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The selection of plant species for phytoremediation activities is very important in the conservation of soil, water, plant, and animal life to create a conducive environment within a community or ecosystem. Plant survival is one indication for the selection of phytoremediation plants. This study aims to determine the survival of some plants in void areas of coal mining. Types of plants used are surface water plants species and the edge of void plant species. The plants of surface water area consisting of Kiambang ( Salvinia sp.), Enceng gondok ( Eichornia crassipes ), Genjer ( Limnocharis flava ), and Kangkung ( Ipomoea aquatica ). The plants which planted on edge of void were purun tikus ( Eleocharis dulcis ) and Bamban ( Donax canniformis ). Time of observation time was 6 months. Data were analyzed using a tabular matrix that contained the percentage of plant life/period time. The growth of the plant is specifically defined according to the color visibility and the development of plant form. The results of the study found that the highest surface survival species were Kiambang ( Salvinia sp.) and Kangkung ( Ipomoea aquatica ). Both of them still survive for 6 months of observation. The growth percentage of these two plants at the end of the observations are 36% and 20% respectively. Enceng gondok ( Eichhornia crassipes ) has a survival for 4 months. Whole water plant growth was depressed by indications of death, tendencies to yellowish-brownish or blackish, and smaller body parts. Purun tikus ( Eleocharis dulcis ) and Bamban ( Donax canniformis ) grown on the edge of voids have a high survival. Both of them showed ≥95% survival at the end of observation time.

Two year survival of drug resistant tuberculosis patients in Moewardi hospital in Surakarta in 2010-2014PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the two year survival rate and predictor factors of mortality in drug resistant tuberculosis patients during treatment at the Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta.MethodsThis research was a retrospective cohort study of 250 drug resistant tuberculosis patients receiving treatment in the Moewardi Hospital in January 2011-September 2014. Data were analyzed using survival analysis to find factors affecting the 2 year survival. Our variables were demographic factors, disease characteristics and treatment history. We used Cox regression test with 5% significance level.Results2-year survival rates of drug resistant patients was 74.82%. age, the type of patient, HIV status, side effects of medications and culture conversion were significant to survival rate in bivariate analysis. Cox regression test showed that aged ≥ 40 years (HR 3.221; 95% CI 1.037 to 10.001) and have HIV-positive status (HR 18.086; 95% CI 1.958 to 167.073) were related with reduction of two year survival rate in drug resistant tuberculosis patient. ConclusionAge above 40 years old and HIV positive status for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients may accelerate their death. The screening of HIV in drug resistant tuberculosis patients is needed in order to increase two year survival rate of patients during treatment., Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis (TB) resisten obat merupakan salah satu penyebab tingginya beban TB di Indonesia. Kematian pasien pada masa pengobatan menjadi indikator belum tercapainya tujuan pengobatan sehingga diperlukan pemantauan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan hidup pasien pada masa pengobatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui angka ketahanan hidup 2 tahun dan faktor prediktor kematian pada pasien pada masa pengobatan di Rumah Sakit Moewardi Surakarta.Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif pada 250 pasien TB resisten obat yang mendapatkan pengobatan pada Januari 2011-September 2014. Analisis data menggunakan metode kapplan meier dan faktor yang mempengaruhi ketahanan hidup 2 tahun dengan cox regression.Hasil: Ketahanan hidup 2 tahun pasien TB resisten obat adalah 74,8%. Perbandingan probabilitas ketahanan hidup antar kelompok yang menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketahanan hidup 2 tahun adalah umur, tipe pasien, status HIV, efek samping obat dan konversi biakan. Pada analisis multivariat, faktor prediktor yang mempengaruhi ketahanan hidup 2 tahun pasien TB resisten obat adalah umur ≥ 40 tahun (HR 3,2; 95% CI 1,0-10,0) dan status HIV positif (HR 18,1; 95% CI 2,0-167,1).Kesimpulan: Pertambahan umur dan status HIV positif pada pasien TB resisten obat dapat mempercepat kematian pasien pada mada pengobatan. Maka diperlukan adanya skrining TB resisten obat pada pasien HIV positif guna menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien pada masa pengobatan.

The bending fatigue behaviors were investigated in glass fiber-reinforced polyester composite plates, made from woven-roving with four different weights, 800, 500, 300, and 200 g/m(2), random distributed glass-mat with two different weights 225, and 450 g/m(2) and polyester resin. The plates which have fiber volume ratio V-f equivalent to 44% and obtained by using resin transfer moulding (RTM) method were cut down in directions of [0/90 degrees] and [+/- 45 degrees]. Thus, eight different fiber-glass structures were obtained. These samples were tested in a computer aided fatigue apparatus which have fixed stress control and fatigue stress ratio [R = -1]. Two-parameter Weibull distribution function was used to analysis statistically the fatigue life results of composite samples. Weibull graphics were plotted for each sample using fatigue data. Then, S-N curves were drawn for different reliability levels (R = 0.99, R = 0.50, R = 0.368, R = 0.10) using these data. These S-N curves were introduced for the identification of the first failure time as reliability and safety limits for the benefit of designers. The probabilities of survival graphics were obtained for several stress and fatigue life levels. Besides, it was occurred that RTM conditions like fiber direction, resin permeability and full infiltration of fibers are very important when composites (GFRP) have been used for along time under dynamic loads by looking at test results in this study.