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Background & Aim: Hypotension is a common complication associated with plasmapheresis. Elevating the legs and using elastic stockings are nursing interventions aimed at preventing hypotension. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of elastic stockings and leg elevation on the prevention of hypotension during plasmapheresis. Methods & Materials: This randomized crossover clinical trial was conducted on 35 patients undergoing plasmapheresis at Beheshti Hospital in Hamadan from 2020 to 2021. Patients were selected based on convenience sampling and then allocated to four different methods in four sessions using random permuted block designs: elastic stockings (A), leg elevation (B), a combination of elastic stockings and leg elevation (C), and a control group (D). Blood pressure was monitored before, during (every half hour), and half an hour after the completion of plasmapheresis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24, applying repeated measures ANOVA with a significance level of 0.05. Results: During plasmapheresis, systolic blood pressure decreased over time in all four methods (P

Background & Aim: Hypotension is a common complication associated with plasmapheresis. Elevating the legs and using elastic stockings are nursing interventions aimed at preventing hypotension. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of elastic stockings and leg elevation on the prevention of hypotension during plasmapheresis. Methods & Materials: This randomized crossover clinical trial was conducted on 35 patients undergoing plasmapheresis at Beheshti Hospital in Hamadan from 2020 to 2021. Patients were selected based on convenience sampling and then allocated to four different methods in four sessions using random permuted block designs: elastic stockings (A), leg elevation (B), a combination of elastic stockings and leg elevation (C), and a control group (D). Blood pressure was monitored before, during (every half hour), and half an hour after the completion of plasmapheresis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24, applying repeated measures ANOVA with a significance level of 0.05. Results: During plasmapheresis, systolic blood pressure decreased over time in all four methods (P<0.001). Blood pressure measurements in intervention methods A, B, and C were higher than in the control group (P<0.001). Among the intervention methods, blood pressure in method C was higher than in methods A and B, while method B was higher than method A (P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of elastic stockings in combination with leg elevation is more effective in preventing hypotension. Therefore, it is recommended as an easy and cost-effective method for preventing hypotension in patients undergoing plasmapheresis and for nursing staff to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the choices in footwear and the changes in fashion among modern women after the anti-foot-binding movement. The present study employs research methods from historical sociology and art history, integrating physical objects, literature, and visual materials to investigate the evolution of modern women's footwear following the anti-foot-binding movement. The research shows that men's shoes and socks became the preferred footwear for modern women. while Western-style leather shoes and western socks were not widely accepted until 1929. The reason is not only related to the lag of the production technology of domestic goods, but also related to the influence of literature and visual images on the concept of national clothing. Furthermore, the research points out that the primary beneficiaries of the anti-foot-binding movement were women from the upper class, rather than the "liberated" majority of women. Through new footwear privileges such as high-heeled shoes and flesh-colored stockings, they continued to symbolize fashion and social status, becoming objects of emulation in the new era, contrasting sharply with the traditional practice of foot binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At all times, clothing has been the most important element that helps a man to get used to new climatic and geographical conditions, therefore it is able to characterize the picture of society at every stage of its development.At the regional level, clothing research is mainly of a historical and cultural orientation, but ethnographic research of clothing is needed, which would accurately describe the subject of the research, its graphic image, design and technological features, since over time the invaluable experience of its production will be forgotten and lost. The article discusses footwear (clothes for legs) for men, women and children of linear villages, starting from its archaic variants to modern ones; methods for the production of footwear (woven, sewn, molded), materials for the manufacture of footwear – vegetable origin (wood bark, reed stalks, hemp ropes), animal origin (leather, wool) and chemical (rubber), as well as its design and technological features.

Background: Lymphedema is a significant and disabling disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Compression therapy is an important component of lifelong treatment but the specifics of appropriate compression garment selection and prescribing is not always well understood by practitioners and payers. Method: An expert panel of the American Vein and Lymphatic Society was convened to write a Position Statement with explanations and recommendations for the appropriate compression therapy to be used in the treatment of lymphedema patients. Result: A Position Statement was produced by the expert panel with recommendations for documentation and compression therapy treatment. Their recommendations were reviewed, edited, and approved by the Guidelines Committee of the society. Conclusion: This societal Position Statement provides a useful document for reference for medical care providers for the appropriate compression therapy selection and treatment of patients with lymphedema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zadow, EK, Edwards, KH, Kitic, CM, Fell, JW, Adams, MJ, Singh, I, Kundur, A, Johnstone, ANB, Crilly, J, Bulmer, AC, Halson, SL, and, and Wu, SSX. Compression socks reduce running-induced intestinal damage. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2461–2464, 2022—Exercise is associated with a reduction in splanchnic blood flow that leads to the disruption of intestinal epithelium integrity, contributing to exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Strategies that promote intestinal blood flow during exercise may reduce intestinal damage, which may be advantageous for subsequent recovery and performance. This study aimed to explore if exercise-associated intestinal damage was influenced by wearing compression garments, which may improve central blood flow. Subjects were randomly allocated to wear compression socks (n = 23) or no compression socks (control, n = 23) during a marathon race. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and immediately after marathon and analyzed for intestinal fatty acid–binding protein (I-FABP) concentration as a marker of intestinal damage. The magnitude of increase in postmarathon plasma I-FABP concentration was significantly greater in control group (107%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 72–428%) when compared with runners wearing compression socks (38%; 95% CI, 20–120%; p = 0.046; d = 0.59). Wearing compression socks during a marathon run reduced exercise-associated intestinal damage. Compression socks may prove an effective strategy to minimize the intestinal damage component of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Leg cramps are painful sensations of tightening in the muscles of the legs that commonly appear during the night and are often associated with secondary insomnia. They are common especially in older age. There is no evidence that any method of prevention of nocturnal leg cramps is both safe and effective. There are no previous trials concerning cramp prevention by using compression stockings. The objective of this study is to assess in a prospective randomised controlled trial whether leg cramps can be prevented by the daily use of knee-length compression stockings or magnesium supplements. Methods The study will be set in Finland, and 50–84-year-old volunteers will be recruited through Google Ads, the Finnish health library website and Finnish primary health care centres. The participants must have a minimum of two episodes of leg cramps per week for the past 4 weeks to be included in the study. The participants (n = 225) will be allocated to three equal groups: the compression stocking arm, the magnesium supplement arm and the placebo arm. The participants will go through 4 weeks of follow-up without intervention and then another 4 weeks of follow-up with the assigned intervention. The material for the study will be collected through electronic questionnaires. Discussion This protocol describes a study that compares compression stockings, magnesium supplements and placebo for the prevention of leg cramps. The results of this study can significantly improve knowledge on the methods of preventing leg cramps. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04694417. Registered on Jan 4, 2021.

Compression garments are frequently used to facilitate recovery from strenuous exercise. Purpose: To identify the effects of 2 different grades of compression garment on recovery indices after strenuous exercise. Methods: Forty-five recreationally active participants (n = 26 male and n = 19 female) completed an eccentric-exercise protocol consisting of 100 drop jumps, after which they were matched for body mass and randomly but equally assigned to a high-compression pressure (HI) group, a low-compression pressure (LOW) group, or a sham ultrasound group (SHAM). Participants in the HI and LOW groups wore the garments for 72 h postexercise; participants in the SHAM group received a single treatment of 10-min sham ultrasound. Measures of perceived muscle soreness, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), countermovement-jump height (CMJ), creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), and myoglobin (Mb) were assessed before the exercise protocol and again at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Recovery of MVC and CMJ was significantly improved with the HI compression garment (P < .05). A significant time-by-treatment interaction was also observed for jump height at 24 h postexercise (P < .05). No significant differences were observed for parameters of soreness and plasma CK, CRP, and Mb. Conclusions: The pressures exerted by a compression garment affect recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage, with higher pressure improving recovery of muscle function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper level of pressure or compression generated by medical stocking or hosiery is the key element for successful treatment or management of chronic venous disorders such as oedema, leg ulcers, etc. However achieving the recommended compression level and, more importantly, sustaining it using stockings has been a major challenge to the health practitioners supervising the treatment. This work aims to investigate and design a smart compression stocking using shape-memory polymer that allows externally controlling the pressure level in the wrapped position on the leg. Based on thermodynamical rubber theories, we first derived several criteria that have to be satisfied simultaneously in order to achieve the controlled pressure adjustment using external heat stimuli. We then presented a case where such a stocking is developed using a blend yarn consists of selected shape-memory polyurethane and nylon filaments. Extensive experimental work has also been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and explore the influencing factors involved.

Background/Aim.Venous leg ulcers (VLU) are a significant health problem worldwide. It is well known that VLU are difficult to treat and that they have high tendency for recurrence. Compression therapy is the preferred treatment modality but there is growing evidence that correction of underlying venous disorder in early stages of the disease in addition to compression treatment may improve ulcer healing and reduce recurrence rate. Methods. An open, prospective, randomized, single-center study, with a 6-months follow-up was performed to determine the efficacy of two different treatment modalities (surgery alone versus surgery plus compression) in the treatment of VLU in patients with primary venous insufficiency. Patients with secondary venous insufficiency and/or thrombosis were excluded from the study. Overall, 71 patients were randomized (37 men, 34 women; mean age 60 years) into two groups: the group A – 34 patients who underwent surgical intervention (stripping) and postoperatively were treated with simple wound dressing only, and the group B – 37 patients who underwent surgical intervention (stripping) and wore a heelless open-toed elastic class III compression device knitted in tubular form –Tubulcus® (Laboratoires Innothera, Arcueil, France). All patients in group B were instructed to wear compression device continuously during the day and night. The study was performed at the Clinic for Cardiovascular and Transplant Surgery, Clinical Centre Niš (Serbia) with primary endpoint of the study being complete ulcer healing at 180 days. Results. The healing rate was 29.41% (10/34) in the group A, and 56.76% (21/37) in the group B (p < 0.01). Mean healing time in the group A was 141 ±15 days, and in the group B it was 98 ±12 days (Log-rank life table analysis: p < 0.001). Conclusion. This study suggests that for VLU in patients with primary venous insufficiency, surgery plus compression therapy provides higher healing rate and faster healing time compared to surgery only.

Background: Leg cramps are painful sensations of tightening in the muscles of the legs that commonly appear during the night and are often associated with secondary insomnia. They are common especially in older age. There is no evidence that any method of prevention of nocturnal leg cramps is both safe and effective. There are no previous trials concerning cramp prevention by using compression stockings. The objective of this study is to assess in a prospective randomised controlled trial whether leg cramps can be prevented by the daily use of knee-length compression stockings or magnesium supplements.Methods: The study will be set in Finland, and 50-84-year-old volunteers will be recruited through Google Ads, the Finnish health library website and Finnish primary health care centres. The participants must have a minimum of two episodes of leg cramps per week for the past 4 weeks to be included in the study. The participants (n = 225) will be allocated to three equal groups: the compression stocking arm, the magnesium supplement arm and the placebo arm. The participants will go through 4 weeks of follow-up without intervention and then another 4 weeks of follow-up with the assigned intervention. The material for the study will be collected through electronic questionnaires.Discussion: This protocol describes a study that compares compression stockings, magnesium supplements and placebo for the prevention of leg cramps. The results of this study can significantly improve knowledge on the methods of preventing leg cramps.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04694417. Registered on Jan 4, 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) is one of the critical complications which can occur in patients subsequent to surgeries. The patients in Surgical Intensive Care Units (SICU) have increased propensity to have DVT due to prolonged immobilisation, invasive interventions and other risk factors. It is important to prevent DVT as this can lead to catastrophic Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and balance the risk of haemorrhages due to pharmacotherapy. Aim: To observe the DVT prophylaxis methods and to compare the incidence of DVT in the different methods used in SICU. Materials and Methods: The present study was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 62 patients, aged between 18-70 years admitted in SICU for more than or equal to two days, were included in the study. Patients on drugs affecting cardiovascular system and having significant co-morbidities and coagulation abnormalities, that can impact the occurrence of DVT, were excluded. All patients were followed-up till 28 days or ICU discharge, whichever was later. Patients were evaluated for type of prophylaxis for DVT that included any of mechanical interventions {such as stockings or Sequential Compression Devices (SCD)} or pharmacotherapy (Low molecular weight heparin or Unfractionated heparin) or a combination of both. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student’s t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Thirty (48.39%) patients were given both mechanical and pharmacotherapy, 12 (19.35%) had used only mechanical interventions and 20 (32.26%) had used pharmacotherapy alone for DVT prophylaxis. The overall incidence of DVT was 3.33% (one patient) for patients receiving both mechanical and pharmacotherapy whereas it was 10% (two) for those receiving pharmacotherapy alone and 16.67% (two) for those using mechanical intervention alone. Incidence of haemorrhage was highest in pharmacotherapy alone {three patients (15%)}. The overall dose of drugs used as pharmacotherapy was the least in those receiving dual interventions compared to that of patients receiving pharmacotherapy alone. Conclusion: Pharmacotherapy and pressure stockings together are an ideal therapy for DVT prophylaxis.

The increase in duration and frequency of flights has led to an increase in the prevalence of venous thromboembolism among airline passengers. This study assesses the efficacy of graduated compression stockings for prevention of venous thromboembolism triggered by flights lasting more than 3 hours. The design is a systematic review of clinical trials. The methodological quality of studies and the level of scientific evidence were evaluated using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation standards. A total of 34 articles were identified, but only eight met the eligibility criteria. The outcomes incidence of venous thromboembolism and edema were assessed in 2,022 and 1,311 passengers, respectively. The studies presented high quality evidence demonstrating prevention of edema and moderate quality evidence of reduced incidence of venous thromboembolism associated with wearing graduated compression stockings during flights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the low degree of automation of stockings in the production process of stockings, the material conveying mode of pneumatic conveying is used for reference, and the conveying mode of stockings is studied. Based on the fan power formula, the quality of stockings, air flow rate, wind pressure and pipeline The key process parameters such as cross-sectional area and pipe length are established. Theoretical models of stockings conveying efficiency, fan power and conveying pipe length are established; stockings conveying experiments are designed, and the parameters of stockings movement speed, wind pressure, etc. The relationship between the model parameters is optimized; a fully automatic stockings conveying technology based on Mitsubishi FX series programmable controller and Omron 3G3MV series inverter is proposed, an experimental prototype is developed, and the built model is applied to the actual production process Medium; The technology has been tested by recording the time-consuming single operation and comparing it with the time-consuming manual operation. The research results show that this technology shortens the transportation time of the sock blanks and can realize the automatic replacement of the sock blanks Automatic scrapping of defective products and defective products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression stockings reduce the risk of thromboembolic complications, leg edema, and edema-related pain and discomfort during long-haul flights. The aim of this study was to assess if compression stockings reduce leg edema, pain, and discomfort during a three-hour flight. This randomized controlled trial had a paired design as participants were randomized to wear a compression stocking on one leg during a three-hour flight with the other leg acting as control. Eligibility criteria were adults aged 18–60 years living in Denmark without medical indication for wearing compression stockings during flights. The primary outcome was the change in difference of ankle circumference between legs with and without compression stocking pre- and post-flight. Secondary outcomes were changes in difference of calf circumference, pain, and discomfort pre- and post-flight. All outcomes were self-reported with measurements and questionnaires. A total of 34 participants, median age 31 years (range 25–54), were randomized with complete follow-up. Difference in ankle circumference was median 5 mm larger post-flight compared with pre-flight (interquartile range (IQR) = 0–9, p =.001) and the corresponding change in calf circumference difference was median 5 mm (IQR = 1–12, p <.001). Ankle- and calf circumferences decreased in the leg wearing compression stocking and increased in the other leg. There was no change in difference of pain and discomfort and no adverse events. Compression stockings reduced edema formation in young healthy passengers during a three-hour flight. Passengers experiencing edema-related discomfort during short-haul flights may benefit from wearing compression stockings during air travel. Trial registration : clinicaltrials.gov : NCT03546725. • Compression stockings reduced ankle- and calf edema during a short-haul flight. • Compression stockings did not improve comfort or pain in young healthy passengers. • Use of compression stockings did not cause any adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To compare two different medical compression stockings after varicose vein treatment. Patients and methods A randomized single-blind controlled study on two compression regimes after saphenous catheter foam sclerotherapy + phlebectomy was performed. After pads and 5 mmHg contention sock, 23 mmHg (group A, Struva 23®) or 35 mmHg (group B, Struva 35®) medical compression stocking was applied 24 h/day for seven days; subsequently 21–23 mmHg medical compression stocking in daytime. Symptoms, compliance, skin findings, and bioimpedance spectroscopy parameters were assessed. Results A total of 94 patients (48 and 49 limbs in groups A and B, respectively) were enrolled. Three (T3) and seven (T7) days post-operatively, most symptoms were significantly milder in group B, especially pain and heaviness at T7 and at day 40 (T40). Ambulation, medical compression stocking stability/tolerability and skin healing were significantly better in group B, with p = 0.046, 0.021/0.060, and 0.010, respectively, at T7. Bioimpedance parameters increased at T7 and decreased at T40 in both groups; leg reactance and limb L-Dex improved in group B at T7 and T40, respectively (p = 0.039 and 0.012). Conclusions Compression with 23 and 35 mmHg medical compression stocking after catheter foam sclerotherapy + phlebectomy was effective and well tolerated at immediate/short term. Compression with 35 mmHg medical compression stocking provided less adverse post-operative symptoms and better tissue healing. Bioimpedance results confirmed a slightly better edema improvement with 35 mmHg medical compression stocking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) is one of the critical complications which can occur in patients subsequent to surgeries. The patients in Surgical Intensive Care Units (SICU) have increased propensity to have DVT due to prolonged immobilisation, invasive interventions and other risk factors. It is important to prevent DVT as this can lead to catastrophic Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and balance the risk of haemorrhages due to pharmacotherapy. Aim: To observe the DVT prophylaxis methods and to compare the incidence of DVT in the different methods used in SICU. Materials and Methods: The present study was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 62 patients, aged between 18-70 years admitted in SICU for more than or equal to two days, were included in the study. Patients on drugs affecting cardiovascular system and having significant co-morbidities and coagulation abnormalities, that can impact the occurrence of DVT, were excluded. All patients were followed-up till 28 days or ICU discharge, whichever was later. Patients were evaluated for type of prophylaxis for DVT that included any of mechanical interventions {such as stockings or Sequential Compression Devices (SCD)} or pharmacotherapy (Low molecular weight heparin or Unfractionated heparin) or a combination of both. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student’s t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Thirty (48.39%) patients were given both mechanical and pharmacotherapy, 12 (19.35%) had used only mechanical interventions and 20 (32.26%) had used pharmacotherapy alone for DVT prophylaxis. The overall incidence of DVT was 3.33% (one patient) for patients receiving both mechanical and pharmacotherapy whereas it was 10% (two) for those receiving pharmacotherapy alone and 16.67% (two) for those using mechanical intervention alone. Incidence of haemorrhage was highest in pharmacotherapy alone {three patients (15%)}. The overall dose of drugs used as pharmacotherapy was the least in those receiving dual interventions compared to that of patients receiving pharmacotherapy alone. Conclusion: Pharmacotherapy and pressure stockings together are an ideal therapy for DVT prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knitted stockings from six burials dating from 1576 to 1626 and three without clear dating were examined. All the stockings have fully shaped legs and triangular gussets bordered on all three sides with patterns of reverse loops, along which the foot was shaped by both decreases and increases. Right-leaning decreases were used mostly; left-leaning decreases were used only in some stockings, exclusively in the upper part of the gusset on the proper left side of the stocking. For increasing, only raised (row below lifted) increases were used. Their asymmetric position in several stockings shows that some of the early knitters understood an increase to be two loops knitted from one parent loop, and for some it was only an added loop. Instead of the usual method of picking up new loops for gussets, the heel flap selvedges were probably whipstitched in several stockings, and these sewn stitches were then used as the base for knitting the gussets. A comparison of the stockings from the Czech Republic to the stockings from the same period found in other European countries suggests the possibility of using a range of construction types for determining their provenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroneal nerve palsy can be caused by various etiology. We report unilateral peroneal nerve palsy after compression stockings application. A 64-year-old man underwent off-pump coronary bypass graft. Surgeon did not use saphenous vein for the bypass graft. Sedation was stopped after 3 h postoperative. After 16 h, for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis, knee-high elastic stocking was applied. After 1 h, he took off right stocking because of numbness but left stocking was kept. After 24 h postoperative, (8 h after stocking application) patient complained suddenly left foot drop. Manual muscle test revealed 0/5 of ankle dorsiflexion, ankle eversion, and toe extension. Sensory was decreased to 70% in lower half of anterolateral aspect of tibia, foot dorsum, and toes. Foot drop and sensory abnormality decreased in 3 weeks. Cardiac surgery patients already have many risk factors for peripheral neuropathy. Clinicians should be careful when applying stockings on those patients.

Durante los años 2001-2009, el gobierno federal produjo 780 millones de crías pertenecientes a 22 taxa que se sembraron en cuerpos de agua interiores. El principal propósito de esta siembra fue la repoblación con fines pesqueros. Mediante información del mismo gobierno, se analiza la relación producción-siembra de crías de los Centros Piscícolas federales y su efecto en la producción pesquera estatal en aguas interiores mexicanas. Se plantea que esta producción está relacionada con la siembra de crías que llevó a cabo la Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca (CONAPESCA), organismo desconcentrado del gobierno federal. Lo anterior fue revisado al analizar la correspondencia entre la densidad de crías sembradas y los rendimientos pesqueros estatales. De los 22 taxa, 19 son especies de peces (7 nativas) y 2 son subespecies, 2 son anfibios nativos y 1 es un crustáceo malayo. En promedio, en el lapso, se sembraron anualmente 86.7 ± 37.9 millones de crías, de las que el 90% son tilapias y carpas, y sólo el 3% son especies nativas. La relación siembra/ha vs producción/ha muestra que a mayor densidad de siembra, se obtiene mayor rendimiento pesquero hasta alcanzar un valor asintótico. Si bien, el gobierno federal tiene actualmente por política no sembrar en cuerpos de agua naturales especies exóticas, éstas permanecen de siembras anteriores, o las siembran los gobiernos estatales o son de cultivos privados.Federal government produced around 780 millions of fry belonging to 22 taxa during 2001-2009 which were stocked in Mexican reservoirs basically to enhance fisheries. With official information from the federal fisheries agency CONAPESCA stocking-production analysis for the fish farms from the federal government was studied at state level. We review stocking-yield relationship at state level. From the 22 taxa: 19 are fish (7 native species) and 2 subspecies; 2 native amphibious and 1 Malay crustacean. Production mean for nine-year period was 86.7 ± 37.9 millions of fry, 90% of which were tilapias and carps while only 3% were native species. Stocking/ha vs Yield/ha were clearly related, thus at more stocking rate more production was obtained arriving to an asintotic value. At present, federal government policy don’t allow to stock exotic species in natural water bodies, nevertheless they stay there because of previous or local stocking events.

Lake Metztitlán was dried up completely in the spring of 1998 and refilled in August of that year. In the period September-November, two cohorts of 1.6 million juveniles of a tilapia hybrid were stocked (Oreochromis aureus/O. niloticus), and monitored every month for one year. Since the date of birth of these juveniles was known, the analyses focused on whether the ring marks of the scales, sagittae and opercula or the circuli of the scales could be used to age them. The ring marks of the scales and opercula showed great variability, and the sagittae had a significant relationship with length, but it is unclear if at least the first ring mark could be formed at the hatchery and reflect changes in diet and/or tank movements in the fish farm. The circuli had a continuous regular behavior, with a formation rate of 10.38±0.93 and 11.38±0.95 circuli/month for the first and second cohorts, respectively. This proportion was maintained during the study period, and could be of help to calculate an approximate age of juveniles, especially in stocked fish that show multiple ring marks because of manipulation in fish farms and stocking events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 1005-1013. Epub 2007 December, 28.El lago de Metztitlán se secó completamente en la primavera de 1998, inundándose nuevamente en agosto del mismo año para ser repoblado entre septiembre y noviembre con 1.6 millones de jóvenes de un híbrido de tilapia (Oreochromis aureus/O. niloticus) en dos periodos. Ambas cohortes fueron monitoreadas mensualmente durante un año. Debido a que la fecha de nacimiento era conocida, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar si las marcas anulares de las escamas, las sagittae y los opérculos, o los circuli de las escamas pueden usarse para estimar la edad. Los anillos de las escamas y opérculos mostraron gran variabilidad, mientras que las de las sagittae se relacionaron significativamente con la longitud, sin embargo no quedó claro si al menos el primer anillo podría haber sido formado por cambios en dieta o movimientos en los tanques de la granja de cultivo. Por el contrario los circuli mostraron una formación regular con una tasa de formación de 10.38±0.93 y 11.38±0.95 circuli/mes para la primera y segunda cohortes, respectivamente, proporción que fue mantenida durante el periodo de estudio y que puede ser usada para calcular la edad de los jóvenes, especialmente en organismos que muestran numerosos anillos debido a la manipulación sufrida en las granjas o debido a las "siembras".

John Marston (c. 1576-1634), William Shakespeare’s younger contemporary, wrote plays such as The Malcontent (c. 1604) that are performed today: his satirical comedy What You Will (published 1607) is not one of these. Fragmentary in style and dense with satire that is largely opaque for modern audiences, the play mainly garners scholarly attention due to its association with Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, or What You Will, with evidence suggesting that both plays were written in 1601-1602. Similarities in titles and plots have been noted, but, to date, the use of coloured stockings in both plays (pink for Marston, yellow for Shakespeare) has been overlooked. Marston’s use of pink colour in extant drama of the period presents a curious incident in chromatic history: other dramatists do not use it until the mid 17th century. How, then, can we account for Marston’s “pink”? This article argues that focus on the plays’ composition date, while using the arguably trivial lens of pink/yellow stockings, can illuminate the contemporary meaning of a word and its emergence as a colour in early modern England, and provide insights into the dramatists’ relationship during the Theatre Wars that flared briefly on the cusp of the Elizabethan-Jacobean period.

Background: The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after kidney transplantation (KT) and the risk factors are still unknown in Korean patients. Determining the need for appropriate DVT prophylaxis is difficult when considering the low incidence of DVT in the Asian population. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of DVT occurring 3 months after KT, the DVT occurrence pattern, and risk factors in Korean patients. Methods: Data from a total of 393 patients who underwent KT from November 2009 to December 2012 were analyzed. Color duplex ultrasonography was used for the diagnosis or screening of DVT in all patients pre-operatively and on post-operative days 7, 14, 28, and 90. Results: The cumulative 3-month incidence of DVT after KT was 4.6%, and there was one symptomatic DVT. Patients with DVT were older than those without DVT at the time of transplantation (52.8 vs. 44.6, p < 0.001). According to univariate and multivariate analysis, older age was identified as a risk factor for DVT at the time of transplantation, whereas history of DVT did not reach statistical significance. There were no deaths related to DVT or pulmonary embolism. Conclusions: Pharmacological prophylaxis after KT is not necessary because of the low incidence of DVT in Korean patients, and instead, we suggest that long-term mechanical prophylaxis of at least 3 months can be a suitable option. Patients older than 50 years of age have a higher risk of developing DVT, and careful observation is needed in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venous leg ulceration affects a large proportion of the elderly population and can have a profound impact on quality of life. Most patients with leg ulcers receive care from community nurses who are principally responsible for prescribing decisions in the management of venous leg ulceration. There is evidence to support the use of potable tap water for cleansing. Evidence supports the use of compression bandaging or compression hosiery for all patients with adequate arterial supply to the lower leg. There is also good evidence to support the prescription of oral pentoxifylline, preferably as an adjunct to compression or, for patients unable to tolerate compression, as a stand-alone therapy. The evidence base for dressings is less robust, but simple low-cost, low-adherent dressings are a reasonable first-line choice for under-compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available compression garments (CGs) demonstrate the enhanced recovery from exercise in some, but not all studies. It is possible that in some cases the degree of compression pressure (ComP) exerted is not sufficient to produce any physiological benefit. The aim of this investigation was to identify the levels of ComP exerted by commercially available CGs. This study was composed of two parts. In part A 50 healthy, physically active individuals ( n = 26 male, n = 24 female) were fitted with CGs according to manufacturer's guidelines. ComP was measured in participants standing in the anatomical position with a pressure measurement device inserted between the skin and the garment. Data were compared to 'ideal' pressure values proposed in the literature. In part B, ComP in three different brands of CG was compared in a population of 29 men who all wore a medium-sized garment. A one-way ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference ( P < 0.05) between observed pressure and ideal pressure at the quadriceps for males and females and in the calf for the female population. There was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between observed and ideal pressures in the calf of the male population. No significant differences in pressure ( P > 0.05) were observed between CG brands at the quadriceps or calf. In conclusion, a large number of individuals may not be experiencing an adequate ComP from CG, and this is true for all the three major brands of CGs tested in this investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Venous ulcers are skin lesions, which usually affect the lower third of the legs. The treatment of these wounds is dynamic and depends on the tissue repair process. Clinical and surgical procedures are included among those therapies, and the therapeutic compressive most often used non-surgical method. Inelastic and elastic bandages, elastic stockings and intermittent pneumatic pressure are the most common compressive therapy used. Objective: This study aimed to identify the national and international scientific literature profile describing compression therapy and venous ulcers and classify that profile according to: chronology of publication, country, periodicals that are published review of 'Qualis' - CAPES, distribution of the methodological approach, analysis of the publications content and compare, where possible, the data presented. Method: bibliometric study conducted in the Medline, Lilacs and CINAHL databases using the keywords "Varicose Ulcer / therapy", "Compression Bandages", "Wound Healing" and boleyn word AND between the years 2009-2013. Results: 47 articles were selected, the major part was published in 2012 (n = 12, 25.53 %), the United States (n = 14, 29.78 %) and the United Kingdom (n = 14, 29.78%), in vascular surgery specialized magazines (n = 19, 40.42%), Qualis A2 (n = 13, 27.65 %) and B1 (n = 13, 27.65 %). Much of the methodology used in the selected studies was "clinical studies" type (n = 30, 63.82 %). Only 30 % ( n = 14 ) had as main objective assessment of compressive therapy and intended study compared the effectiveness of elastic bandages, inelastic, elastic stockings , intermittent pneumatic pressure and absence compression therapy for the treatment of venous ulcers. Conclusions: There is a concern, in the scientific community, about the research for effective treatment for venous ulcers. However, the worldwide distribution of publications is uneven. It was evident that compression therapy is not the main object in the majority of selected studies emerging interest in adjuvant or complementary to such therapies. It is evident the compressive therapy need, but there is no consensus on which pressure should be used for best results in healing and more studies must be performed to evaluate the interference of different pressures levels on the tissue repair process . There is also a lack of studies demonstrating the action of intermittent pneumatic pressure or not associations with elastic bandages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to examine how conscious younger women are of their exposed legs. As stockings and socks play an important role in women's fashion, their design depends on the degree to which women are conscious of their exposed legs. The results of a questionnaire revealed that a casual style was preferred by more than half of the respondents, while their fashion style reflected their high interest in fashion. While more than 30% of respondents indicated that they wore miniskirts on a daily basis, roughly 80% of them did not care if those of the opposite sex looked at their exposed legs. However, they were averse to undergarments that spilled out of clothes. Moreover, since stockings and socks are inexpensive, it was clarified that they can be easily used for coordination and image-building purposes, and therefore constitute important fashion items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Long-distance travel is assumed to be a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the available data have not clearly demonstrated the strength of this relationship, nor have they shown evidence for the role of thromboprophylaxis., Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature. We also summarized available guidelines from 5 groups., Results: We found 18 studies that addressed this question. Based on the data presented in the review, we conclude that there is an association between VTE and length of travel, but this association is mild to moderate in effect size with odds ratios between 1.1 and 4. A dose-response relationship between VTE and travel time was identified, with a 26% higher risk for every 2 h of air travel (P=0.005) starting after 4 h. The quality of evidence for both travel length and thromboprophylaxis was low. However, low-risk prophylactic measures such as graduated compression stockings were shown to be effective in VTE prevention. There is heterogeneity among the different practice guidelines. The guidelines generally concur that no prophylaxis is necessary in travelers without known thrombosis risk factors and advocate for conservative treatment such as compression stockings over pharmacologic prophylaxis., Conclusions: We conclude air travel is a risk factor for VTE and that there is a dose relationship starting at 4 h. For patients with risk factors, graduated compression stockings are effective prophylaxis., (Copyright © 2022 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

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