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2. Paper chromatographic identification of polypeptidic gram positive inhibiting antibiotics.
- Author
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SNELL N, IJICHI K, and LEWIS JC
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Antibiotics, Antitubercular, Bacillus, Chromatography, Paper, Dermatologic Agents, Peptides
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Paper chromatography of antifungal antibiotics.
- Author
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AMMANN A and GOTTLIEB D
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Antibiotics, Antitubercular, Antifungal Agents, Chromatography, Chromatography, Paper, Dermatologic Agents
- Published
- 1955
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Paper disk-agar diffusion assay of penicillin in the presence of streptomycin.
- Author
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Raahave D
- Subjects
- Diffusion, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Sarcina drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Penicillins pharmacology, Streptomycin pharmacology
- Abstract
Microbiological assay of individual antibiotics in mixtures of antibiotics depends on the use of selective inactivation and/or of test bacteria with differential susceptibility. Controlled experiments revealed that streptomycin in concentrations of 20 and 40 mug/ml did not influence a disk diffusion assay of penicillin with Sarcina lutea (ATCC 9341) as the test organism. In the case of penicillin concentrations less than or equal to 1 IU/ml, addition of 80 mug of streptomycin per ml influenced the penicillin assay significantly. Clinical use of streptomycin resulting in levels above 40 mug/ml usually did not occur; therefore penicillin could be assayed as though streptomycin were not present. We observed additionally that S. lutea was unable to grow on agar plates prepared with semicarbazide hydrochloride.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Studies on pigmentation of Serratia marcescens. I. Spectral and paper chromatographic properties of prodigiosin.
- Author
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WILLIAMS RP, GREEN JA, and RAPPO-PORT DA
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Chromatography, Pigmentation, Prodigiosin, Serratia marcescens
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The filter paper disc method of assaying antibiotics.
- Author
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McGUIRE JM
- Subjects
- Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Biological Assay, Reference Standards
- Published
- 1945
7. Effect of polyoxin D on chitin synthesis and septum formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Author
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Bowers B, Levin G, and Cabib E
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Paper, Dimethyl Sulfoxide pharmacology, Glucose metabolism, Microscopy, Electron, Microscopy, Phase-Contrast, Peptides, Polysaccharides analysis, Polysaccharides biosynthesis, Pyrimidines, Saccharomyces cerevisiae analysis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytology, Tritium, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Cell Wall metabolism, Chitin biosynthesis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism
- Abstract
The normal sequence of cell separation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae begins with the formation of a primary septum, presumably consisting of chitin, on which secondary septa are later deposited. In the presence of the antibiotic polyoxin D, a potent inhibitor of chitin synthetase, pairs of abnormal cells of two different types were observed by phase-contrast microscopy: the "exploded pair," consisting of two lysed cells from which the cytoplasm had been extruded at the cell junction, and the "refringent pair," consisting of two highly refractile cells joined by a thin bridge. Thus, in both cases the septal region appears to be affected. Observations with the electron microscope showed that the primary chitin septum was not formed in either of these cell types, and as a consequence secondary septa of varying thicknesses were laid down in an abnormal pattern. With [(3)H]glucose as carbon source the incorporation of tritium into the chitin of abnormal cells was inhibited about 90%, whereas the labeling of mannan was normal and that of glucan somewhat reduced. The effective concentrations of polyoxin D (0.1 to 1 mg/ml) were much greater than those required to inhibit chitin synthesis in vitro. Dimethylsulfoxide and amphotericin B, both known to increase cell permeability, enhanced the action of the antibiotic.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Influence of isoleucine upon quinomycin biosynthesis by Streptomyces sp. 732.
- Author
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Yoshida T and Katagiri K
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Paper, Leucine pharmacology, Methionine pharmacology, Streptomyces drug effects, Threonine pharmacology, Tryptophan pharmacology, Valine pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Isoleucine pharmacology, Streptomyces metabolism
- Abstract
When dl-isoleucine was added to an ammonium nitrate-maltose medium during cultivation of Streptomyces sp. 732, quinomycin B formation was selectively enhanced (from 3 to 70% of the quinomycin mixture) and quinomycin C synthesis was inhibited completely. In addition, two new quinomycins, designated quinomycins D and E, were produced in the presence of isoleucine. These compounds were found to contain N-methylalloisoleucine. In experiments with isoleucine enantiomorphs, it was determined that the order of effectiveness for quinomycin B synthesis was dl-isoleucine > d-isoleucine > l-isoleucine. The extent to which quinomycin B synthesis is enhanced depends upon the concentration and the time of addition of isoleucine to the medium. The effect of dl-isoleucine was reduced to some extent by the addition of l-valine. It is conceivable that amino acids which are precursors of the N-methylamino acids in quinomycin can regulate quinomycin formation.
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Microbial epoxidation of cis-propenylphosphonic to (-)-cis-1,2-epoxypropylphosphonic acid.
- Author
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White RF, Birnbaum J, Meyer RT, ten Broeke J, Chemerda JM, and Demain AL
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Biological Assay, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Chromatography, Gas, Chromatography, Paper, Culture Media, Fermentation, Glucose metabolism, Glycerol metabolism, Mitosporic Fungi growth & development, Penicillium growth & development, Proteus, Stereoisomerism, Alkenes metabolism, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Ethers, Cyclic biosynthesis, Mitosporic Fungi metabolism, Organophosphonates metabolism, Penicillium metabolism
- Abstract
Eighteen species of Penicillium, one of Oidium and one of Paecilomyces were found to effect a stereospecific conversion of cis-propenylphosphonate to fosfomycin which was identified by paper chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of the trimethylsilyl esters. Penicillium spinulosum carried out the epoxidation only after the glucose substrate had been utilized. Glucose controlled the epoxidation since its residual concentrations in the broth severely depresses the reaction. At optimum levels of glucose, an epoxidation efficiency approaching 90% of olefin charged (0.2 g/liter) was obtained after 10 days of incubation. The olefin concentration could be increased to 0.5 g/liter when glucose was replaced by glycerol, whereby a 90% conversion to fosfomycin was attainable in 6 days. The high conversion efficiency, a good agreement between the GLC assay and bioactivity, are indicative of the levorotatory nature of the product.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Isolation and characterization of a phosphonomycin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.
- Author
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Venkateswaran PS and Wu HC
- Subjects
- Carbon Isotopes, Cell Wall metabolism, Chromatography, Paper, Culture Media, Escherichia coli enzymology, Escherichia coli growth & development, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Escherichia coli metabolism, Genetics, Microbial, Glucose metabolism, Glucosephosphates metabolism, Glycerophosphates metabolism, Microscopy, Phase-Contrast, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Phosphotransferases metabolism, Pimelic Acids metabolism, Temperature, Tritium, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Escherichia coli drug effects, Mutation
- Abstract
A mutant was isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 which showed increased resistance towards phosphonomycin, a new bactericidal antibiotic recently isolated from strains of Streptomyces. Evidence is presented which suggests that this mutant is resistant to lysis by phosphonomycin because of a lower affinity of phosphoenolpyruvate: uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase for this antibiotic. This mutant was also found to be temperature-sensitive in growth. At 42 C mutant cells grew poorly, and the rate of incorporation of (3)H-diaminopimelic acid into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was also greatly reduced. Genetic studies indicate that the increased resistance toward phosphonomycin and temperature sensitivity in growth of this mutant are probably the consequences of a single mutation.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Regulation of the bacterial cell wall: effect of antibiotics on lipid biosynthesis.
- Author
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Hebeler BH, Chatterjee AN, and Young FE
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Gel, Chromatography, Paper, Culture Media, Glycerophosphates biosynthesis, Hydrolysis, Kinetics, Lysine metabolism, Peptidoglycan antagonists & inhibitors, Phospholipids biosynthesis, Staphylococcus drug effects, Tritium, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Cell Wall metabolism, Lipids biosynthesis, Staphylococcus metabolism
- Abstract
Antibiotics that inhibit the biosynthesis of the cell wall, such as vancomycin, penicillin, d-cycloserine, and bacitracin, stimulate the incorporation of lysine into lipids that are extractable with n-butanol-6 M pyridinium acetate. Approximately 93% of this lysine is in lysylphosphatidylglycerol (LPG). The remaining lysine is incorporated in another as yet uncharacterized lipid. Because the lysine in the latter lipid is released by mild alkaline hydrolysis, it is not the C(55)-isoprenyl-pyrophospho-N-acetyl-muramyl pentapeptide. Vancomycin and penicillin stimulate the incorporation of lysine into both LPG and the minor lipid fractions, whereas treatment with d-cycloserine results in an increase only in LPG. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis do not influence the incorporation of lysine into the lipid fractions. Analysis of the extracted lipids indicate that the incorporation of radioactive lysine into LPG is due to an enhancement in synthesis of LPG from phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane.
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Analytical method for streptothricin-type antibiotics: structure of antibiotic LL-BL136.
- Author
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Borders DB, Kirby JP, Wetzel ER, Davies MC, and Hausmann WK
- Subjects
- Aminoglycosides analysis, Autoanalysis, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Chromatography, Paper, Fermentation, Methods, Peptides analysis, Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis
- Abstract
An analytical procedure was devised which can distinguish members of the streptothricin family of antibiotics. It is based upon an analysis of the hydrolysis products of the antibiotics using a Technicon amino acid autoanalyzer under special conditions. The various fragments including the different streptolidine-amino sugar compounds were well resolved. A basic water-soluble antibiotic discovered in our laboratories and named LL-BL136 was compared to other members of this group by this technique. It was not differentiated from the antibiotic SF-701 reported by Tsuruoka. The autoanalyzer results along with other physicochemical data permitted a structure proposal for this antibiotic, which is the N-methyl-desformimino derivative of antibiotic LL-AC541.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Antibiotics from Pseudomonas reptilivora. II. Isolation, purification, and properties.
- Author
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Del Rio AA, Gorgé JL, Olivares J, and Mayor F
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Chromatography, Paper, Crystallization, Electrophoresis, Staphylococcus drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents isolation & purification, Pseudomonas metabolism
- Abstract
Under well-established culture conditions, Pseudomonas reptilivora produced several antibiotics that have been purified by solvent extraction, chromatography in Sephadex G-25, electrophoresis, and paper chromatography in different solvent systems. Activity has been monitored at the different steps of isolation and purification by measurement of the inhibition of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by the cylinder-plate method, as well as by bioautography of chromatograms and electropherograms. Three antibiotics have been isolated and named A, B(1), and B(2). The B(1) and B(2) activities were studied in greater detail than A. The B(1) substance was crystallized, and its chemical properties were found to coincide with those of YC 73 or fluopsin C described by Egawa et al. and Itoh et al., respectively.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Kalafungin, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tanashiensis strain Kala.
- Author
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Johnson LE and Dietz A
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Paper, Fermentation, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microscopy, Electron, Streptomyces cytology, Streptomyces growth & development, Anti-Bacterial Agents isolation & purification, Antifungal Agents isolation & purification, Antiprotozoal Agents isolation & purification, Streptomyces metabolism
- Abstract
Kalafungin is a new antimicrobial agent obtained from the culture broth of a soil isolate of Streptomyces tanashiensis, designated Streptomyces tanashiensis strain Kala UC-5063. Kalafungin is a chemically stable, nonpolyene agent which is ex-extremely inhibitory in vitro against a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, protozoa, gram-positive bacteria, and, to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria.
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Scopafungin, a crystalline antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. enhygrus var. nova.
- Author
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Johnson LE and Dietz A
- Subjects
- Bacteria drug effects, Bacteriological Techniques, Chromatography, Paper, Fermentation, Fungi drug effects, Lactones, Species Specificity, Streptomyces classification, Streptomyces growth & development, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Antifungal Agents biosynthesis, Antifungal Agents pharmacology, Streptomyces metabolism
- Abstract
Scopafungin (U-29,479) is a crystalline, nonpolyenic antimicrobial agent obtained from the culture broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. enhygrus var. nova UC-2397. Scopafungin inhibits, in vitro, a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, and gram-positive bacteria.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. In vivo and in vitro action of new antibiotics interfering with the utilization of N-acetyl-glucosamine-N-acetyl-muramyl-pentapeptide.
- Author
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Lugtenberg EJ, v Schijndel-van Dam A, and van Bellegem TH
- Subjects
- Alanine metabolism, Autoradiography, Bacillus drug effects, Bacillus enzymology, Bacillus growth & development, Bacillus cereus drug effects, Bacillus cereus growth & development, Bacterial Proteins biosynthesis, Carbon Isotopes, Cell-Free System, Chromatography, Paper, Culture Media, Enzymes isolation & purification, Enzymes metabolism, Glucosamine metabolism, Glycopeptides metabolism, Hot Temperature, Muramidase, Penicillins, Peptidoglycan biosynthesis, Staphylococcus drug effects, Staphylococcus growth & development, Stereoisomerism, Temperature, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacillus metabolism, Bacillus cereus metabolism, Peptides metabolism, Polysaccharides metabolism, Staphylococcus metabolism
- Abstract
Recent literature on the antibiotics enduracidin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, and 11.837 RP suggested an interaction with murein synthesis. Incubation of sensitive strains from Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in a "wall medium" containing labeled l-alanine showed that all four antibiotics inhibited the incorporation of alanine into murein and gave rise to accumulation of radioactive uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-muramyl (UDP-MurNAc)-pentapeptide. Peptidoglycan was synthesized when the particulate enzyme of B. stearothermophilus was incubated with the murein precursors UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. The newly formed polymer was less accessible for lysozyme and more strongly bound to the acceptor than the same product from the Escherichia coli particulate enzyme. After incubation in the presence of penicillin, a greater part of the peptidoglycan was lysozyme sensitive and more loosely bound to the acceptor. The antibiotics enduracidin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, and 11.837 RP inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis by the B. stearothermophilus particulate enzyme. The rate of synthesis of GlcNAc-MurNAc(-pentapeptide)-P-P-phospholipid was independent from the addition of these antibiotics, but its utilization was strongly inhibited. With the present results, it is not possible to distinguish the mechanisms of action of enduracidin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, and 11.837 RP from the mechanisms of action of vancomycin and ristocetin.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Role of lipopolysaccharides in antibiotic resistance and bacteriophage adsorption of Escherichia coli K-12.
- Author
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Tamaki S, Sato T, and Matsuhashi M
- Subjects
- Cell Wall analysis, Chromosome Mapping, Conjugation, Genetic, Electrophoresis, Escherichia coli analysis, Galactose analysis, Glucose analysis, Heptoses analysis, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mutation, Paper, Phosphates analysis, Recombination, Genetic, Adsorption, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Coliphages, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Escherichia coli drug effects, Genetics, Microbial, Lipopolysaccharides analysis, Lipopolysaccharides isolation & purification
- Abstract
Novobiocin-supersensitive (NS) mutants which could not grow on plates containing 40 mug or less of novobiocin per ml were isolated from Escherichia coli strain JE1011 (derived from E. coli K-12). Most of these NS mutants were found to have incomplete lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and they lack phosphate diester bridges in their backbone structure, with or without total loss of heptose, to which the phosphate diester is linked, and consequently lack external outer-core oligosaccharides. The phosphate diester bridges in the LPS backbone are apparently very important in forming a cell surface structure resistant to the penetration of antibiotics such as novobiocin, spiramycin, and actinomycin D. NS mutants, with incomplete LPS, lacking phosphates in their backbone structure were found to be resistant to phage T4, and those which also lacked heptose were resistant to phages T4 and T7. In contrast to the generally accepted idea that resistances to phages T3, T4, and T7 are linked genetically, no NS mutant was found to be resistant to T3. The possible structures of the receptors for T4 and T7 are discussed. The positions of novobiocin-supersensitive genes on the chromosome of several of the NS mutants defective in LPS were mapped. The genes were designated lpcA (between ara and lac) and lpcB (between 55 min and 60 min). The latter seemed to be a group of several related genes.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Stimulative effect of elemental sulfur on siomycin production by Streptomyces sioyaensis.
- Author
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Yagi S, Kitai S, and Kimura T
- Subjects
- Bacteriological Techniques, Chromatography, Paper, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Culture Media, Fermentation, Oxidation-Reduction, Glycine max, Spectrophotometry, Stimulation, Chemical, Streptomyces drug effects, Streptomyces growth & development, Sulfur metabolism, Thiosulfates biosynthesis, Thiosulfates metabolism, Time Factors, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Streptomyces metabolism, Sulfur pharmacology
- Abstract
The addition of elemental sulfur to the fermentation of Streptomyces sioyaensis in a soybean meal medium resulted in a three- to fourfold increase of siomycin. Further experiments on the effect of elemental sulfur during fermentation suggest that one of the key steps stimulating siomycin synthesis is the utilization of thiosulfate, which accumulates in the medium as the result of the oxidation of elemental sulfur.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Production of anticapsin by Streptomyces griseoplanus.
- Author
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Boeck LD, Christy KL, and Shah R
- Subjects
- Aerobiosis, Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Biological Assay, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Cell Wall drug effects, Cell Wall metabolism, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Chromatography, Paper, Culture Media, Ethers, Cyclic biosynthesis, Fermentation, Fructose metabolism, Glucose metabolism, Hot Temperature, Hyaluronic Acid biosynthesis, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ketones biosynthesis, Minerals metabolism, Oxygen, Phosphates metabolism, Polysaccharides metabolism, Streptococcus pyogenes drug effects, Streptococcus pyogenes metabolism, Streptomyces growth & development, Sucrose metabolism, Tyrosine biosynthesis, Amino Acids biosynthesis, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Streptomyces metabolism
- Abstract
Anticapsin is a new fermentation product which inhibits formation of the hyaluronic acid capsule of Streptococcus pyogenes. Production of this metabolite in a complex medium by S. griseoplanus is enhanced by high levels of carbohydrate. A number of carbon sources support biosynthesis but sucrose is most effective, the optimum level being 150 g/liter. Neither glucose nor fructose, alone or in combination, serves as an equivalent substitute for sucrose. The addition of dibasic potassium phosphate to the medium further increases anticapsin production. Dissolved oxygen levels are important for synthesis and stability of the metabolite. Anticapsular activity diminishes rapidly in previously aerated broths which are held under static conditions. This decrease does not occur in pasteurized broths or unpasteurized filtrates.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
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20. Consequences of the inhibition of cardiolipin metabolism in Haemophilus parainfluenzae.
- Author
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Ono Y and White DC
- Subjects
- Antimetabolites pharmacology, Autoradiography, Carbon Isotopes, Chromatography, Paper, Colorimetry, Cysteine pharmacology, Haemophilus drug effects, Haemophilus enzymology, Haemophilus growth & development, Hydrolysis, Phosphates metabolism, Phospholipases metabolism, Phosphorus Isotopes, Surface-Active Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Haemophilus metabolism, Phospholipids metabolism
- Abstract
Examination of phospholipid metabolism in Haemophilus parainfluenzae with inhibitors of various cellular functions indicated that macromolecular synthesis and lipid metabolism can be dissociated at least for a short time. Two classes of inhibitors have relatively specific effects on cardiolipin (CL) metabolism. Pentachlorophenol and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate blocked CL synthesis but allowed CL hydrolysis to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG); 3,3',4,5'-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (m-CCCP) blocked CL hydrolysis with the stoichiometric accumulation of CL. It appeared as if TCS and m-CCCP inhibited a vital activity coupled with the hydrolysis of CL by the highly active, CL-specific phospholipase D found in this organism. Because TCS and m-CCCP are thought to act by destroying the proton gradient thereby interrupting energy-dependent transport, it is possible that a highly active portion of the cellular CL could be coupled to some phase of this process.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Influence of cobalt on fermentative methylation.
- Author
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Claridge CA, Rossomano VZ, Buono NS, Gourevitch A, and Lein J
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Barium, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Chromatography, Paper, Hydroxides, Nickel pharmacology, Spectrophotometry, Vitamin B 12 pharmacology, Alkylation, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Cobalt pharmacology, Streptomyces metabolism
- Abstract
Streptomyces rishiriensis produces at least five closely related antibiotics. Strain selection yielded a culture producing only the most active component, coumermycin A. Hydrolysis of this antibiotic by barium hydroxide yielded both 5-methyl-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, which could be separated by paper chromatography. Coumermycin A was thus shown to be two fractions, designated A(1) and A(2) depending upon the nature of the pyrrole carboxylic acid portion. The addition of cobalt to the fermentation medium at a level as low as 0.01 mug/ml shifted the fermentation exclusively to the production of coumermycin A(1). Other ions were ineffective, except nickel, whose activity could be explained by the presence of contaminating cobalt.
- Published
- 1966
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. LL-A491, a monazomycin-like antibiotic.
- Author
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Mitscher LA, Shay AJ, and Bohonos N
- Subjects
- Ammonia analysis, Bacteria drug effects, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Chromatography, Paper, Fermentation, Mannose analysis, Soil Microbiology, Spectrum Analysis, Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Streptomyces metabolism
- Abstract
A new antibiotic, designated LL-A491, was isolated by butanol extraction and crystallization from beers of an unidentified streptomycete, Lederle culture A491. LL-A491 was primarily active against gram-positive bacteria and was related to monazomycin. A tentative molecular formula of C(72+/-2) H(144+/-8) O(25+/-1) N for the antibiotic, based on analyses of the crystalline hydrochloride, picrate, and picrolonate salts, is considerably larger than that proposed for monazomycin, from which LL-A491 was not differentiated by paper chromatography. Analysis of the amorphous polyacetate ester suggested 15 to 16 acetylable groups. Upon hydrolysis, LL-A491 liberated ammonia and a reducing sugar which appeared to be mannose. LL-A491 was dextrorotatory, [alpha](D) (25) + 14 degrees , and exhibited only end absorption in the ultraviolet region.
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Site of action of certain antibacterial heterocyclic quaternary ammonium compounds.
- Author
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Cox WA
- Subjects
- Carbon Isotopes, Chromatography, Paper, In Vitro Techniques, Microscopy, Electron, Muramidase pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacillus megaterium drug effects, Cell Membrane drug effects, Protoplasts drug effects, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds pharmacology, Staphylococcus drug effects
- Abstract
The site of action of related mono- and bis-quinaldinium compounds was investigated in Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium. The effects of these compounds on cell morphology and on protoplast formation and fragility were studied, and the distribution of C(14)-labeled quinaldinium compound in cell fractions was measured. The latter studies showed that a major part of the quaternary compound penetrates the cell, leaving a very small quantity associated with the cell wall. Similar antibacterial effects were seen with both the mono- and bis-quinaldinium compounds studied, and these effects were comparable with antibacterial properties of known cationic surface-active antibacterial agents.
- Published
- 1965
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Lethal synthesis of methylglyoxal by Escherichia coli during unregulated glycerol metabolism.
- Author
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Freedberg WB, Kistler WS, and Lin EC
- Subjects
- Aldehydes pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Cell-Free System, Chromatography, Paper, Culture Media, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli enzymology, Escherichia coli growth & development, Genetics, Microbial, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase metabolism, Glycerol pharmacology, Glycolysis, Indicators and Reagents, Mutation, Phosphotransferases metabolism, Spectrophotometry, Aldehydes biosynthesis, Anti-Bacterial Agents biosynthesis, Escherichia coli metabolism, Glycerol metabolism
- Abstract
In Escherichia coli K-12, the conversion of glycerol to triose phosphate is regulated by two types of control mechanism: the rate of synthesis of glycerol kinase and the feedback inhibition of its activity by fructose-1,6-diphosphate. A strain which has lost both control mechanisms by successive mutations, resulting in the constitutive synthesis of a glycerol kinase no longer sensitive to feedback inhibition, can produce a bactericidal factor from glycerol. This toxic factor has been identified by chemical and enzymological tests as methylglyoxal. Methylglyoxal can be derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate through the action of an enzyme which is present at high constitutive levels in the extracts of the mutant as well as that of the wild-type strain. Nine spontaneous mutants resistant to 1 mm exogenous methylglyoxal have been isolated. In all cases the resistance is associated with increased levels of a glutathione-dependent enzymatic activity for the removal of methylglyoxal. Methylglyoxal-resistant mutants derived from the glycerol-sensitive parental strain also became immune to glycerol.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Paper Chromatography of Antifungal Antibiotics
- Author
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David Gottlieb and Alfred Ammann
- Subjects
Antifungal ,Chromatography ,Antifungal Agents ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Chromatography, Paper ,medicine.drug_class ,Antifungal antibiotic ,Antibiotics ,Articles ,General Medicine ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Bioinformatics ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Paper chromatography ,medicine ,Identification (biology) ,Dermatologic Agents ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Antibiotics, Antitubercular - Abstract
Paper chromatography is very helpful in the identification and comparison of antibiotics, but very few results from the application of this technique have been published so far. The awakening of interest in the search for antibiotics which are active against fungi pathogenic to plants and animals makes the investigator aware of the scant information that is available to help characterize such agents. A knowledge of the Rf values of the known antifungal agents would help advance the search for such therapeutic materials. Often these values, in conjunction with the biological inhibitory activities, are the only criteria by which one can determine whether the unknown agent appears to be a new material. When the Rf data are obtained for shake cultures, one can eliminate many previously described antibiotic-producing organisms from further study, thus allowing more research to be applied to antibiotics which are new and different. The studies reported in this paper should serve as a guide to the identification of some of the known antifungal antibiotics.
- Published
- 1955
26. Effect of Paper on the Performance Assay in the Control of Antibiotic Sensitivity Discs
- Author
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Amiel Kirshbaum and Julian Kramer
- Subjects
Paper ,Bacteria ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,medicine.drug_class ,Antibiotic sensitivity ,Antibiotics ,Articles ,General Medicine ,United States ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Biotechnology ,Food and drug administration ,Medicine ,Biological Assay ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,business ,Antibiotics, Antitubercular - Abstract
Antibiotic discs were prepared, using several several batches of papers meeting Food and Drug Administration specifications. The analysis of 1,152 zones of inhibition produced showed no performance differences among these batches. Other discs were prepared using papers of different grades. These produced large differences in performance. It is obvious, therefore, that the use of a specified disc paper is necessary for standardizing the performances of the products of various manufacturers and that reproducible results can be attained with the grade of paper specified.
- Published
- 1961
27. Influence of Cobalt on Fermentative Methylation
- Author
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V. Z. Rossomano, C. A. Claridge, A. Gourevitch, J. Lein, and N. S. Buono
- Subjects
Alkylation ,Chemical Phenomena ,Chromatography, Paper ,Streptomyces rishiriensis ,Carboxylic acid ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Barium hydroxide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydrolysis ,Nickel ,Hydroxides ,Organic chemistry ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Cobalt ,Articles ,General Medicine ,Streptomyces ,Coumermycin A1 ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Chemistry ,Vitamin B 12 ,Paper chromatography ,chemistry ,Barium ,Spectrophotometry ,Fermentation ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Streptomyces rishiriensis produces at least five closely related antibiotics. Strain selection yielded a culture producing only the most active component, coumermycin A. Hydrolysis of this antibiotic by barium hydroxide yielded both 5-methyl-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, which could be separated by paper chromatography. Coumermycin A was thus shown to be two fractions, designated A 1 and A 2 depending upon the nature of the pyrrole carboxylic acid portion. The addition of cobalt to the fermentation medium at a level as low as 0.01 μg/ml shifted the fermentation exclusively to the production of coumermycin A 1 . Other ions were ineffective, except nickel, whose activity could be explained by the presence of contaminating cobalt.
- Published
- 1966
28. Microbial Epoxidation of cis -Propenylphosphonic to (−)- cis -1,2-Epoxypropylphosphonic Acid
- Author
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R. T. Meyer, J. ten Broeke, Raymond F. White, Chemerda John M, Jerome Birnbaum, and Arnold L. Demain
- Subjects
Glycerol ,Chromatography, Gas ,Chemical Phenomena ,Trimethylsilyl ,Chromatography, Paper ,Organophosphonates ,Alkenes ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ethers, Cyclic ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Metabolism and Products ,Olefin fiber ,Chromatography ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Penicillium ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Stereoisomerism ,General Medicine ,Proteus ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Chemistry ,Paper chromatography ,Glucose ,chemistry ,Fermentation ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Biological Assay ,Mitosporic Fungi ,Gas chromatography ,Penicillium spinulosum - Abstract
Eighteen species of Penicillium , one of Oidium and one of Paecilomyces were found to effect a stereospecific conversion of cis -propenylphosphonate to fosfomycin which was identified by paper chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of the trimethylsilyl esters. Penicillium spinulosum carried out the epoxidation only after the glucose substrate had been utilized. Glucose controlled the epoxidation since its residual concentrations in the broth severely depresses the reaction. At optimum levels of glucose, an epoxidation efficiency approaching 90% of olefin charged (0.2 g/liter) was obtained after 10 days of incubation. The olefin concentration could be increased to 0.5 g/liter when glucose was replaced by glycerol, whereby a 90% conversion to fosfomycin was attainable in 6 days. The high conversion efficiency, a good agreement between the GLC assay and bioactivity, are indicative of the levorotatory nature of the product.
- Published
- 1971
29. Influence of Isoleucine upon Quinomycin Biosynthesis by Streptomyces sp. 732
- Author
-
Tadashi Yoshida and Ken Katagiri
- Subjects
Threonine ,Microbial Physiology and Metabolism ,Chromatography, Paper ,Microbiology ,Streptomyces ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Methionine ,Biosynthesis ,Leucine ,Valine ,Isoleucine ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Tryptophan ,biology.organism_classification ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Amino acid ,Paper chromatography ,Biochemistry ,chemistry - Abstract
When dl -isoleucine was added to an ammonium nitrate-maltose medium during cultivation of Streptomyces sp. 732, quinomycin B formation was selectively enhanced (from 3 to 70% of the quinomycin mixture) and quinomycin C synthesis was inhibited completely. In addition, two new quinomycins, designated quinomycins D and E, were produced in the presence of isoleucine. These compounds were found to contain N -methylalloisoleucine. In experiments with isoleucine enantiomorphs, it was determined that the order of effectiveness for quinomycin B synthesis was dl -isoleucine > d -isoleucine > l -isoleucine. The extent to which quinomycin B synthesis is enhanced depends upon the concentration and the time of addition of isoleucine to the medium. The effect of dl -isoleucine was reduced to some extent by the addition of l -valine. It is conceivable that amino acids which are precursors of the N -methylamino acids in quinomycin can regulate quinomycin formation.
- Published
- 1967
30. Lomofungin, a New Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces lomondensis sp. n
- Author
-
Johnson Leroy E and Alma Dietz
- Subjects
Antifungal Agents ,Streptomyces lomondensis ,Chromatography, Paper ,medicine.drug_class ,Antibiotics ,Biology ,Streptomyces ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Microbiology ,medicine ,Bioassay ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Bacteria ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ,Fungi ,Penicillium ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Antimicrobial ,biology.organism_classification ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Paper chromatography ,Biological Assay - Abstract
Lomofungin is a new antimicrobial agent obtained from the culture broth of Streptomyces lomondensis sp. n. UC-5022. Lomofungin is an acidic, olive-yellow, crystalline compound which inhibits, in vitro, a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Published
- 1969
31. Production and Partial Purification of Antibiotic Materials Formed by Physarum gyrosum
- Author
-
Judith M. Considine and M. F. Mallette
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Staphylococcus aureus ,food.ingredient ,Staphylococcus ,Drug Resistance ,Bacillus ,Bacillus subtilis ,medicine.disease_cause ,Chemistry Techniques, Analytical ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Microbiology ,Physarum ,Agar plate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Escherichia coli ,medicine ,Agar ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Antibiotics, Antitubercular ,Chromatography ,Growth medium ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,Research ,fungi ,Fungi ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,Articles ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Paper chromatography ,Metabolism ,Cereus ,chemistry ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Abstract
Pure cultures of Physarum gyrosum were grown on agar plates with autoclaved Escherichia coli suspensions as the growth medium. Portions of such agar, after growth of the slime mold, contained diffusible materials that inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Paper chromatography of extracts of such cultures revealed at least three different active fractions. Preliminary fractionations increased the specific activity by one order of magnitude, probably in part by removal of inactive material and in part by separating active components. The fractionations also demonstrated the multiplicity of the antibiotic activity. Fractions variously obtained always retarded the growth of the bacterial species listed above.
- Published
- 1965
32. Stimulative Effect of Elemental Sulfur on Siomycin Production by Streptomyces sioyaensis
- Author
-
Toshiaki Kimura, Sigeo Yagi, and Seiji Kitai
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Time Factors ,Chromatography, Paper ,Soybean meal ,Thiosulfates ,Sulfur metabolism ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Streptomyces ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Organic chemistry ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Metabolism and Products ,Thiosulfate ,Bacteriological Techniques ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Streptomyces sioyaensis ,biology.organism_classification ,Sulfur ,Stimulation, Chemical ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Paper chromatography ,chemistry ,Spectrophotometry ,Fermentation ,Chromatography, Thin Layer ,Soybeans ,Oxidation-Reduction - Abstract
The addition of elemental sulfur to the fermentation of Streptomyces sioyaensis in a soybean meal medium resulted in a three- to fourfold increase of siomycin. Further experiments on the effect of elemental sulfur during fermentation suggest that one of the key steps stimulating siomycin synthesis is the utilization of thiosulfate, which accumulates in the medium as the result of the oxidation of elemental sulfur.
- Published
- 1971
33. Effect of Polyoxin D on Chitin Synthesis and Septum Formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Author
-
Enrico Cabib, Gary Levin, and Blair Bowers
- Subjects
Lysis ,Chromatography, Paper ,Physiology and Metabolism ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Chitin ,Tritium ,Polysaccharide ,Microbiology ,Cell wall ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Wall ,Polysaccharides ,Dimethyl Sulfoxide ,Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ,Molecular Biology ,Mannan ,Glucan ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Microscopy, Electron ,Glucose ,Pyrimidines ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Cytoplasm ,Peptides - Abstract
The normal sequence of cell separation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae begins with the formation of a primary septum, presumably consisting of chitin, on which secondary septa are later deposited. In the presence of the antibiotic polyoxin D, a potent inhibitor of chitin synthetase, pairs of abnormal cells of two different types were observed by phase-contrast microscopy: the “exploded pair,” consisting of two lysed cells from which the cytoplasm had been extruded at the cell junction, and the “refringent pair,” consisting of two highly refractile cells joined by a thin bridge. Thus, in both cases the septal region appears to be affected. Observations with the electron microscope showed that the primary chitin septum was not formed in either of these cell types, and as a consequence secondary septa of varying thicknesses were laid down in an abnormal pattern. With [ 3 H]glucose as carbon source the incorporation of tritium into the chitin of abnormal cells was inhibited about 90%, whereas the labeling of mannan was normal and that of glucan somewhat reduced. The effective concentrations of polyoxin D (0.1 to 1 mg/ml) were much greater than those required to inhibit chitin synthesis in vitro. Dimethylsulfoxide and amphotericin B, both known to increase cell permeability, enhanced the action of the antibiotic.
- Published
- 1974
34. Production of Anticapsin by Streptomyces griseoplanus
- Author
-
L. D. Boeck, K. L. Christy, and R. Shah
- Subjects
Sucrose ,Hot Temperature ,Chemical Phenomena ,Chromatography, Paper ,Streptococcus pyogenes ,Metabolite ,Streptomyces griseoplanus ,Fructose ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,Streptomyces ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Phosphates ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Wall ,Ethers, Cyclic ,Polysaccharides ,Food science ,Amino Acids ,Hyaluronic Acid ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Metabolism and Products ,Minerals ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Ketones ,Carbohydrate ,biology.organism_classification ,Aerobiosis ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Oxygen ,Chemistry ,Glucose ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Fermentation ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Tyrosine ,Biological Assay - Abstract
Anticapsin is a new fermentation product which inhibits formation of the hyaluronic acid capsule of Streptococcus pyogenes . Production of this metabolite in a complex medium by S. griseoplanus is enhanced by high levels of carbohydrate. A number of carbon sources support biosynthesis but sucrose is most effective, the optimum level being 150 g/liter. Neither glucose nor fructose, alone or in combination, serves as an equivalent substitute for sucrose. The addition of dibasic potassium phosphate to the medium further increases anticapsin production. Dissolved oxygen levels are important for synthesis and stability of the metabolite. Anticapsular activity diminishes rapidly in previously aerated broths which are held under static conditions. This decrease does not occur in pasteurized broths or unpasteurized filtrates.
- Published
- 1971
35. Theoretical Design of Continuous Antibiotic Fermentation Units
- Author
-
F. Reusser
- Subjects
Drug Industry ,medicine.drug_class ,Antibiotics ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Reactor system ,medicine ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Antibiotics, Antitubercular ,Drug industry ,Novobiocin ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Continuous flow ,business.industry ,food and beverages ,Articles ,General Medicine ,Antibiotic production ,Pulp and paper industry ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Biotechnology ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Equipment and Supplies ,Scientific method ,Fermentation ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A graphic method of predicting antibiotic yields in continuous flow reactors is presented and discussed using the novobiocin fermentation as a model process. Extension to other antibiotic fermentations and steroid bioconversions is emphasized. In the case of the novobiocin fermentation it was concluded that a combination of one growth stage and one or two antibiotic production stages would be the most economic reactor system to conduct such a fermentation on a continuous basis.
- Published
- 1961
36. Isolation and Characterization of a Phosphonomycin-Resistant Mutant of Escherichia coli K-12
- Author
-
Henry C. Wu and P. S. Venkateswaran
- Subjects
Genetics, Microbial ,Lysis ,Chromatography, Paper ,Mutant ,Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Biology ,Tritium ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Streptomyces ,Phosphoenolpyruvate ,Cell wall ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Wall ,Escherichia coli ,medicine ,Transferase ,Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ,Molecular Biology ,Carbon Isotopes ,Pimelic Acids ,Phosphotransferases ,Glucosephosphates ,Temperature ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,biology.organism_classification ,Uridine ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Glucose ,chemistry ,Glycerophosphates ,Mutation ,Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - Abstract
A mutant was isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 which showed increased resistance towards phosphonomycin, a new bactericidal antibiotic recently isolated from strains of Streptomyces . Evidence is presented which suggests that this mutant is resistant to lysis by phosphonomycin because of a lower affinity of phosphoenolpyruvate: uridine diphospho- N -acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase for this antibiotic. This mutant was also found to be temperature-sensitive in growth. At 42 C mutant cells grew poorly, and the rate of incorporation of 3 H-diaminopimelic acid into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was also greatly reduced. Genetic studies indicate that the increased resistance toward phosphonomycin and temperature sensitivity in growth of this mutant are probably the consequences of a single mutation.
- Published
- 1972
37. Nitrification of Aspartate by Aspergillus flavus
- Author
-
H. J. Hatcher and Edwin L. Schmidt
- Subjects
endocrine system diseases ,Chromatography, Paper ,Bicarbonate ,Hydroxylamines ,Aspergillic acid ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Cell Line ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydroxylamine ,Glutamates ,Ammonia ,Aspartic acid ,Amino Acids ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Threonine ,Metabolism and Products ,Nitrites ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Aspartic Acid ,Bacteriological Techniques ,Carbon Isotopes ,Glucosamine ,Nitrates ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Chemistry ,Sodium ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Stereoisomerism ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Amino acid ,Bicarbonates ,Aspergillus ,Freeze Drying ,Biochemistry ,Pyrazines ,Glycine ,Solvents ,Autoradiography ,Colorimetry ,Nitrification ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,Filtration - Abstract
Heterotrophic conversion of l -aspartic acid to nitrification products by Aspergillus flavus was studied in a replacement incubation system. Numerous amino acids supported nitrification; aspartate and glutamate were about equivalent as the best sources of nitrate. Addition of sodium bicarbonate to the incubation system substantially enhanced nitrate formation for all nitrifiable amino acids except aspartic acid, but the basis for the bicarbonate effect is obscure. The yield of nitrate from l -aspartate was not approached by forms of aspartic acid resulting from substitution on the beta carbon, the amino nitrogen, or the gamma carboxyl group or by aspartate presented as the d -configuration. There was no relationship between nitrate formation and the occurrence of such possible intermediates as nitrite, bound hydroxylamine, ammonia, aspergillic acid, and beta-nitropropionic acid. Uniformly labeled 14 C- l -aspartate that was nitrified in replacement incubation led to no accumulation of label in possible nitrification products in the culture filtrate. Label was found in components of the mycelium after acid hydrolysis, with heaviest accumulation in what appeared to be glucosamine and an unidentified compound, possibly acetylglucosamine. Detectable label was redistributed into serine, glycine, and threonine.
- Published
- 1971
38. Proteins of Polyhedral Cytoplasmic Deoxyvirus II. Nucleotide Phosphohydrolase Activity Associated with Frog Virus 3
- Author
-
B. R. McAuslan and R. Vilaginès
- Subjects
Sucrose ,viruses ,Kidney ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Cricetinae ,Ouabain ,Adenosine Triphosphatases ,Temperature ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Adenosine Diphosphate ,Diphosphates ,Biochemistry ,Rabbits ,Anura ,medicine.drug ,Azides ,Virus Cultivation ,Chromatography, Paper ,Detergents ,Immunology ,Biology ,Tritium ,Microbiology ,Virus ,Cell Line ,Phosphates ,Species Specificity ,Virology ,Animal Viruses ,Centrifugation, Density Gradient ,medicine ,Animals ,Poxviridae ,Mercaptoethanol ,DNA Viruses ,Phosphorus Isotopes ,biology.organism_classification ,Adenosine ,Molecular biology ,Enzyme assay ,Adenosine diphosphate ,chemistry ,Cytoplasm ,Cell culture ,Insect Science ,biology.protein ,Adenosine triphosphate - Abstract
A nucleotide phosphohydrolase is firmly associated with a purified polyhedral cytoplasmic deoxyvirus, frog virus 3. This adenosine triphosphatase is distinguishable from known mammalian cell adenosine triphosphatases and from adenosine triphosphatase of an unrelated cytoplasmic replicating virus grown in the same host cell. The enzyme activity has a high specificity for adenosine triphosphate; the product of the reaction is adenosine diphosphate. The presence of similar activities in reovirus and poxvirus indicates that adenosine triphosphatase might have a function in the replication of these viruses.
- Published
- 1971
39. Regulation of the Bacterial Cell Wall: Effect of Antibiotics on Lipid Biosynthesis
- Author
-
Bruce H. Hebeler, Frank E. Young, and Anadi N. Chatterjee
- Subjects
Chromatography, Paper ,Staphylococcus ,Lysine ,Peptidoglycan ,Bacitracin ,Tritium ,complex mixtures ,Pentapeptide repeat ,Bacterial cell structure ,Cell wall ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biosynthesis ,Cell Wall ,Lipid biosynthesis ,medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Phospholipids ,Pharmacology ,Hydrolysis ,Articles ,Lipids ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Culture Media ,Penicillin ,Kinetics ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Glycerophosphates ,Chromatography, Gel ,bacteria ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Antibiotics that inhibit the biosynthesis of the cell wall, such as vancomycin, penicillin, d -cycloserine, and bacitracin, stimulate the incorporation of lysine into lipids that are extractable with n -butanol-6 M pyridinium acetate. Approximately 93% of this lysine is in lysylphosphatidylglycerol (LPG). The remaining lysine is incorporated in another as yet uncharacterized lipid. Because the lysine in the latter lipid is released by mild alkaline hydrolysis, it is not the C 55 -isoprenyl-pyrophospho- N -acetyl-muramyl pentapeptide. Vancomycin and penicillin stimulate the incorporation of lysine into both LPG and the minor lipid fractions, whereas treatment with d -cycloserine results in an increase only in LPG. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis do not influence the incorporation of lysine into the lipid fractions. Analysis of the extracted lipids indicate that the incorporation of radioactive lysine into LPG is due to an enhancement in synthesis of LPG from phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane.
- Published
- 1973
40. Synthesis of Protein and Nucleic Acid by Disrupted Spheroplasts of Pseudomonas schuylkilliensis
- Author
-
Isao Shibuya, Bunji Maruo, Hiroshi Matsuzawa, Shigeki Mizuno, Yoshiho Nagata, and Hajime Takahashi
- Subjects
DNA, Bacterial ,Messenger RNA ,Chromatography, Paper ,Physiology and Metabolism ,fungi ,Detergents ,RNA ,Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ,Spheroplast ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Molecular biology ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bacterial Proteins ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Nucleic acid ,Protein biosynthesis ,Molecular Biology ,Streptovaricin ,DNA - Abstract
Osmotically shocked spheroplasts obtained from Pseudomonas schuylkilliensis strain P contained about 54, 32, 28, and 82% of the total cellular protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and phospholipid, respectively. This preparation was capable of incorporating 32 P-orthophosphate into RNA and DNA, 3 H-adenosine or 3 H-uridine into RNA, and 3 H-leucine or 14 C-phenylalanine into protein. These activities were not found in the cytoplasmic fraction which contained most of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The synthesis of RNA by intact and disrupted spheroplast preparations was sensitive to actinomycin D, chromomycin A 3 , streptovaricin, rifampin, Lubrol W, Triton X-100, and sodium deoxycholate, whereas RNA synthesis by intact cells was insensitive to these agents. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, porcine pancreatic lipase, the protoplast-bursting factor, high concentrations of salts, and washing the preparation inhibited the synthesis of RNA by disrupted spheroplasts but had little or no effect on intact spheroplasts. Most of the newly synthesized RNA made by disrupted spheroplasts had the characteristics of messenger RNA. The DNA present in this preparation functioned as a template for RNA synthesis; continued protein synthesis was dependent on concomitant RNA synthesis. An unusual feature of the preparation was the finding that the synthesis of macromolecules was completely dependent on oxidative phosphorylation.
- Published
- 1971
41. Feedback Inhibition of <scp>l</scp> -Glutamine <scp>d</scp> -Fructose 6-Phosphate Amidotransferase by Uridine Diphosphate N -Acetylglucosamine in Neurospora crassa
- Author
-
Akira Endo, Kazuo Kakiki, and Tomomasa Misato
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Paper ,Uracil Nucleotides ,Physiology and Metabolism ,Chitin ,Microbiology ,Neurospora ,Feedback ,Neurospora crassa ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Wall ,Glucosamine ,Hexosephosphates ,Molecular Biology ,Transaminases ,Glutamine amidotransferase ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Carbon Isotopes ,Binding Sites ,biology ,fungi ,biology.organism_classification ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Uridine diphosphate ,Glucose ,Enzyme ,Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Glucosyltransferases ,Spectrophotometry ,Uracil nucleotide - Abstract
The enzyme, l -glutamine d -fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.6.1.16) of Neurospora crassa , which catalyzes the formation of glucosamine 6-phosphate was shown to be subject to feedback inhibition by uridine diphosphate N -acetyl- d -glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The conclusion is based on the following observations. UDP-GlcNAc, the direct precursor of chitin, did not accumulate in the cell even when its utilization for the synthesis of cell wall chitin was interrupted by the antibiotic polyoxin D, a competitive inhibitor of the chitin synthetase (EC 2.4.1.16). Furthermore, the cellular level of UDP-GlcNAc rose in a short period of time when the amidotransferase was bypassed in vivo by the addition of glucosamine to the growing medium of the fungus. The amidotransferase was purified from N. crassa approximately 85-fold. Kinetic studies showed that UDP-GlcNAc was a potent and specific inhibitor of the amidotransferase, and that it did not alter the Michaelis constant for either l -glutamine or d -fructose 6-phosphate, suggesting that the inhibitor binds at a site on the enzyme distinct from the active site.
- Published
- 1970
42. Disposable Plastic Tray for Large Plate Assays of Antibiotics
- Author
-
P. Rønsted
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,medicine.drug_class ,Antibiotics ,Articles ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Pulp and paper industry ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Microbiology ,Infectious Diseases ,Tray ,Methods ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Glass ,Plastics - Abstract
A new disposable plastic tray for large plate assays of antibiotics was compared with conventional trays with plate-glass bottoms, and was found to be entirely satisfactory.
- Published
- 1972
43. Technique for determining the bactericidal effect of drug combinations.
- Author
-
Lorian V and Fodor G
- Subjects
- Cellophane, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Drug Synergism, Escherichia coli drug effects, Klebsiella drug effects, Proteus mirabilis drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology, Enterobacteriaceae drug effects, Microbiological Techniques, Sulfamethoxazole pharmacology, Trimethoprim pharmacology
- Abstract
Two paper strips, each containing different antimicrobial agents, were placed on plates on Mueller-Hinton agar to permit antibiotic to enter the agar. A filter membrane was placed on this plate, and the microorganisms were planted on the membrane. After 6 h of incubation at 37 C, the membrane was transferred to antibiotic-free Mueller-Hinton agar containing triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride and incubated for 18 h at 37 C. Specific growth patterns were indicative of additive (indifferent), synergistic, or antagonistic effects of the drug combination used. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole proved to act synergistically against 85% of Escherichia coli, 86% of Klebsiella, and 89% of Proteus mirabilis strains tested. A few strains resistant to either drug were susceptible to their combination. The technique was useful against organisms with widely differing susceptibilities to the two antimicrobial agents tested.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. IDENTIFICATION OF GROWTH STIMULANTS FOR STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS.
- Author
-
KOBURGER JA, SPECK ML, and AURAND LW
- Subjects
- Animals, Acids, Adenine, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Chromatography, Lactococcus lactis, Metabolism, Milk, Nucleosides, Pancreatic Extracts, Research, Spectrophotometry, Streptococcus, Ultraviolet Rays, Xanthines
- Abstract
Koburger, J. A. (North Carolina State College, Raleigh), M. L. Speck, and L. W. Aurand. Identification of growth stimulants for Streptococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 85:1051-1055. 1963-The growth of Streptococcus lactis in milk was accelerated by pancreas extract, and three distinct components that were detected by bioautography were isolated and identified. These were purified by precipitation with silver ions, and their silver salts were regenerated in acidic solution. After adsorption and elution from characoal, contaminating alpha-amino compounds were destroyed by treatment with ninhydrin. Final purification was by chromatography. Identification of the purified fractions was by paper chromatography, and by ultraviolet and infrared spectra. The active compounds were found to be inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenine.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. In vitro evaluation of actinobolin as an antibiotic for the treatment of periodontal disease.
- Author
-
Armstrong PJ Jr and Hunt DE
- Subjects
- Anaerobiosis, Bacteroides drug effects, Bacteroides isolation & purification, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Fusobacterium drug effects, Fusobacterium isolation & purification, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria drug effects, Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria isolation & purification, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Periodontitis microbiology, Streptomyces, Veillonella drug effects, Veillonella isolation & purification, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Periodontitis drug therapy
- Abstract
Actinobolin was evaluated in vitro by a paper disc-agar diffusion method for inhibitory activity against mixed microbial cultures obtained from patients with periodontal disease and against pure bacterial cultures tentatively identified as strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Fusobacterium fusiforme, Leptotrichia buccalis, and Veillonella parvula. Every culture tested was inhibited to some degree by actinobolin. These observations suggest that actinobolin may be effective in the treatment of periodontal disease.
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTIC MATERIALS FORMED BY PHYSARUM GYROSUM.
- Author
-
CONSIDINE JM and MALLETTE MF
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antibiotics, Antitubercular, Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, Chromatography, Culture Media, Drug Resistance, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Electrophoresis, Escherichia coli, Fungi, Metabolism, Physarum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Research, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus
- Abstract
Pure cultures of Physarum gyrosum were grown on agar plates with autoclaved Escherichia coli suspensions as the growth medium. Portions of such agar, after growth of the slime mold, contained diffusible materials that inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Paper chromatography of extracts of such cultures revealed at least three different active fractions. Preliminary fractionations increased the specific activity by one order of magnitude, probably in part by removal of inactive material and in part by separating active components. The fractionations also demonstrated the multiplicity of the antibiotic activity. Fractions variously obtained always retarded the growth of the bacterial species listed above.
- Published
- 1965
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Modified microbiological assay for rapid estimation of antibiotic concentrations in human sera.
- Author
-
Stroy SA
- Subjects
- Biological Assay, Cephaloridine administration & dosage, Cephaloridine blood, Gentamicins administration & dosage, Gentamicins blood, Humans, Kanamycin administration & dosage, Kanamycin blood, Methods, Staphylococcus drug effects, Streptococcus pyogenes drug effects, Streptomycin administration & dosage, Streptomycin blood, Vancomycin administration & dosage, Vancomycin blood, Anti-Bacterial Agents blood
- Abstract
Antibiotic concentrations in human sera were estimated in 5 to 6 hr by a modified microbiological assay. By using Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes as the assay organisms, the seeded assay plates were preincubated for 2 to 6 hr and then were stored at 4 C until used for assay. Paper discs saturated with the specimen were placed on the preincubated assay plates with reference discs saturated with known concentrations of antibiotic. After 5 to 6 hr of incubation, zones of antibacterial activity were measured and compared with a standard curve for estimation of antibiotic concentration. Results from this rapid assay method compared favorably with those from the commonly used 24-hr assay.
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay. I. Factors influencing variability and error.
- Author
-
Davis WW and Stout TR
- Subjects
- Agar, Anti-Bacterial Agents analysis, Bacillus subtilis drug effects, Bacillus subtilis growth & development, Spores, Bacterial drug effects, Spores, Fungal growth & development, Statistics as Topic, Temperature, Time Factors, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria drug effects, Biological Assay standards
- Abstract
Several factors are investigated that normally cause variation in zone diameters in conventional disc plate diffusion assay procedures. Of these factors the most serious is the unequal exposure of the individual plates at top or bottom of stacks to temperatures above and below room temperature. This unequal temperature exposure is avoided by novel handling and incubation procedures. A major variable, but one which can be controlled, is the varying time interval between pouring seeded agar and the time of applying the pads with antibiotic to the plates. This influence of time of setting and the effects of several other sequential operations are combined into a composite variable. This variable is then accounted for and normalized by interposing "external" reference plates set with a reference solution in the sequence of approximately 100 plates. No "internal" reference zones are employed. Such factors as volume of agar poured, wedge shape of agar in a dish, volumetric errors in dilutions, and timing considerations are studied and discussed. The results of this study form the basis for a test protocol which is presented in a following paper.
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Nonbiological conversion of cephalosporin C to a new antibiotic by sodium thiosulfate.
- Author
-
DEMAIN AL, NEWKIRK JF, DAVIS GE, and HARMAN RE
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antibiotics, Antitubercular, Cephalosporins, Escherichia coli, Methionine, Penicillinase, Sodium, Thiosulfates
- Abstract
The apparent stimulation of cephalosporin C biosynthesis by sodium thiosulfate is due to a nonbiological conversion of cephalosporin C to a new derivative, cephalosporin C(x). The new compound is more active than cephalosporin C against the assay organism, Escherichia coli W-208. Cephalosporin C(x) retains the properties of ultraviolet absorption and resistance to penicillinase, but migrates more slowly than cephalosporin C in the paper-chromatographic system used.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Isolation and purification of antibiotic material from Physarum gyrosum.
- Author
-
Schroeder HR and Mallette MF
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Anti-Bacterial Agents isolation & purification, Bacteria drug effects, Myxomycetes analysis
- Abstract
The myxomycete Physarum gyrosum was cultured in its plasmodial stage on agar plates containing 0.025 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, 2% bakers' yeast, and 0.2% glucose and was supplemented with live Escherichia coli. Extracts of these plasmodia contained several antibiotic substances. Antibiotic materials were partially purified by dialysis of the agar medium-mold mixture, evaporation of the dialyzate, and butanol extraction of the residue. Further purification in two paper and two thin-layer chromatographic systems gave one product which was pure in six thin-layer chromatographic systems. Antibiotic activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeasts was demonstrated with partially purified extracts and a paper-chromatographically separated fraction. One pure antibiotic was effective against Bacillus cereus.
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
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