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The article presents the study on the association of psychological characteristics with XYY sex chromosome complement, diagnosed in a State Mental Hospital. Seven of the nine propositi were legally classified as mentally defective and two were classified as mentally ill. The sampling procedure was used to control the effect of time since first admission on test responses. The researchers stressed that all psychological tests were administered individually by psychologists. Only very few significant differences between mean scores of the two groups on psychological tests were observed.

Definitions of mental handicap are imprecise in practice, and a wide spectrum of patients are provided for under this heading. There can be no question of specific treatment for 'mental handicap' as such. Many situations arising in institutions for the mentally handicapped derive from the nature of the institution and the regime. Drugs may be used 'faute de mieux' when environmental manipulation would be more appropriate. There is much over-prescribing, and the choice of drugs is not always logical; monitoring of dose is seldom employed. A major source of behaviour disturbance in the mentally handicapped is lack of suitable occupation. Apart from a few specific indications, use of sedatives and tranquillizers for the mentally handicapped should be seen as a holding device, to enable a different system of management to be adopted or to disrupt an undesirable behaviour pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to assess the applicability of the Clinical Interview Schedule (Goldberg et al., 1970) to mentally handicapped patients in a hospital. Twenty-seven patients were rated simultaneously by three raters. Of the 31 items assessed for reliability, 11 were completely satisfactory, 8 were satisfactory, 6 unsatisfactory and 6 'not proven'. Ratings made by all raters for overall severity of psychiatric illness correlated significantly with similar ratings made by the consultants responsible for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some conceptual problems in relation to the interaction of genetic influence and social disadvantagement are discussed, and some of the results of a study of 144 families with mentally handicapped children reported. The work of Heber and his associates in Milwaukee is briefly reviewed, and the Edinburgh data discussed in relation to the study in Aberdeen by Birch et al. (1970). Possible strategies for intervention are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pair of MZ male twins concordant for early infantile autism (E.I.A.) is presented. A distinction is drawn between E.I.A. and infantile psychosis (I.P.) with associated mental retardation as a guide to prognosis and the necessity to provide suitable social training and education. The relevance of aetiology is discussed, and the importance of abnormal ante-natal history and delivery status, even in cases with strong genetic predisposition, is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown varying rates of discrepancy in drug administration in psychiatric hospitals, and the present survey attempted to elucidate this problem further, using two methods of investigation simultaneously. Two wards in a psychiatric hospital and one ward in a mental subnormality hospital were studied. Urine specimens were tested for psychotropic drugs, and ward drug rounds were observed to detect discrepancies in administration. Of the 266 instances of drug administraion tested for in urine specimens, prescribed drugs were not detected in 7-9 per cent of cases and non-prescribed drugs were found in another 29 instances. Observation was made of 3,689 instances of drug administration, and in 1-7 per cent of these the drug was not given or taken as prescribed, whereas no instances of ingestion of non-prescribed drugs were observed. The reasons for the discrepancies and the different results obtained by the two methods are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the semantic differential has been quite widely used with mental defectives, its usefulness (in its traditional form) with such a population has not been conclusively demonstrated. The semantic differential was developed and shown to be valid as an index of representational mediation processes. However, there is also evidence of a mediational deficiency among retardates which, therefore, ought to be reflected in retardates' responses to the semantic differential. Thus, the present study was designed to test two hypotheses: (a) that mild grade retardates, in comparison with subjects of average intelligence, would show less discrimination in the use of the semantic differential, and (b) that such discriminative deficiencies would in turn predispose toward a polarized response bias among the retarded. The results, which support both hypotheses, are discussed in terms of their implications for the usefulness of an unmodified semantic differential with the mentally subnormal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of a policy of "community care' is seen to involve a number of assumptions, some of which are rarely examined. These can be roughly categorized as involving the nature of mental illness, the nature of community, the course and treatment of mental illness, the proper scope of psychiatry, the burden on the community and the efficacy of social work. Data bearing on these assumptions are reviewed, and the conclusion is offered that they are far from being uncontentious. It is suggested that the movement toward community care has many of the attributes of a moral enterprise which, unless substantiated by benefits to the patient or his family, may be the latest diversion of the psychiatric conscience from the care and treatment of the chronic mentally ill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study begins with a detailed analysis of the population of a large psychiatric hospital in South Wales. Attempts are made to determine the incidence of chronicity, with its various underlying causes. This is followed by details of the current admissions to the hospital from a catchment area where general hospital and psychogeriatric units have been established, and estimates of future bed requirements. Finally there is a description of the several facilities of the general hospital unit and of the problems of developing a fully comprehensive mental health service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of one mode of inception into psychiatric care in Birmingham. Mentally disturbed people coming to the attention of the police are referred to a mental welfare officer and assessed by him, usually in a police station. The mental welfare officer may then refer for a psychiatric decision with regard to further management, and the patient is examined by the doctor in the police station. The annual frequency of use of this referral system was studied from 1962-73 inclusive. It is shown that there was an increase in referral over the years and that such referral from the police became an increasing proportion of new referrals to the Mental Health Department (Social Services Department). The sample of referrals from the police for 12 months is studied in greater detail (252 cases), surveying social characteristics of individual patients, the relationships between such police intervention and areas of the city, the nature of situation requiring intervention and the management and treatment which these patients received. The referrals were traced from contact with the mental welfare officer to hospital where the case notes of those admitted were studied for details of legal status and mental state on admission, diagnosis, duration of stay and disposal. The effectiveness of this method of entering treatment is discussed and some recommendations are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and thirty-four deaths recorded as open verdicts in the Inner West London Coroner's District during 1969 and 1970 have been surveyed for evidence of mental illness. For 110 (82 per cent) of these deaths the probable verdicts were suicide or accident and they were reclassified as undetermined deaths. Of these deaths 73 per cent were diagnosed as mentally ill, 54 per cent were receiving medical treatment for psychological symptoms before death, 42 per cent had a history of psychiatric care and 24 per cent had made a previous suicide attempt. In these respects undetermined deaths and suicide deaths resemble each other; both are drawn predominantly from the mentally ill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome) and sociopathy cluster in the same families instead of segregating as independent traits. Assortative mating between hysterics and sociopaths increases the observed similarity between relatives, but the familial association between sociopathy and hysteria remains after taking assortative mating into account. The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission with three thresholds related to severity and sex accounts for population and family data about sociopathic men, sociopathic women, and women with hysteria. The data were obtained for 227 first-degree relatives and for 800 subjects in the general population. Depending on the sex of the individual and its severity, the same aetiological process may lead to different, sometimes overlapping, clinical pictures. Specifically, analysis indicates that hysteria in women is a more prevalent and less deviant manifestation of the same process that causes sociopathy in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociopathy is highly familial in both white and black families. Sociopathy in men and women clusters in the same families, but is much more frequent in men than in women. It is more prevalent among relatives of sociopathic women than among relatives of sociopathic men. The sex difference in its prevalence appears to be due to sex-related cultural or biological factors causing the threshold to be more deviant in women. There is no evidence of a genetic difference in its prevalence and transmission according to race. The two-threshold Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission provides an explanation for the striking sex difference in the transmission of sociopathy. Such a pattern of transmission is obtained only in diseases whose genetic component is polygenic or, if only one or a few genotypes are relevant, where each of these has a small effect relative to environmental factors. Assortative mating accounts for a large proportion of the observed similarity between relatives. However, the familial clustering of male and female sociopaths is not dependent on assortative mating. The high correlation among siblings that is expected under conditions of random mating indicates that environmental factors common to siblings contribute to the aetiology of sociopathy. The greater deviance of the parental home experiences of sociopathic women compared to sociopathic men is further evidence of the importance of familial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assumptions and properties of the Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission are described, using the principles of quantitative genetics. No assumptions are made about the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the transmission of a disorder. The usefulness of the Model is discussed as a device for quantifying family data, discriminating between different modes of transmission and studying variations in disorders according to such clinical variables as age, sex, and severity of illness. When only one form of a disorder can be distinguished, the degree to which the disorder is transmissible can be measured, and the relative importance of familial factors in the aetiology can be assessed. The assumptions which underlie the Model cannot be tested. When two or more forms of a disorder can be distinguished, family and population data can be used to test the underlying assumptions of the Model. A good fit of the Model to the observed data indicates that the two subforms of the disorder represent different degrees of the same normally distributed process. This implies that the relative importance of transmissible and non-transmissible factors is the same in determining each subform of the disorder. The testability of the Multifactorial Model with multiple thresholds offers an opportunity for relating and understanding heterogeneous subforms of a disorder, for specifying the relationship between spectrum disorders, and for classifying psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1972 three old hospitals were closed and patients transferred to a new hospital for the mentally handicapped. Four to six weeks before transfer, disturbed and a sample of non-disturbed patients were rated on a selected scale; they were again rated four to six weeks after transfer. The disturbed patients numbered 39 per cent of the total and both men and women shared a significant improvement, though the men did not improve to the same extent as the women. There was also a significant improvement among the non-disturbed patients, though this did not apply to the epileptic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a cross-national comparison of the frequency of occurrence of various diagnoses among elderly psychiatric patients admitted to public mental hospitals in London and New York, a short battery of psychological tests was administered to all patients independently of psychiatric examination. The psychological assessment was focused on the differentiation between dementing and affective disorders. The test performance showed a highly significant difference between the two groups as diagnosed, and when patients were allocated to groups on the basis of tests alone these allocations showed a high rate of agreement with initial psychiatric diagnosis. There was a similar high rate of agreement between test allocation and hospital diagnosis in the U.K., but this was not so in the U.S. No significant differences were found between the test performance of U.K. and U.S. patients, except on the WAIS Vocabulary and the Angles Error measurement of the Bender-Gestalt test. When the effects of age and Vocabulary score were eliminated these differences disappeared. The hypothesis that the diagnosis of affective disorder would be confirmed by a relatively greater improvement in test performance over time in this group of patients was not upheld by the non-parametric analysis of change scores. However, an analysis of covariance utilizing age and initial score did indicate the expected differential improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of religion in human society is complex. The part played by religion in psychiatric disorders is even more obscure. Previous literature and theories are divided into two groups: one school believes that intense religiosity is a symptom-complex indicative of psychiatric disorder, while the opposing view is that religious belief in some way acts as a defence mechanism protecting the individual and his psyche. The present study of 50 Jehovah's Witnesses admitted to the Mental Health Service facilities of Western Australia suggests that members of this section of the community are more likely to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital than the general population. Furthermore, followers of the sect are three times more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and nearly four times more likely from paranoid schizophrenia than the rest of the population at risk. These findings suggest that being a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses faith may be a risk factor predisposing to a schizophrenic illness. Further studies would be interesting in investigating whether pre-psychotic people are more likely to join the sect than normal people and what part (if any) membership has in bringing about such a breakdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium was given to eight aggressive, non-manic-depressive female defectives in a doubleblind placebo-controlled study. The group as a whole showed a reduction in aggression scores while on lithium (p greater than 0.01): three patients became less aggressive,one became worse and two were unchanged. Both affective and predatory aggression seemed to be reduced. Two patients had to be withdrawn from the trial at an early stage because of the development of neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a psychosocial study of Egyptian murderers. The study used the hand test, Thematic Apperception Test and Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale which were applied to the subjects which included prison murderers, mental hospital murderers and normal subjects. The general finding of such studies was that the murderer population had an incidence of electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities far above that found in the non-criminal, non-psychiatrically ill students. The most important observation of the study was the very high incidence of abnormal EEG among the prisoners whose crime was apparently motiveless or with a slight motive.

The article examines the influences on the development of clinical services for psychologically disturbed students in Great Britain. Here, the researchers attempt to relate personality factors to the different patterns of study disturbance as well as to explore how emergent patterns relate to social-cultural factors. In addition, the researchers used a modified and updated medical model to retain considerable interest both for the advance understanding of psychological and social factors in aetiology.

The article presents a study that gives an account on the patterns of admission among male schizophrenic patients admitted to Leverndale Hospital in Glasgow, Scotland in 1967-1970. The first admissions and readmissions of the schizophrenics to the hospital are identified from a Kalamazoo card index system. It is stated that 83% of the male patients admitted to the hospital are readmitted and thus suffering from relapsing or continuous illnesses. Moreover, follow-up of the first admissions show an approximately equal numbers concerning the three grades of clinical state living outside while smaller number are long term in-patients.

The author examines the geographical differences in the prevalence of mental retardation. As part of his research, he discusses various epidemiological studies that was carried out in Sweden. He denotes that mental deficiency may develop through one of the four mechanisms including polygenic inheritance, simple inheritance, chromosomal anomalies and external factors. In addition, he claims that the four processes that can distort the balance in the gene pool include genetic selection, mutation, genetic drift and migration. He believes that the prevalence of mental deficiency is due to a form of selective migration.

The article discusses the scale of disability and prognosis in long-term mental illness. The study describes an attempt to devise a new prognostic test, using material which was originally collected in order to study the cost of rehabilitation. In this study, about one hundred and eighty-four long-stay mentally ill patients have been studied over the ten years starting 1961 to 1970, during which they were exposed to an active rehabilitation regime. The total net cost to the state of maintaining each individual during the period has been taken as an index of individual performance under the regime and subsequently.

The article presents a study which aims to investigate the impact of sex chromosome aneuploidy on the development of criminality and psychic diseases. The study utilizes mentally retarded and maladjusted men in three Swedish hospitals to determine the connection between excess chromosomes and social deviated behavior. Results of the study indicate that both excess X chromosomes and excess Y chromosomes do not produce a disposition for social deviated behavior in maladjusted and mentally retarded persons.

The article examines the performance of schizophrenics on the task of speech perception. The patients auditory acuity and ability to discriminate speech sounds are measured. There are no significant differences in auditory threshold between the subjects in the control group and the schizophrenic subjects. Thus, any of their differences in speech perception cannot be thought to be due to differences in auditory acuity. It was found that individuals with schizophrenia do suffer from an impairment in the perception of individually spoken words introduced at various levels of intensity.

The article discusses the author's comments on the opening address delivered by Sir George Godber during the conference on the Responsibilities and Role of the Doctor in the Care of the Mentally Handicapped. The author believed that Godber's perceptions have shaped the thinking of his Department in the planning of services for the mentally handicapped. It is emphasized that one of Godber's opinions focused on the control of infection and the responsibilities of the general practitioners. The author also commented that the opinion repeated by Godber was equally erroneous since that belief concerned with the post-war work of psychologists. Other comments were considered.

The article presents the study that aims to analyze further serum creatine kinase (CK) levels in psychiatric patients and to determine the practical use and theoretical implications of the biochemical findings. Serum CK estimations were carried out among three groups of patients including 34 acutely psychotic group, 20 chronic schizophrenic group, and 26 non-psychotic, newly admitted psychiatric patients. A positively skewed distribution of CK levels in each group was discovered, having no overall significant difference. The findings also showed that 5 acutely psychotic patients had levels greater than 100 I.U./L. The raised levels indicated that these were related to nonspecific factors and did not reflect the psychotic illness directly.

The article cites a study concerning the school record data on measures which include repeating, score on intelligence quotient (IQ), and last regular school grade completed by 51 male and 65 female adult schizophrenics, their siblings, and age mates. It showed that male schizophrenics differed significantly from the controls on all three measures, while the female probands compared to their controls were found to have no significant differences on these variables. On all measures, the school performance of male schizophrenics appeared to be inferior to female schizophrenics. The results suggested that pre-schizophrenic differed consistently on school performance from both his siblings and age mates only when the schizophrenic-to-be was a boy who belonged to a low-IQ sibship.

The article presents a study on the prevalence of herpes virus infections on mentally ill patients. Different mental symptoms may occur as early symptoms of acute viral meningoencephalitides. The author relates that infections of the central nervous system may be associated with mental disorders. Virus infections have been looked for as possible aetiological factors in mental illnesses of unknown origin. Mental symptoms ranging from anxiety to psychotic behavior are observed not only in rabies but in patients with encephalitides caused by other viruses

The article discusses the idea of Application Group, a kind of group treatment setting in psychiatry derived from the Tavistock conference model of Group Relations Training. The purpose of the program is to introduce the cognitive material and help the patients understand the social mechanism connected in their hospitalization. It serves as the function for the patient of both integrating the psychiatric ward experience in and of itself more significantly with the daily extra-hospital activities and dilemmas. The program also addresses the common question posed to a patient concerning the things he will do outside the ward. INSET: ].

The article presents a study concerning the extent of mental illness in an urban society in India. The purpose of the study is to find the prevalence associated with various psychiatric disorders in an urban population. A three-stage probability sampling technique is applied to the 850 families from the different constituencies of Lucknow city. As part of the study, the research team distributed a questionnaire to identify the psychiatric cases. Out of a surveyed population of 4,481 individuals, 300 psychiatric cases were observed. Moreover, each of the suspected cases were given detailed clinical assessment. It is stated that the psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in the age groups above 30 years old, in illiterates and in individuals dwelling in small families.

The author focuses on the nonverbal behavior in mentally ill individuals. He denotes that this behavior is a way of expressing their emotions and attitudinal aspects. He states that the process starts in early childhood and is dependent in two factors including the maturation of the nervous system and the quality of the interpersonal relation between the child and those who connect with him. In addition, he reminds that the process can sometimes go awry due to the inherent factors in the maturation process or to factors that is pathogenic in state. However, he emphasizes that under these circumstances, the resultant behavior may still serve an adaptational and social functions.

The Shetland Islands lie in the North Atlantic approximately equi-distant between Scotland, Norway and the Faroes. The earliest known colonizers came from the Mediterranean, but when the Vikings arrived (c. AD 800), there seem to have few or no human inhabitants. The descendants of the west Scandinavians who came to the islands in the early Viking movement still comprise the bulk of the human population, and form a series of isolates unique in the United Kingdom.The paper summarizes the available information on the origins and physical characteristics of the Shetlanders. Much of this is trivial, but in the absence of any other review we have brought together what is known. The only blood group data are ABO frequencies which are similar to those on the other North Atlantic islands (Orkney, Faroe and Iceland). The best estimates of relationship are based on comparisons of non-metrical skull variant frequencies which show that the nearest relatives of the Shetlanders are the inhabitants of Jaeren in southern Norway. The same conclusion comes from independent evidence of linguistic affinities.Shetland has the highest known prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world, and possibly a high incidence of gastric ulceration. It also has a large number of standard Down's syndrome (trisomy-21) patients. These could be the result of the fathers' periodic absences at sea, resulting in their families being spread over a large span of years. Clearly there are interesting and possibly important morbidity and mortality factors operating in the population—which could give significant information about genetical factors in disease. Data on mental defect and psychiatric disease are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers a critical look on the responsibilities and role of the doctor concerned with the care of the people with mental disabilities. According to the authors, doctors have made an outstanding contribution to the improvement to the mentally handicapped. He opines that people are now looking at the inadequacy of past provision and are aware of the progressive doctrines of some already engaged in the care of such patients, doctors become much more conscious of how far they fall short of the standard of care that could be provided.

The article focuses on a study designed to investigate the efficacy of fluphenazine enanthate and decanoate. In the study, long-stay psychotic patients were reviewed and cases with coexisting physical illness were immediately excluded. Because of the undesirability of unnecessary phenothiazine, maintenance attempts were made to stop existing drugs or change to others. Following initial ratings, a test dose of decanoate has been prescribed. Of the 40 subjects who passed the initial criteria, 39 has completed the entire trial. One subject was removed after six weeks of the trial because of severe and intransigent extrapyramidal symptoms which could not be controlled either by adjustment of decanoate dosage or the use of antiparkinson agents.

The article presents a study which examines mental disorder and season-of-birth distribution in 1973. The season-of-birth distribution has been examined for psychiatric patients. For schizophrenia and for manic-depressive psychosis, there was a highly significant excess of births in the first quarter of the year. In addition, there was a significant excess in the first quarter of the year for patients diagnosed as psychotic depression compared with those diagnosed neurotic depression. It is concluded that the evidence for a meaningful association between season of birth and functional psychosis is now sufficiently strong to warrant more detailed study.

The article presents a study which evaluates the prophylactic effect of lithium therapy on mentally defective patients who were suffering from frequently recurring affective and behavioral changes. The number of weeks ill during the year on lithium was significantly less than the number of weeks ill during the year on placebo. There appeared to be less effect on the actual number of episodes of illness. The number of episodes during the year on lithium was less than that during the year on placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant.

The article describes a double-blind drug trial to assess the effect of sulthiame on the behavior of very disturbed mentally handicapped patients. Sulthiame was investigated as a tranquillizer in a double-blind trial on 34 severely subnormal patients with disturbed behavior. Nurses used a special rating scale in assessing behavioral changes in hyperactivity, aggressiveness, destructiveness, and anti-sociability. The results showed that sulthiame was significantly effective in reducing disturbed behavior in general, and aggressiveness and hyperactivity in particular.

The article describes the adult psychiatric patients in Victoria on whom information was recorded during childhood between 1945 and 1954. It aims to delineate the type of psychiatric morbidity which child psychiatric patients develop in adulthood, and which childhood illness, if any, are particularly associated with certain common adult psychiatric syndromes. Results showed that intellectual sub-normality is a longitudinal consistent diagnosis and children with specific personality disorders are likely to be diagnosed as suffering from a personality disorder in adulthood. Other significant results of the study are provided.

The article provides an overview on the psychiatric aspects of aphasia. Aphasia was frequently combined with or mistaken for other behavioral abnormalities, and psychiatrists are often asked to see patients with aphasia. Aphasia could be defined most simply as a loss or impairment of language caused by the brain damage. Most often the diagnosis of aphasia was clear, and the differentiation of the aphasic disorder from the psychiatric disorder does not present a serious problem. Most cases of aphasia start acutely with a cerebral vascular accident, head injury, and neurosurgical procedure, and the acute onset of a language disturbance automatically suggests aphasia.

The article examines the systematics and taxonomy of depressive phenomena, the taxonomy in depressive illness and non-depressive illness patients, and psychiatrist's notion of the endogenous dichotomy within the depressive phenomena taxonomy. Under the study, a questionnaire-cum-interview was developed from the priori depression scales Sympom Sign Inventory to obtain information from 102 patients with depressive illness. The findings suggest that there were significant differences between depressive-illness and non-depressive-illness patients. It also found systematic differences between the patients diagnosed with reactive depressions and those who were diagnoes with endogenous depressions.

The article presents eleven cases of patients who developed a syndrome comprising mutism and other neurological features while being treated with phenothiazine derivatives. Majority of the patients demonstrate complete speech loss, while some exhibit one or more neurological toxic phenomena, such as akathisia, buccal dyskinesias, dystonias, tremor and parkinsonism. The changes observed in patients after the commencing treatment of phenothiazine include disturbance of vocalization that results to aphonia, persistent stereotyped activities and difficulty in rising from the seated position, disintegration of mental functions and loss of mental alertness. The case history of each patient is discussed.

The author comments on the study which examines the significance of out-patient and in-patient services in treating mentally ill patients in Great Britain. He highlights the conclusion of the study which states that patients receiving out-patient care are socially and clinically distinct population. The author emphasizes lapses of the study through comparing its finding with material for some Regional Hospital Board, which include new outpatient referrals and inverse relationship.

The article presents a study which determines the mutual influence of schoolteachers, youth volunteers, psychiatric nurses as well as patients in a mental hospital project. The study has been aimed to provide a procedure which will involve school young people with mental personnel, and other personnel who are involved in the program. The working relationship of a hospital-based voluntary services organizer with a consultant psychiatrist has been described. Furthermore, the experiences of school young people, teachers, psychiatric nurses and patients have also been discussed.

The article presents a study that investigates phenomenology of schizophrenic psychosis in mental defectives and attempts to assess the response to treatment. In this study, twelve patients were diagnosed as suffering from a schizophrenic psychosis and seven patients were diagnosed as suffering from a paranoid psychosis. Results concluded that schizophrenic and paranoid psychoses could be diagnosed on the usual clinical grounds in some higher-grade imbeciles, and in feebleminded and borderline mental defectives, but not in idiots who could not communicate verbally. The symptomatology, natural history and response to treatment of schizophrenic and in paranoid psychoses in 19 adult mental defectives were described.

The article presents a study to clarify if manic-depressive psychosis does occur in mental defectiveness, and if it does, to determine how the phenomelogy is modified by the presence and the degree of mental deficiency. In this study, 13 female and eight male patients were identified from a manic-depressive psychosis. Results concluded that manic-depressive psychosis could be diagnosed on the usual clinical grounds in some imbeciles, and in feebleminded and borderline mental defectives, yet idiots diagnosis was based on careful longitudinal appraisal of the patient's behavior accompanied by examination of the family history. The clinical features, natural history and response to treatment of manic-depressive psychosis in 21 adult mental defectives were described.

The article presents a study to investigate whether mental retardation can be distinguished from psychomotor retardation, or whether reduced speed of functioning in schizophrenics should be considered as a unitary disorder. It is also studied whether paranoid schizophrenics differ from non-paranoid schizophrenics on tests of mental and psychomotor speed. In addition, the degree of the relationship between chronicity in schizophrenia and speed of function is examined, as well as the degree of the relationship between thought-process disorder and retardation, and the degree of the relationship between flattening of affect and retardation.

The article cites a study which found that an excess of second born neurotics from sibships of three were characterized in women patients and that there was no difference of mental illness seen between patients and control groups from sibships of three. The study aims to compare the controls and the patients originating from two sibship sizes with respect to sibling order. It also intends to investigate the sibling order in terms of the sex of the remaining siblings and to liken sibling constellations in the controls and in separate diagnostic categories.