advantage of manila paper over white paper for school children; Research on evils of white paper used for printing books.

This article presents information on the closing down of many publishing houses which published British periodicals. Since the end of last year more than twenty-three journals have ceased publication or have merged with others, or have appeared less frequently than they did. All of them represented an extraordinary diversity of opinion and interest. The basic trouble causing the closure is the cost of paper. There are many types of paper, from newsprint to art paper, and the rise in cost varies from 100 to 160 percent, but the difficulties are also due to advertising fluctuations.

The article presents information on publishers. Just what contents one can expect from the reprint houses depends on the output of trade publishers and the economics of paper-book distribution. If it were simply a matter of reproducing those titles which have sold best in hard-cover editions, then best-sellers and book club selections would automatically be transformed into paper books. But experience has taught reprint publishers that such works, artificially inflated and jammed down the throats of book buyers, are often dismal failures when exposed on their merits to the mass market, without promotion.

For a long time Americans have been regarded as magazine readers, in contrast to book-reading Europeans. The result has been, as William Miller put it in "The Book Industry," that "publishing original trade books in America, especially adult books, has ordinarily been too shaky a business to stand by itself," and that most of the thousand-odd American bookstores have been perennially insolvent. But last year the stupefying total of 214,000,000 paperbound books was published in the U.S. Most of them were sold, and the probability is that a larger proportion of them were actually read than of hardcover books.

The article focuses on the book entitled "The Pacific Ocean in History." The book has been edited by H. Morse Stephens and Herbert E. Bolton. But the greatest shortcoming of this stout volume of twenty nine addresses and papers is its very misleading title. The book presents very creditably some of the results being achieved by those engaged in developing the resources of the Bancroft Collection at Berkeley. The twenty-four papers read at the special sessions of the U.S. Congress fall into six groups, devoted to various areas of the North Pacific littorals.

The cause of the grave financial crisis in Italy is, bad political economy, for a nation which receives more gold than it spends, should grow richer and be lending instead of borrowing, and its paper should be as good as gold or as Bank of England notes. The history of the present crisis is that of the financial, and to a certain extent the political, economy of Italy since 1870. The first mistake of the Government was in not making the resumption of specie payments obligatory at a certain date, and holding the banks to it. The second mistake was in allowing the banks to issue the paper money, instead of making it an issue of the Government.

Presents several letters to the editor regarding different previous articles and various socio-political developments and issues. Appreciation for an article discussing realism and idealism in the field of art and literature; Discussion regarding silver basis in the case of paper currency for business growth; Comments on an article exploring role and status of Jews in the U.S. society.

This article presents brief descriptions of various socio-political developments and issues as of January 7, 1886. It first discusses the speech of Senator William M. Evarts at the Merchants' Association dinner, which was mainly occupied with the silver question in context of paper currency. Periodical publishers and other journalism groups' concern was to favor international bi-metallism, and quite another thing to favor the repeal of the compulsory-coinage law. The article further reports that the Pacific Coast delegation in the Congress has agreed upon a new anti-Chinese bill, which is intended to make it still more difficult than it is now for a Mongolian to surmount the wall of exclusion winch has been built against his race.

The article focuses on a mass of papers in the handwriting of Arthur St. Clair, the first Governor of the Northwestern Territory. In order to make this mass of historical material available for research, and at the same time to remove all temptation from light-fingered antiquarians, autograph-stealers, and other kleptomaniacs, it was determined by the Library Commissioners to recommend publication, which was authorized in February 1881. St. Clair is perhaps best known, not as the founder and civic organizer of the Northwest, but as an unfortunate general under whom the Western army suffered a terrible defeat by Indian savages.

This article presents information regarding the book "Speeches and Papers Relating to the Rebellion," by S. Boutwell. Governor Boutwell has had the courage to collect the principal speeches, addresses, and publications which he made during and after the, rebellion, and to give them to the world in a permanent form, so that it might judge of his claims to a reputation for political foresight. And, upon the whole, one is not sure that one could name any member of the U.S. Congress whose utterances during the same period would be more creditable to his prophetic instinct.

Presents several letters to the editor regarding several previous articles and various socio-political issues and developments. Corrections related to the article "True George Washington"; Suggestions for publishers of magazines and periodicals to reduce wastage of time on paper cutting; Corrections to the article on issues related to the Cretan insurrection of 1866-1868, in Greece.

A large portion of the public approaches the comic-paper problem in the same spirit in which a gentleman approached the whiskey tax. The country has plenty of humor, and plenty of humorists. It fills whole pages of numerous magazines and whole columns of numerous newspapers with really good jokes every month. It supplies great numbers of orators, and lecturers, and diners-out with little stories, which of their kind, which is excellent, cannot be surpassed. There is probably no country in the world, too, in which there is so much going on an the time of the fun which does not need local knowledge or coloring to be enjoyed, but will bear exportation, and be recognized as the genuine article in any English-speaking part of the world. Moreover, there is in the real American stories an amount of suggestiveness, a power of connotation, to borrow a term from the logicians, which cannot be affirmed of those of any other country. A very large number of them are real contributions to sociology, and of considerable value, too.

Presents letters to the editor on issues related to the United States politics and government. Views on the Legal Tender Act; Maintenance of the convertibility of the paper money under the system; Questions on the enactment of the income tax law.

Presents letters to the editor referencing articles and topics that appeared in the previous issues. Reasons for the decline in the demand of education in the mixed colleges of the U.S.; Legal tender of the Bank of England; Convertibility of paper money in the U.S.

This article presents information on some recent socio-political developments. It is informed that the U.S. President has recommended a gradual return to specie payments, which is, indeed, the only kind of return possible. Most of the declamation against a "sudden" return being like warnings against a too rapid growth in virtue. It is opined that the advises of the Treasury to be authorized to redeem its own paper at a certain fixed price whenever presented, as a safeguard against violent fluctuations in the value of greenbacks is a perfectly valueless suggestion. In another instance, it is informed that a large number of bills are being presented for consideration by the Congress. The most remarkable one is the bill which proposes that it should be treated as a misdemeanor for any senator or representative to recommend any candidate for office, unless his opinion is asked for in writing by the executive.

The article focuses on Channel 9, a television station, aided by a $5,000-a-week grant from the Ford Foundation, which began presenting its daily "Newspaper of the Air" from 7:30 to 8:30 each night on the third day of the first major newspaper strike in San Francisco, California. Since the beginning of this special project in early January, KQED, which is prob- ably the nation's most successful educational television station, has built up the largest audience in its fourteen year history.

There has just ended another stage in an encroaching monopoly control over the U.S. press. Within an interval of a year or perhaps two, a further stage will begin to unfold. Then, one after another, newspapers over the country, particularly the small-town and country press, will begin to fall victims to the process. Such has been the experience in the past. It can only repeat itself. The International Paper and Power Company, which by its own boast occupies a position in the newsprint industry "unique in corporate history," has obtained a virtual monopoly on the whole North American paper market. This corporation not only dictates practically throughout the world the price at which newsprint shall be sold, but establishes entirely at its own pleasure the term of years for which its contracts shall run.

One of the strongest arguments advanced for the passage of the Silver Bill, although not made prominent in public debate, was that, if not passed, "the people" would insist on fresh issues of irredeemable paper, and now that it is passed and is awaiting the signature of U.S. President, people are adjured to look at the convention of bedlamites at Toledo, Ohio and to prepare themselves for a tidal-wave of communism and greenback inflation. The proper answer to the Toledo communists and to the Louisville "Courier-Journal," which has been making itself particularly foolish in this business, is that this is as good a time as people shall ever have to "untie the winds and let them fight against the churches." Silver bills, with or without free coinage, are not going to pay mortgages or get people out of debt.

A law passed by the Italian Chambers on the Both of April, 1874, "to regulate the paper circulation during the suspension of specie payments," made it the duty of the Ministers of Finance and Commerce to present a report upon the forced currency and upon the best measures to be adopted for its extinction. Specie payments were suspended in Italy on the 1st of May 1806. The immediate occasion was the war by Prussia against Austria, in which Italy took part as the ally of Prussia, but the remoter causes are to be traced to the political revolution in Italy, by which its different sections were united under the Sardinian crown.