31 results on '"brick construction"'
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2. Probability of brick structures destruction
- Author
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Oxana Kichaeva
- Subjects
limit state of the system ,integral model of reliability estimation ,the monte carlo method ,refusal model ,system reliability ,system ,brick construction ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 ,Transportation engineering ,TA1001-1280 - Abstract
The results of calculations of construction brick destruction probability determination at central and off-center compression are given; the determination of the brick structures destruction probability, caused by the exhaustion of the masonry strength on local compression (crushing); determination of the brick structures destruction probability associated with the exhaustion of the masonry strength on the displacement (cut); determination of the brick structures destruction probability associated with the exhaustion of the masonry strength on the fold, the stretch; determination of the brick structures destruction probability on the crack opening. The value of the security characteristic for each case has been determined and the comparison with the normative values has been made.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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3. Zukunft Bestand
- Author
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Berger, Laurenz and Weber, Barbara
- Subjects
Building within existing structures ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNICAL SCIENCES (2) -- Construction Engineering (201) -- Construction Engineering not elsewhere classified (2019) -- Building within existing structures (201905) ,Housing ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNICAL SCIENCES (2) -- Construction Engineering (201) -- Architecture (2012) -- Housing (201213) ,Sustainable building ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNICAL SCIENCES (2) -- Construction Engineering (201) -- Civil Engineering (2011) -- Sustainable building (201128) ,Timber engineering ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNICAL SCIENCES (2) -- Construction Engineering (201) -- Civil Engineering (2011) -- Timber engineering (201113) ,Architecture: residential and domestic buildings ,Thema Subject Codes -- The Arts (A) -- Architecture (AM) -- Architecture: residential and domestic buildings (AMK) ,Building redevelopment, retrofitting, refurbishment ,Thema Subject Codes -- Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes (T) -- Civil engineering, surveying and building (TN) -- Building construction and materials (TNK) -- Building redevelopment, retrofitting, refurbishment (TNKR) ,Austria ,Thema Subject Codes -- Place qualifiers (1) -- Europe (1D) -- Central Europe (1DF) -- Austria (1DFA) ,20th century, c 1900 to c 1999 ,Thema Subject Codes -- Time period qualifiers (3) -- c 1500 onwards to present day (3M) -- 20th century, c 1900 to c 1999 (3MP) ,Early 21st century c 2000 to c 2050 ,Thema Subject Codes -- Time period qualifiers (3) -- c 1500 onwards to present day (3M) -- 21st century, c 2000 to c 2100 (3MR) -- Early 21st century c 2000 to c 2050 (3MRB) ,existing buildings ,housing ,housing complex ,renovation ,eco-social ,transformation ,climate crisis ,climate resilience ,inclusion ,brick construction ,rpefabricated reinforced concrete construction ,Linz ,Vienna ,demolition ,new construction ,resources ,emissions ,CO2 ,timber construction ,architecture ,Bauen im Bestand ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNISCHE WISSENSCHAFTEN (2) -- Bauwesen (201) -- Sonstiges Bauwesen (2019) -- Bauen im Bestand (201905) ,Wohnbau ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNISCHE WISSENSCHAFTEN (2) -- Bauwesen (201) -- Architektur (2012) -- Wohnbau (201213) ,Nachhaltiges Bauen ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNISCHE WISSENSCHAFTEN (2) -- Bauwesen (201) -- Bauingenieurwesen (2011) -- Nachhaltiges Bauen (201128) ,Holzbau ,ÖFOS 2012 -- TECHNISCHE WISSENSCHAFTEN (2) -- Bauwesen (201) -- Bauingenieurwesen (2011) -- Holzbau (201113) ,Architektur: Wohngebäude und Wohnungen ,Thema Klassifizierung -- Kunst (A) -- Architektur (AM) -- Architektur: Wohngebäude und Wohnungen (AMK) ,Gebäudesanierung, -nachrüstung, -renovierung ,Thema Klassifizierung -- Technologie, Ingenieurswissenschaft, Landwirtschaft, Industrieprozesse (T) -- Bauingenieur-, Vermessungs- und Bauwesen (TN) -- Hochbau und Baustoffe (TNK) -- Gebäudesanierung, -nachrüstung, -renovierung (TNKR) ,Österreich ,Thema Klassifizierung -- Geographische Qualifier (1) -- Europa (1D) -- Mitteleuropa (1DF) -- Österreich (1DFA) ,20. Jahrhundert (ca. 1900 bis ca. 1999) ,Thema Klassifizierung -- Zeitliche Qualifier (3) -- ca. 1500 bis zur Gegenwart (3M) -- 20. Jahrhundert (ca. 1900 bis ca. 1999) (3MP) ,Erste Hälfte 21. Jahrhundert (ca. 2000 bis ca. 2050) ,Thema Klassifizierung -- Zeitliche Qualifier (3) -- ca. 1500 bis zur Gegenwart (3M) -- 21. Jahrhundert (ca. 2000 bis ca. 2100) (3MR) -- Erste Hälfte 21. Jahrhundert (ca. 2000 bis ca. 2050) (3MRB) ,Bestand ,Wohnhausanlage ,Sanierung ,ökosozial ,Transformation ,Klimakrise ,Klimaresilienz ,Inklusion ,Ziegelbauweise ,Stahlbeton-Fertigteilbauweise ,Wien ,Abbruch ,Neubau ,Ressourcen ,Emissionen ,Architektur - Abstract
Zukunft Bestand is a holistic concept for the ecological and socially inclusive renovation of existing housing complexes. Using two case studies representative of typical building methods of the 20th century, the book shows how measures a) preserve and inclusively improve existing structures, b) carefully integrate anything new, c) save resources and use them sensibly. The eco-social transformation, presented in the scales of settlement, building and detail, is therefore applicable to a large number of housing complexes in Austria and beyond., Zukunft Bestand ist ein Gesamtkonzept für die ökologische und sozial inklusive Sanierung bestehender Wohnhausanlagen. Das Buch zeigt anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen, die repräsentativ für typische Bauweisen des 20. Jahrhunderts sind, wie Maßnahmen a) Bestehendes erhalten und inklusiv verbessern, b) Neues behutsam integrieren, c) Ressourcen schonen und sinnvoll einsetzen. Die in den Maßstäben Siedlung, Gebäude und Detail dargestellte ökosoziale Transformation ist somit auf eine Vielzahl von Wohnhausanlagen in Österreich und darüber hinaus anwendbar.
- Published
- 2024
4. Seizmic Analysis Tower in Italian Province Rovigo by Finite and Discrete Element Method
- Author
-
Livaja, Ana, Živaljić, Nikolina, Smoljanović, Hrvoje, and Balić, Ivan
- Subjects
displacement ,peak ground acceleration ,brick construction ,numerical model ,toranj ,zidana građevina ,numerički model ,metoda konačno diskretnih elemenata ,pomak ,vršno ubrzanje tla ,towers ,finite and discrete element method - Abstract
Cilj rada je izrada numeričkog modela koji prikazuje ponašanje konstrukcije uslijed potresnog djelovanja. Korištena su tri razorna potresa koja su se dogodila u povijesti Campano Lucano 1980. Italija, Petrovac 1979. Crna Gora i South Iceland 2000. (Island). Analiza se vršila na zidanoj konstrukciji izrađenoj u 17. stoljeću koja ima namjenu zvonika, a smještena je u pokrajini Rovigo u sjevero-istočnom dijelu Italije. Metoda proračuna korištena je kombinacijom konačnih i diskretnih elemenata. Kao rezultat rada dobiveni su rezultati krajnih stanja konstrukcije do potpunog sloma., The goal of this work was making of numerical model that shows construction behaviour during earthquake. Three destructible historical earthquakes were used: Campano Lucano 1980. Italy, Petrovac 1979. Montenegro and South Iceland 2000. Iceland. Analysis was conducted on a brick building constructed in 17th century that was used as bell tower, and it ́s placed in Italian northeast province of Rovigo. Calculation method was a combination of finite and discrete element method. Final results of this work where values of marginal states of construction until the final breakdown.
- Published
- 2022
5. Seizmic Analysis Tower in Italian Province Rovigo by Finite and Discrete Element Method : Master's Thesis
- Author
-
Livaja, Ana, Živaljić, Nikolina, and Smoljanović, Hrvoje
- Subjects
displacement ,metoda konačno diskretnih elemenata ,pomak ,peak ground acceleration ,zidane građevine ,vršno ubrzanje tla ,towers ,finite and discrete element method ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Građevinarstvo. Nosive konstrukcije ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Civil Engineering. Supporting Structures ,numerički model ,tornjevi ,brick construction ,numerical model - Abstract
Cilj rada je izrada numeričkog modela koji prikazuje ponašanje konstrukcije uslijed potresnog djelovanja. Korištena su tri razorna potresa koja su se dogodila u povijesti Campano Lucano 1980. Italija, Petrovac 1979. Crna Gora i South Iceland 2000. (Island). Analiza se vršila na zidanoj konstrukciji izrađenoj u 17. stoljeću koja ima namjenu zvonika, a smještena je u pokrajini Rovigo u sjevero-istočnom dijelu Italije. Metoda proračuna korištena je kombinacijom konačnih i diskretnih elemenata. Kao rezultat rada dobiveni su rezultati krajnih stanja konstrukcije do potpunog sloma. The goal of this work was making of numerical model that shows construction behaviour during earthquake. Three destructible historical earthquakes were used: Campano Lucano 1980. Italy, Petrovac 1979. Montenegro and South Iceland 2000. Iceland. Analysis was conducted on a brick building constructed in 17th century that was used as bell tower, and it ́s placed in Italian northeast province of Rovigo. Calculation method was a combination of finite and discrete element method. Final results of this work where values of marginal states of construction until the final breakdown.
- Published
- 2022
6. Intervenir sur du bâti urbain domestique : les maisons d'Orléans (France, Centre-Val de Loire)
- Author
-
Alix, Clément
- Subjects
bois ,HD ,housing modes ,architectural heritage restoration ,carpentry ,tissu urbain ,façades ,pan de bois ,histoire ,building ,SOC003000 ,timber construction ,chantier ,modes d’habitation ,Renaissance ,Archaeology ,secular and domestic architecture ,ceilings ,Middle Ages ,building techniques ,bâti ,dendrochronologie ,construction ,Moyen Âge ,architecture ,plots ,architecture civile et domestique ,stone building ,pierre ,cellars ,maisons urbaines ,restauration du patrimoine architectural ,caves ,surveys ,building archaeology ,patrimoine ,techniques de construction ,relevés ,brick construction ,capture ,charpentes ,habitat moderne ,archéologie ,construction en pierre ,parcelles ,medieval and modern housing ,dendrochronology ,city's fabric ,archéologie du bâti ,construction en brique ,building facades ,plafonds ,habitat médiéval ,townhouses - Abstract
La ville d’Orléans possède des maisons médiévales et modernes qui ont fait l’objet d’études d’archéologie du bâti dès le début des années 2000, d’abord ponctuellement dans un cadre universitaire, puis à une échelle plus importante principalement au travers du suivi d’une campagne de ravalement obligatoire des façades, initiée et financée par la collectivité locale (ville d’Orléans), en accord avec le Service Régional de l’Archéologie (SRA) et l’Unité Départementale de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine du Loiret (UDAP). L’expérience poursuivie depuis une quinzaine d’années permet d’établir certains constats. Pour le Pôle d’Archéologie de la ville d’Orléans, le but est d’enregistrer et de conserver les informations destinées à disparaître lors des travaux, de proposer des restitutions des édifices étudiés tout en renseignant des problématiques liées au fait urbain, aux techniques de construction, ainsi qu’aux modes d’habitation médiévales et modernes. La restitution des bâtiments peut également servir d’outil à la décision pour le service de l’urbanisme et les architectes en charge des travaux de restauration. Les études de bâti à Orléans se poursuivent dans plusieurs cadres réglementaires : celui du suivi de la campagne des ravalements, celui de l’archéologie préventive (diagnostics ou fouilles), celui de la recherche programmée (prospection thématique ou sondages), celui des études commandées par la Conservation Régionale des Monuments Historiques (CRMH). Indépendamment de la nature de la protection dont bénéficie le bâti étudié (simple insertion dans la Zone de Protection du Patrimoine Architectural Urbain et Paysager adoptée en 2007 pour la grande majorité des maisons ; protection au titre des Monuments Historiques (MH) pour quelques rares maisons), il convient de souligner la multiplicité des cadres d’intervention. Malgré certains écueils liés à ces disparités administratives et réglementaires, les avancées sont significatives et Orléans est devenu un site de référence concernant la connaissance de l’habitat urbain, des maisons en pierre et/ou en pan de bois, appréhendées de la cave aux toits, accompagné notamment par un référentiel de 100 maisons datées par dendrochronologie, ce qui constitue le corpus le plus important de France. The town of Orléans, located in the center of France (Central Loire Valley region), displays medieval and modern houses that have been studied using building archaeology methodology from the early 2000s. First carried out through academic research in the university of Tours, these studies have been further enlarged mainly through the follow-up of a compulsory front roughcasting and restoration campaign, initiated and financially supported by the local community (city of Orléans) in agreement with the Architecture and Heritage Departmental Unit (Unité Départementale de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine) and the Archaeology Regional Office (Service Régional de l’Archéologie). Some statements can now emerge from the work carried on over some fifteen years. The aim of the Orléans City Archaeology Unit (Pôle d'Archéologie de la Ville d'Orléans) is to record and preserve all collected data that could disappear during future restoration works, and to suggest renditions of the studied houses while informing issues related to urban process, building techniques as well as medieval and modern housing modes. The houses restitutions can also serve as a decision-making tool for Urban Planning Department and the architects dealing with the restoration work. The building archaeology studies in Orléans are going on within several statutory limits : monitoring the front façade refurbishing campaign, rescue archaeology, scheduled research, and studies initiated by the Built Heritage Conservation Regional Office (Conservation régionale des Monuments Historiques). Whatever the kind of protection of the studied houses may be (most of them are listed in the Urban and Landscape Architectural Property Protection Area dating from 2007, only a few of them are protected as Historical Built Heritage), the multiplicity of intervention frameworks should be stressed. Despite some pitfalls related with administrative and regulatory disparities, the progress is significant and Orléans has become a reference in the knowledge of urban housing, stone and/or timber-framed houses (and this from top to bottom). Its data repository from 100 houses dated by dendrochronology provides the most important corpus in France.
- Published
- 2022
7. krainian Architecture as a Subject of Research in the Works of Domestic Scientists of the 1900s
- Author
-
Iryna Udris
- Subjects
History ,Process (engineering) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Ukrainian ,Subject (philosophy) ,Context (language use) ,72.03(477):[001-057.4:726]"18" ,History of ideas ,національний романтизм ,стиль ,архітектура ,дерев’яні споруди ,муроване будівництво ,чинники ,провідні ознаки ,конструктивні форми ,language.human_language ,Originality ,language ,Engineering ethics ,national romanticism ,style ,architecture ,wooden buildings ,brick construction ,factors ,leading features ,constructive forms ,Architecture ,Period (music) ,media_common - Abstract
Мета дослідження полягає у виявленні внеску представників українського мистецтвознавства 1900-х рр. у справу визначення національних форм вітчизняної архітектури. Методологія дослідження базується на використанні комбінованого тематико-хронологічного підходу; опис публікацій поєднується з компаративним та порівняльним аналізами. Наукова новизна статті полягає у висвітленні початкової стадії формування уявлень про унікальні риси української архітектури в контексті суспільного запиту і провідних тенденцій загального художнього процесу зазначеного періоду. Окреслено чинники зростання уваги науковців вказаного десятиріччя до системного вивчення споруд України від найдавніших часів до ХІХ ст., зокрема, дерев’яних культових. Охарактеризовано праці відомих фахівців тих років: Г. Павлуцького, Є. Рєдіна, О. Новицького, В. Щербаківського, М. Макаренка, Є. Сіцінського та інших авторів. Вивчення названої проблеми в цих наукових роботах засновано на аналізі численної інформації як результату системної роботи багатьох науковців й аматорів з дослідження творів архітектури. Визначено наукові ідеї дослідників щодо еволюції форм даної галузі образотворчості та обґрунтування унікальності української архітектури. Висновки. Аналіз численної кількості першоджерел наукових публікацій дозволяє зробити висновок, що впродовж 1900-х рр. відбулося становлення концепції своєрідності національних архітектурних форм на всіх історичних етапах. Наукова аналітика характерних ознак українських архітектурних пам’яток різних періодів здійснювалася в ракурсі взаємозв’язків з мурованим зодчеством та з відповідними рішеннями інших історико-національних архітектурних шкіл. Історію української науки про мистецтво означеного десятиліття можна розглядати як історію ідей про національні форми образотворчості та архітектури. Провідна ідея унікальності української архітектури спрямувала і стала підґрунтям розвитку української науки про мистецтво в наступних десятиріччях., The purpose of the study is to identify the contribution of representatives of Ukrainian art history in the 1900s to the definition of national forms of national architecture. The research methodology is based on the use of combined, thematic and chronological approaches; description of publications is combined with comparative and comparative analyzes. The scientific novelty of the article is to highlight the initial stage of formation of ideas about the unique features of Ukrainian architecture in the context of public demand and the leading trends of the general artistic process of this period. The factors of growing attention of scientists of the specified decade to the systematic study of buildings of Ukraine from ancient times to the XIX century, in particular, wooden cult. The works of famous specialists of those years are described: G. Pavlutsky, E. Redin, O. Novitsky, V. Shcherbakovsky, M. Makarenko, E. Sitsinsky and other authors. The study of this problem in these scientific works is based on the analysis of numerous information as a result of systematic work of many scientists and amateurs on the study of architectural works. Researchers’ scientific ideas on the evolution of forms of this field of art and substantiation of the uniqueness of Ukrainian architecture are determined. Conclusions. Analysis of numerous sources of scientific publications allows us to conclude that during the 1900’s there was a concept of originality of national architectural forms at all historical stages. Scientific analysis of the characteristic features of Ukrainian architectural monuments of different periods was carried out in the perspective of the relationship with the masonry architecture and the relevant decisions of other historical and national architectural schools. The history of Ukrainian science of art of this decade can be considered as the history of ideas about national forms of art and architecture. The leading idea of the uniqueness of Ukrainian architecture directed and became the basis for the development of Ukrainian art science in the following decades.
- Published
- 2020
8. Ukrainian Architecture as a Subject of Research in the Works of Domestic Scientists of the 1900s
- Author
-
Udris Iryna
- Subjects
style ,leading features ,architecture ,constructive forms ,factors ,brick construction ,national romanticism ,wooden buildings - Abstract
The purpose of the studyis to identify the contribution of representatives of Ukrainian art history in the 1900s to the definition of national forms of national architecture.The research methodologyis based on the use of combined, thematic and chronological approaches; description of publications is combined with comparative and comparative analyzes.The scientific noveltyof the article is to highlight the initial stage of formation of ideas about the unique features of Ukrainian architecture in the context of public demand and the leading trends of the general artistic process of this period. The factors of growing attention of scientists of the specified decade to the systematic study of buildings of Ukraine from ancient times to the XIX century, in particular, wooden cult. The works of famous specialists of those years are described: G. Pavlutsky, E. Redin, O. Novitsky, V. Shcherbakovsky, M. Makarenko, E. Sitsinsky and other authors. The study of this problem in these scientific works is based on the analysis of numerous information as a result of systematic work of many scientists and amateurs on the study of architectural works. Researchers’ scientific ideas on the evolution of forms of this field of art and substantiation of the uniqueness of Ukrainian architecture are determined.Conclusions.Analysis of numerous sources of scientific publications allows us to conclude that during the 1900’s there was a concept of originality of national architectural forms at all historical stages. Scientific analysis of the characteristic features of Ukrainian architectural monuments of different periods was carried out in the perspective of the relationship with the masonry architecture and the relevant decisions of other historical and national architectural schools. The history of Ukrainian science of art of this decade can be considered as the history of ideas about national forms of art and architecture. The leading idea of the uniqueness of Ukrainian architecture directed and became the basis for the development of Ukrainian art science in the following decades.
- Published
- 2020
9. Wood hybrid construction - Compare to a concrete construction or a brick construction in a residential construction
- Author
-
Denner, Christopher Günther
- Subjects
Nachhaltigkeit ,Holz-Hybridkonstruktion ,building construction ,economics ,Baukonstruktion ,wood hybrid construction ,sustainability ,reinforced concrete construction ,multi-storey residential building ,Wirtschaftlichkeit ,Stahlbetonkonstruktion ,Ziegelmassivkonstruktion ,brick construction ,Mehrgeschossiger Wohnbau - Abstract
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Vergleich einer Holz-Hybridkonstruktion zu der überwiegend verwendeten Stahlbeton- und Ziegelmassivbauweise im mehrgeschossigen Wohnbau. Hierbei werden neben den unterschiedlichen Konstruktionsvarianten und den damit verbundenen Anforderungen an die Bauphysik, auch die Wirtschaftlichkeit und die Nachhaltigkeit der einzelnen Bauweisen im Wohnbau berücksichtigt. Allein durch die Verwendung der verschiedenen Baustoffe ergeben sich bereits deutliche Unterschiede den einzelnen Bauweisen. Für die Wirtschaftlichkeit einer Holz-Hybridkonstruktion spricht der hohe Vorfertigungsgrad im Werk, in Verbindung mit der stätigen Verbesserung der Qualität, der Planung und Ausführung der verbauten Elemente. Da die Bauteile ohne äußeren Witterungseinfluss und aus gleichen Arbeitsschritten hergestellt werden können, sind sie auch weniger anfällig für Ausführungsfehler. Ein weiterer positiver Aspekt der Werkstattfertigung liegt darin, dass die ausgeführten Elemente in der richtigen Reihenfolge und zum richtigen Zeitpunkt an die Baustelle geliefert werden können, was zu einer Reduktion der Bauzeit und einer Einsparung der Baukosten führt. Doch betrachtet man nur die Herstellungskosten eines Wohnbaus in einer Holz-Hybridkonstruktion, entstehen durch den erhöhten Planungsaufwand höhere Kosten im Vergleich zu den herkömmlichen Bauweisen. Durch die Verwendung von Holz in sämtlichen Wandelementen, aber auch teilweise in Deckenkonstruktion, kann die Nachhaltigkeit einer Holz-Hybridkonstruktion besser bewertet werden, als die einer herkömmlichen Stahlbeton- oder Ziegelmassivbauweise. This thesis deals with the comparison of a wood hybrid construction to the predominantly used reinforced concrete and brick construction in multi-storey residential construction. In addition to the different construction variants and the associated requirements for building physics, the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of the individual construction methods in residential construction are also considered. The use of different building materials alone results in significant differences between the individual construction methods. The high degree of prefabrication in the factory, combined with the constant improvement in the quality of planning and execution of the installed elements, speaks for the economic viability of a wood hybrid construction, since the components can be manufactured without external weather influences and from the same work steps. In addition, the finished elements can be delivered to the construction site in the correct order and at the right time, which leads to a reduction in construction time and a saving in construction costs. But if you look at the production costs of a residential building in a wood hybrid construction, there is an increased planning effort, higher costs compared to conventional construction methods. Through the use of wood in all wall elements but also partially in the ceiling construction, the sustainability of a wood hybrid construction can be better assessed than that of a conventional reinforced concrete or brick solid construction.
- Published
- 2020
10. Comparison of prefabricated timber construction with brick construction in residential construction from a sustainable perspective using a selected example
- Author
-
Paunovic, Kevin
- Subjects
timber construction ,ecological indicators ,selective renaturation ,Nachhaltigkeit ,selektiver Rückbau ,Heizwärmebedarf ,Ziegelbauweise ,brick construction ,sustainability ,Holzriegelbauweise ,heating demand ,Ökologische Indikatoren - Abstract
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem ökologischen Vergleich der Holzfertigteilbauweise mit einer konventionellen Ziegelbauweise anhand eines ausgewählten Praxisbeispiels. Das Hauptaugenmerk wird dabei auf die Außenwandkonstruktionen gelegt, wobei die Frage, ob allein die Wahl des Baustoffes oder auch andere Faktoren wie beispielsweise die Nutzungsdauer einen Einfluss auf die ökologische und energetische Qualität zur Folge haben, im Zentrum des Interesses stehen soll. Für diesen Zweck werden im letzten Teil der Arbeit insgesamt drei unterschiedliche Wandaufbauten ins Treffen geführt. Die erste Variante (Var. 1) des Vergleiches bildet zunächst die Holzriegelkonstruktion des Referenzgebäudes, welche einer Ziegelvariante mit WDVS (Var. 2) und einem mit Wärmedämmung gefüllten Ziegel (Var. 3) gegenübergestellt wird, woraufhin ein entsprechender Vergleich erfolgt. Die in Kapitel (2) erfolgte Diskussion der rechtlichen und nachhaltigen Grundlagen, im Rahmen derer die OI3-Indikatoren kurz vorgestellt werden, soll die Basis für die Analyse und die Aussagekraft des Vergleichs darstellen. Die folgenden Kapitel (3 und 4) beschäftigen sich mit den bauphysikalischen Eigenschaften, beschreiben die Konstruktionssysteme per se und zeigen die Auswirkungen sowohl der Holz- als auch der Ziegelbauweise auf die Umwelt in puncto Recycling und Entsorgung auf. Im nächsten Kapitel (5) werden die für den praktischen Vergleich dieser Arbeit notwendigen Unterlagen beschrieben und erläutert. Sowohl relevante Vergleichsparameter als auch die Vorgehensweise als solche werden in Kapitel (6) berücksichtigt. Anhand der Auswertungstabellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Holzziegelkonstruktion (Var. 1) im Vergleich zu den beiden Ziegelkonstruktionen insgesamt das beste ökologische Gesamtpaket darstellt. Außerdem konnte aufgrund des Vergleiches bewiesen werden, dass die zweite und dritte Variante der Ziegelkonstruktionen zu keiner beachtlichen Verbesserung des Energiestandards geführt haben. Allerdings stellte sich im Zuge der Analyse heraus, dass neben dem Baustoff Ziegel die verwendete Wärmedämmung in Anbetracht der Nutzungsdauer in ökologischer Hinsicht von Bedeutung erscheint. Summa summarum kann der Ziegelbauweise auch in ökologischer Hinsicht - unter Berücksichtigung relevanter Komponenten - eine absolute Konkurrenzfähigkeit konstatiert werden. This thesis deals with an ecological comparison of the prefabricated timber construction with a conventional brick construction based on a selected practical example. The focal point will be on the outer wall constructions, with the question of whether the choice of building material alone or other factors such as the useful life influence the ecological and energetic qualities. For this purpose, a total of three different wall structures are set up in the last part of the work. The first variant (Var. 1) of the comparison, forms the wooden frame construction of the reference building, which is compared with a brick variant with ETICS (Var. 2) and a brick filled with thermal insulation (Var. 3), whereupon a corresponding comparison is made. This also forms the primary focus of this work. The basis of this topic is first formed in chapter (2), with legal and sustainable foundations, by briefly presenting the OI3 indicators that are decisive for the analysis and significance of the comparison. The following chapters (3 and 4) deal with the building’s physical properties, construction system and the impact on environment with regard to recycling and disposal relating to the timber and brick construction. In the next chapter (5) the necessary documents for the practical comparison of this work are described and explained. Important comparison parameters as well as the procedure are considered in chapter (6). Based on the evaluation tables, it could be shown that the wooden frame construction (Var. 1) represents the best overall ecological package compared to the two brick structures. In addition, it could be established by comparison, that the second and third variant of the brick type construction did not lead to any significant improvement in the energy standard. However, during the analysis, it emerged that in addition to brick as a building material, the thermal insulation used appears to be an ecological heavyweight considering its extended useful life. All in all, the brick construction can also be found to be absolutely competitive from an ecological point of view - taking into account relevant components. vorgelegt von: Kevin Paunovic Auch als Printexemplar verfügbar Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2020
- Published
- 2020
11. Cellular Ceramics: Reinforced Brick Construction in the Digital Age.
- Author
-
Castellón, J.
- Subjects
CELLULAR ceramics ,BRICK design & construction ,ARCHITECTURAL design - Abstract
This paper summarizes a research project started in London at the Architectural Association School of Architecture which is currently under development at the Chair of Structural Design at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH). The research project is focused on the development of a parametric construction system based on the assembly of a limited amount of ceramic nonstandard bricks combined with honeycomb mesh reinforcement [1]. In addition, this project is presented as an alternative to contemporary design processes that explore complexity from a formal perspective. Alternately, this proposal explores material logics as the main activator of the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
12. Technological and economic comparison of thermal envelopes in traditional and prefabricated family house
- Author
-
Štefanič, Mitja, Šuman, Nataša, and Markovič-Hribernik, Tanja
- Subjects
gradbena fizika ,gradnja s porobetonom ,prefabricated construction ,tehnološka primerjava ,načini in sistemi gradnje ,ekonomska primerjava ,construction physics ,technological comparison ,udc:[697.1:69.05]+657.478(043.2) ,economic comparison ,opečna gradnja ,construction systems ,poroconcrete construction ,brick construction ,montažna gradnja - Abstract
V diplomskem delu smo predstavili gradnjo iste enostanovanjske stavbe z različnimi sistemi gradnje in njenimi različnimi energijskimi učinkovitostmi. Naredili smo tehnološko in ekonomsko primerjavo med gradnjo z opečnim, porobetonskim in lesenim montažnim gradbenim sistemom, za štiri različne razrede energijske učinkovitosti stavbe. Pri izvedbi tehnološke in ekonomske analize smo se omejili na primerjavo med toplotnimi ovoji, ki so narejeni iz materialov in gradbenih elementov, ki so del obravnavanega gradbenega sistema oziroma iz materialov, katerih uporabo priporoča proizvajalec določenega gradbenega sistema. Za predvideno gradnjo smo izbrali in opisali tri gradbene sisteme in štiri energijske ravni. Za vsak gradbeni sistem smo predstavili gradbene elemente, katere smo uporabili v tehnološki in ekonomski analizi. V nadaljevanju smo določili in ovrednotili potrebne količine materialov in dela. Na koncu smo naredili primerjavo, kako na stroške za gradbena, obrtniška in instalacijska dela vpliva izbira predvidenega gradbenega sistema in razreda energijske učinkovitosti, v katerega je stavba uvrščena. In the diploma graduation thesis we presented construction of the same family house with different construction systems and different energy efficiencies. We made a technological and economical comparison between the construction with brick, poroconcrete and wood prefabricated construction systems for four different energy efficiency levels. In the technological und economic analysis we limited ourselves to the comparison of thermal envelopes, which are made of materials and construction elements, which are used in the construction system in question or materials, which are recommended by the a certain construction system manufacturer. For the anticipated construction we described three construction systems and four efficiency levels of our choice. For each construction system we presented construction elements, which were used in technological and economic analysis. Further on we defined and assessed the quantity of material and work. In the end we made a comparison between how the choice of anticipated construction system and energy efficiency level, in which the house is classified in, affects the costs of construction, craft and installation works.
- Published
- 2016
13. Structural Analysis for Seismic Retrofit of the Historical Tabriz Bazaar in Iran : Focusing on Finite Element Analysis of Models Extracted from the Bazaar
- Subjects
Finite element method ,煉瓦造 ,Seismic retrofit ,歴史的建築物 ,Natural frequency ,固有振動数 ,Historical building ,Steady-state vibration analysis ,耐震補強 ,定常振動解析 ,Brick construction ,有限要素法 - Abstract
The objective of this study is to propose reinforcing methods for making Tabriz Bazaar in Iran more earthquake-resistant. The Bazaar is one of the largest multispan masonry markets of Iran and neighboring countries. It is nominated as the candidate of being registered as World Heritage Site. In this study, the compressive loading tests about the materials used for the bazaar were conducted, and fundamental analysis was performed to verify the elastic modulus of the masonry blocks derived from the loading tests in the past. In this paper, using the modulus, natural frequency of the connected fundamental models were analyzed, and three-dimensional fnite element analysis of models extracted from the bazaar was conducted to find the static and dynamic properties of the bazaar. As a result of the analyses, it can be expressed that the elastic modules of the masonry blocks derived from the loading tests is generally appropriate, and some static and dynamic properties of the bazaar were clarified.
- Published
- 2010
14. DESIGN OF LOW-ENERGY HOUSE IN PIVOLA
- Author
-
Stauber Štebih, Matija and Žegarac Leskovar, Vesna
- Subjects
building design ,pasivno delovanj stavbe ,oblikovanje objekta ,building passive operation ,gradnja z opeko ,brick construction ,nizkoenergijska hiša ,udc:728.5:699.86(043.2) ,aktivno delovanje stavbe ,building active operation ,low-energy house - Abstract
V diplomskem delu je predstavljena zasnova nizkoenergijske hiše. V uvodnem delu je prikazan osnovni princip zasnove v nizkoenergijskem standardu z upoštevanjem veljavne zakonodaje. V nadaljevanju je na praktičnem primeru prikazan celovit koncept načrtovanja, ki se zaključi s preračunom gradbene fizike. In the first part of the thesis the low-energy house design principles are shown, while the second part demonstrates a complex design approach on a case-shady. Finally the calculation of the building's physics is presented.
- Published
- 2011
15. Investigation of the conservation-treatment methods of the Dutch National Monument : The role of microscopy
- Subjects
Restoration ,Polarizing-fluorescent microscopy (PFM) ,Memorial structures ,Travertine slabs ,Deterioration ,Optical microscopy ,Architecture and Building ,Brick construction - Abstract
The Dutch National Monument in Amsterdam, a World War-II memorial structure, was built with an outer face consisting of slabs of travertine. In 1995, the masonry structure forming the core of the monument showed severe deterioration. In order to determine the actual cause of deterioration and to advise on the most suitable method of restoration, an extensive investigation was carried out on the monument itself and on samples removed from it. The action of frost was found to be the primary cause of the deterioration to the brick structure. The travertine slabs and sculpture showed decay in the form of cracks and of smoothening of the sculptural details (superficial loss of material). For purposes of restoration, the monument was completely dismantled and the inner masonry structure was replaced with prefabricated concrete. The sculptures (statues and reliefs) were treated with a special acrylic resin (polymethyl metha-acrylate, PMMA) in order to conserve them. Polarizing and Fluorescent Microscopy (PFM) was used in all phases of the investigation. The technique was found to be an excellent tool for such investigations. This article deals with various aspects of the investigation where PFM played a key role, such as the diagnosis of the cause of the surface deterioration of the travertine and the evaluation of the effectiveness of impregnation treatment methods of the sculptures.
- Published
- 1999
16. Investigation of the conservation-treatment methods of the Dutch National Monument : The role of microscopy
- Author
-
Larbi, J.A., Hees, R.P.J. van, and TNO Bouw
- Subjects
Restoration ,Polarizing-fluorescent microscopy (PFM) ,Memorial structures ,Travertine slabs ,Deterioration ,Optical microscopy ,Architecture and Building ,Brick construction - Abstract
The Dutch National Monument in Amsterdam, a World War-II memorial structure, was built with an outer face consisting of slabs of travertine. In 1995, the masonry structure forming the core of the monument showed severe deterioration. In order to determine the actual cause of deterioration and to advise on the most suitable method of restoration, an extensive investigation was carried out on the monument itself and on samples removed from it. The action of frost was found to be the primary cause of the deterioration to the brick structure. The travertine slabs and sculpture showed decay in the form of cracks and of smoothening of the sculptural details (superficial loss of material). For purposes of restoration, the monument was completely dismantled and the inner masonry structure was replaced with prefabricated concrete. The sculptures (statues and reliefs) were treated with a special acrylic resin (polymethyl metha-acrylate, PMMA) in order to conserve them. Polarizing and Fluorescent Microscopy (PFM) was used in all phases of the investigation. The technique was found to be an excellent tool for such investigations. This article deals with various aspects of the investigation where PFM played a key role, such as the diagnosis of the cause of the surface deterioration of the travertine and the evaluation of the effectiveness of impregnation treatment methods of the sculptures.
- Published
- 1999
17. Water extraction out of mortar during brick laying: A NMR study
- Author
-
J.A. Larbi, M.E. Spiekman, Leo L Pel, K Klaas Kopinga, H.J.P. Brocken, Building Materials, Transport in Permeable Media, and TNO Bouw
- Subjects
Suction ,Materials science ,Water extraction ,Petrography ,Extraction ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,medicine ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Water content ,Moisture determination ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Brick ,Extraction (chemistry) ,General Engineering ,Building and Construction ,Computer simulation ,Brick laying ,Equilibrium moisture content ,Water retention ,Architecture and Building ,Mortar ,Mechanics of Materials ,medicine.symptom ,Brick construction - Abstract
The water extraction out of mortar during brick laying was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance. The experiments show that using a fired-clay brick, the water is extracted out of the mortar within 3 minutes, whereas in the case of a sand-lime brick this takes about 10 minutes. Prewetting a fired-clay brick hardly affects the water extraction, whereas prewetting a sand-lime brick slows down the water extraction, although the effect is small. The extraction process is slowed down only if the bricks are almost fully saturated. These effects are explained with the help of computer simulations. The final moisture content of the mortar is shown to depend on the suction of the brick and thereby on the equilibrium moisture content of the brick. By adding a water retention agent to the mortar, the extraction process seems to slow down, although the final moisture content of the mortar is not changed. The water extraction experiments suggest that the suction of the mortar which is formed depends on the water extraction rate and thereby on the type of brick that is used in the extraction experiment. Petrographic analyses indicate that the extent of bonding between the brick and the mortar is different for fired-clay brick and sand-lime brick.
- Published
- 1998
18. Moisture transport properties of mortar and mortar joint: A NMR study
- Subjects
Mortar ,Transport properties ,Interfaces (materials) ,Water absorption ,Mortar joints ,Materials ,Moisture ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Brick construction - Abstract
The moisture transport in mortar and mortar joint often is an important parameter in degeneration of brick masonry and other block constructions. In this study, the influence of single additives on the moisture transport properties of mortar is investigated. Due to water extraction during brick laying, curing conditions of mortar in mortar joint differ from curing conditions of separately cured mortar. Consequently, the moisture transport properties of mortar joint differ. In addition to the moisture transport in mortar and mortar joint, the moisture transport in brick masonry is investigated. Experimental moisture profiles of water absorption in brick masonry indicate that there is no perfect hydraulic contact at the brick-mortar interfaces.
- Published
- 1997
19. Moisture transport properties of mortar and mortar joint: A NMR study
- Author
-
Brocken, H.J.P., Adant, O.C.G., Pel, L., Instituut voor Bouwmaterialen en Bouwconstructies TNO, Building Materials, and Transport in Permeable Media
- Subjects
Mortar ,Transport properties ,Interfaces (materials) ,Water absorption ,Mortar joints ,Materials ,Moisture ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Brick construction - Abstract
The moisture transport in mortar and mortar joint often is an important parameter in degeneration of brick masonry and other block constructions. In this study, the influence of single additives on the moisture transport properties of mortar is investigated. Due to water extraction during brick laying, curing conditions of mortar in mortar joint differ from curing conditions of separately cured mortar. Consequently, the moisture transport properties of mortar joint differ. In addition to the moisture transport in mortar and mortar joint, the moisture transport in brick masonry is investigated. Experimental moisture profiles of water absorption in brick masonry indicate that there is no perfect hydraulic contact at the brick-mortar interfaces.
- Published
- 1997
20. Development of the brickwork in house construction
- Subjects
construction ,small houses ,bricks ,productivity ,masonry ,brick construction ,brick structures ,mortars (material) ,buildings ,competition ,equipment - Abstract
Pientalomuurauksella on pitkät perinteet ja suuret potentiaaliset markkinat Suomessa. Rakennustuotanto ja pientalorakentaminen ovat tällä vuosikymmenellä kuitenkin vähentyneet selvästi. Pientalomuurauksen määrän ja sen markkinaosuuden kasvattamiseksi on muurattujen rakenteiden kilpailukykyä parannettava. Projektin tavoitteeksi asetettiin paikallamuurauksen tuottavuuden ja kilpailukyvyn parantaminen muuraustyötä tehostamalla, aputyötä vähentämällä, aputyöammattityöjakoa lieventämällä, rakentamista nopeuttamalla sekä työtä keventämällä ja ergonomiaa parantamalla. Keskeiseksi keinoksi tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi valittiin koneiden, laitteiden ja työmenetelmien kehittäminen. Kehityskohteiksi valittiin laastin valmistus, tiilien ja laastin siirrot, teline, työvälineet, kaluston kuljetusvaunu ja muuraustyön suunnittelumenetelmä. Projektissa selvitettiin ulkomailla käytettäviä muuraustyömenetelmiä, koneita ja laitteita. Lisäksi projektin neljässä kehitysryhmässä etsittiin nykymenetelmien parannuksia ja kokonaan uusia ratkaisuja. Osa hyviksi arvioiduista laitteista kehitettiin prototyypiksi. Kehittyneen muurausjärjestelmän osia ovat moottoroitu tiilikärry (ruotsalainen tuote), tiilikärryyn liitettävä laastiastia (idea), suursäkin nostolaite (prototyyppi), pukkiteline konsolilla (suomalainen tuote, osittain prototyyppi), alta tyhjennettävä suursäkki (valmis tuote ja prototyypit), muurauskauha (tuotteistettu), kuljetus- ja taukotilavaunu (prototyyppi) ja atk-ohjelma Kusti (tuotteistettu). Kehittyneitä koneita, laitteita ja työmenetelmiä käyttämällä muuraustyö kevenee ja nopeutuu. Kustannussäästöjä on mahdollista saavuttaa suunnittelemalla työ siten, että vapautuva työaika käytetään tehokkaasti. Tähän voidaan käyttää projektissa kehitettyä muuraustyön suunnittelumenetelmää ja siihen perustuvaa atk-ohjelmaa.
- Published
- 1996
21. Analysis of cost-effectiveness of concrete hollow block masonry
- Author
-
Ramamurthy, K. and Radhakrishnan, R.
- Subjects
Bearing capacity ,Concrete construction ,Cost effectiveness analysis ,Economics ,Rational method of analysis ,Concrete hollow block masonry ,Masonry materials ,Load bearing masonry ,Cost effectiveness ,Mortar ,Burnt clay bricks ,Strength of materials ,Brick ,Masonry construction ,Brick construction - Abstract
The cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative construction materials adopted for load bearing masonry is usually done either by comparing the cost of masonry units, or by a cost analysis based on thickness of wall. Since these methods do not include the effect of size and strength of masonry units, the author contends that these are not rational. A rational cost effectiveness analysis for load bearing masonry is proposed here, which is based on strength criteria as per the codal provisions of IS 1905-1987. This paper discusses the cost-effectiveness analysis of axially loaded bearing masonry with burnt clay bricks and concrete hollow blocks. The comparison is made by keeping the load bearing capacity of masonry same for the same brick and block strengths of 5 and 10 N/mm2, with different strengths of mortar. The rationality of the cost-effectiveness analysis based on strength criteria over conventional methods based on either thickness of masonry or the property of masonry unit alone is demonstrated here. The economic advantage of concrete hollow block masonry over burnt clay masonry construction is also presented.
- Published
- 1996
22. Development of the brickwork in house construction
- Author
-
Koski, Hannu and Nummi, Juhani
- Subjects
construction ,small houses ,bricks ,productivity ,masonry ,brick construction ,brick structures ,mortars (material) ,buildings ,competition ,equipment - Abstract
Pientalomuurauksella on pitkät perinteet ja suuret potentiaaliset markkinat Suomessa. Rakennustuotanto ja pientalorakentaminen ovat tällä vuosikymmenellä kuitenkin vähentyneet selvästi. Pientalomuurauksen määrän ja sen markkinaosuuden kasvattamiseksi on muurattujen rakenteiden kilpailukykyä parannettava. Projektin tavoitteeksi asetettiin paikallamuurauksen tuottavuuden ja kilpailukyvyn parantaminen muuraustyötä tehostamalla, aputyötä vähentämällä, aputyöammattityöjakoa lieventämällä, rakentamista nopeuttamalla sekä työtä keventämällä ja ergonomiaa parantamalla. Keskeiseksi keinoksi tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi valittiin koneiden, laitteiden ja työmenetelmien kehittäminen. Kehityskohteiksi valittiin laastin valmistus, tiilien ja laastin siirrot, teline, työvälineet, kaluston kuljetusvaunu ja muuraustyön suunnittelumenetelmä. Projektissa selvitettiin ulkomailla käytettäviä muuraustyömenetelmiä, koneita ja laitteita. Lisäksi projektin neljässä kehitysryhmässä etsittiin nykymenetelmien parannuksia ja kokonaan uusia ratkaisuja. Osa hyviksi arvioiduista laitteista kehitettiin prototyypiksi. Kehittyneen muurausjärjestelmän osia ovat moottoroitu tiilikärry (ruotsalainen tuote), tiilikärryyn liitettävä laastiastia (idea), suursäkin nostolaite (prototyyppi), pukkiteline konsolilla (suomalainen tuote, osittain prototyyppi), alta tyhjennettävä suursäkki (valmis tuote ja prototyypit), muurauskauha (tuotteistettu), kuljetus- ja taukotilavaunu (prototyyppi) ja atk-ohjelma Kusti (tuotteistettu). Kehittyneitä koneita, laitteita ja työmenetelmiä käyttämällä muuraustyö kevenee ja nopeutuu. Kustannussäästöjä on mahdollista saavuttaa suunnittelemalla työ siten, että vapautuva työaika käytetään tehokkaasti. Tähän voidaan käyttää projektissa kehitettyä muuraustyön suunnittelumenetelmää ja siihen perustuvaa atk-ohjelmaa.
- Published
- 1996
23. ARCHITECTURE BUILT TO LAST: THE TIMELESSNESS OF BRICK
- Author
-
KROGER, STEPHANIE A.
- Subjects
- Architecture, Brick, Brick Construction, Chapel
- Abstract
Brick is one of the most culturally significant contemporary building materials, with a rich history of use. Brick has always been valued not only for durability, quality, and tradition, but also for its human properties– the human effort required to construct a brick wall is apparent in every unit and joint. The versatility that is possible through brick’s simplicity of geometry allows for the creation of an endless variety of forms and textures in architecture. Technology has changed the way buildings are designed and constructed, benefiting issues of economy and sustainability, but compromising human scale. In today’s architecture, brick is often reduced to a cladding material, wasting much of its potential. Through the design of a non-denominational chapel, a building will be created that exploits the inherent human scale, craft, durability and tradition of brick, while meeting the contemporary demands of the 21st century.
- Published
- 2005
24. Histoire d'un matériau de construction : la brique en France
- Author
-
Bernstein, Daniel, Bruel, Alain, Champetier, Jean-Pierre, Filatre, P., Huybrechts, Eric, Mazelier, Christophe, Sartre, S., École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-Belleville (ENSA PB), and Ecole nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-Belleville / Institut d'études et de recherches architecturales et urbaines (IERAU)
- Subjects
construction en brique ,History of construction ,[SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,histoire de la construction ,Construction process ,matériau ,brique ,Brick ,procédé de construction ,Material ,Brick construction - Abstract
La première partie recherche dans l'histoire des fours les multiples combinaisons inventées par les briquetiers puis par les ingénieurs, des éléments composant la fournée. La deuxième partie se concentre sur la période finale de forte extension de la brique au 19e siècle. En pays de Bray, extension liée au "décollage" économique général de la région, particulièrement dans le domaine de la production agricole. La troisième partie reproduit le fichier des édifices utilisant de la brique, à partir du fichier des monuments historiques.
- Published
- 1989
25. Muurauskivien pakkasenkestävyys
- Subjects
bricks ,frost resistance ,standards ,durability ,test methods ,brick construction ,brick structures ,requirements ,testing ,Finland - Abstract
Muurauskivien pakkasenkestävyyttä testattaessa on todettu, että nykyisellä suomalaisen standardin SFS 2803 mukaisella menetelmälllä aina voida riittävän luotettavasti määrittää tiilien kestävyyttä rakenteissa. Pakkasenkestävyystestin läpäisseet kivet ovat joskus vaurioituneet käytössä; toisaalta testissä vaurioituneet kivet ovat joskus osoittautuneet kestäviksi luonnonolosuhteissa. Ongelma on ollut suurin poltettujen tiilien testauksessa. Pääosiltaan samanlaista menetelmää on käytetty useissa maissa ja myös niissä on testiä yhä enemmän arvosteltu. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin ensin kirjallisuuden perusteella poltettujen tiilien pakkasenkestävyyden testauksessa käytettäviä standardi- ja muita menetelmiä, niiden luotettavuutta sekä tiilien pakkasvaurioiden syitä ja mekanismeja. Tutkimuksen kokeellista osaa varten hankittiin seka pakkasta kestäviä että pakkasta kestämättomiä tiiliä. Tiilien pakkasenkestävyys rakenteissa todellisissa olosuhteissa selvitettiin pystyttämällä vertailuaineistoksi koemuureja luonnonolosuhteisiin. Tiilistä määritettiin useita suomalaisen standardin mukaisia ominaisuuksia, esim. puristuslujuus ja vedenimukyky, joita verrattiin pakkasenkestävyyteen. Koemuureissa pakkasenkestävyyttä testattiin myös standardi- ja muilla menetelmillä. Lisäksi tutkittiin erilaisia mahdollisia pikamenetelmiä, joita tarvittaisiin erityisesti tiilien tuotannon laadunvalvonnassa. Standardin mukaisista ominaisuuksista todettiin, etta pakkasenkestävyyteen vaikuttavat useat tekijät, kuten esim. puristuslujuus ja vedenimukyky. Suomalaisen standardin mukaisen kestävyyden testausmenetelmän tulosten todettiin korreloivan huonosti tiilien kestävyyteen koemuureissa, koska osa vaurioituneista kivistä läpäisi testin ja päinvastoin. Standardin DIN 52252 Teil 3 mukaisen toispuolisen pakkasenkestävyystestin tulosten todettiin vastaavan hyvin tiilien kestävyyttä koemuureissa. Standardin DIN 52252 Teil 3 mukaista menetelmää suositeltiin uudeksi suomalaiseksi standardimenetelmäksi. Lisäksi tutkittiin kirjallisuudessa esitettyjä ja tamän projektin aikana kehitettyjä pikamenetelmiä, joista viimeksi mainitut osoittautuivat melko lupaaviksi. Laajasta koeaineistosta huolimatta ei pikamenetelmaä kehitetty loppuun saakka, vaan se jätettiin lisätutkimusten asiaksi.
- Published
- 1987
26. Muurauskivien pakkasenkestävyys
- Author
-
Siren, Kurt and Weck, Tor-Ulf
- Subjects
bricks ,frost resistance ,standards ,durability ,test methods ,brick construction ,brick structures ,requirements ,testing ,Finland - Abstract
Muurauskivien pakkasenkestävyyttä testattaessa on todettu, että nykyisellä suomalaisen standardin SFS 2803 mukaisella menetelmälllä aina voida riittävän luotettavasti määrittää tiilien kestävyyttä rakenteissa. Pakkasenkestävyystestin läpäisseet kivet ovat joskus vaurioituneet käytössä; toisaalta testissä vaurioituneet kivet ovat joskus osoittautuneet kestäviksi luonnonolosuhteissa. Ongelma on ollut suurin poltettujen tiilien testauksessa. Pääosiltaan samanlaista menetelmää on käytetty useissa maissa ja myös niissä on testiä yhä enemmän arvosteltu. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin ensin kirjallisuuden perusteella poltettujen tiilien pakkasenkestävyyden testauksessa käytettäviä standardi- ja muita menetelmiä, niiden luotettavuutta sekä tiilien pakkasvaurioiden syitä ja mekanismeja. Tutkimuksen kokeellista osaa varten hankittiin seka pakkasta kestäviä että pakkasta kestämättomiä tiiliä. Tiilien pakkasenkestävyys rakenteissa todellisissa olosuhteissa selvitettiin pystyttämällä vertailuaineistoksi koemuureja luonnonolosuhteisiin. Tiilistä määritettiin useita suomalaisen standardin mukaisia ominaisuuksia, esim. puristuslujuus ja vedenimukyky, joita verrattiin pakkasenkestävyyteen. Koemuureissa pakkasenkestävyyttä testattiin myös standardi- ja muilla menetelmillä. Lisäksi tutkittiin erilaisia mahdollisia pikamenetelmiä, joita tarvittaisiin erityisesti tiilien tuotannon laadunvalvonnassa. Standardin mukaisista ominaisuuksista todettiin, etta pakkasenkestävyyteen vaikuttavat useat tekijät, kuten esim. puristuslujuus ja vedenimukyky. Suomalaisen standardin mukaisen kestävyyden testausmenetelmän tulosten todettiin korreloivan huonosti tiilien kestävyyteen koemuureissa, koska osa vaurioituneista kivistä läpäisi testin ja päinvastoin. Standardin DIN 52252 Teil 3 mukaisen toispuolisen pakkasenkestävyystestin tulosten todettiin vastaavan hyvin tiilien kestävyyttä koemuureissa. Standardin DIN 52252 Teil 3 mukaista menetelmää suositeltiin uudeksi suomalaiseksi standardimenetelmäksi. Lisäksi tutkittiin kirjallisuudessa esitettyjä ja tamän projektin aikana kehitettyjä pikamenetelmiä, joista viimeksi mainitut osoittautuivat melko lupaaviksi. Laajasta koeaineistosta huolimatta ei pikamenetelmaä kehitetty loppuun saakka, vaan se jätettiin lisätutkimusten asiaksi.
- Published
- 1987
27. A Loadbearing clay brick masonry deterioration problem: case study. II. Monitoring of temperature and moisture
- Author
-
Suter, G. T. and Maurenbrecher, A. H. P.
- Subjects
penetration de la pluie ,thermal resistance ,building failures ,brique en terre cuite ,effects of humidty ,Briques ,construction en brique ,clay bricks ,délabrement ,résistance à la chaleur ,freeze thaw cycles ,Maçonnerie ,gel dé gel ,action de l'humidité ,brick construction ,Masonry ,Brick ,rain penetration - Abstract
In the fall of 1987 Suter Keller Inc. (SKI) was retained by the Ottawa-Carleton Regional Housing Authority to carry out an investigation of the deteriorating exterior loadbearing masonry walls at a building complex constructed in Ottawa in 1973-74. The main objectives of the work were to determine the cause or causes of deterioration and to propose remedial work options. SKI in turn engaged the services of the Institute for Research in Construction (IRC) to carry out physical testing of brick samples for a durability assessment, monitor moisture/temperature conditions of an exterior wall, and provide input into the overall assessment of building envelope deterioration., Proceedings of the Fifth Canadian Masonry Symposium: 05 June 1989, Victoria, B.C., Canada
- Published
- 1989
28. Muuraustyötekniikan kehittäminen
- Author
-
Orantie, Kalervo
- Subjects
masonry ,scaffolds ,mortars ,heating equipment ,brick construction - Abstract
Tutkimuksessa ideoitiin ja selvitettiin muuraustelineiden, muurauskivien ja laastin siirtolaitteiden, talvimuurauksen lämmityslaitteiden ja koneellisen laastin levityksen kehitysmahdollisuuksia. Aikaansaatiin teollisuuden jatkokehittelyn tuloksena teolliseen valmistakseen pientalotyömaiden ja väliseinien muuraukseen soveltuvat kotimaiset säädettävät työpakit. Ne on suunniteltu siten, että ne soveltuvat lähes sellaisinaan myös muuraustyön sääsuojaksi. Muuraustyön ergonomian parantamiseksi kehitettiin konsolin käyttöä elementtitelineiden yhteydessä. Tulokseksi aikaansaatiin yhteistyössä teollisuuden kanssa nykyistä telinerakennetta muuttamalla teline, jossa konsolin käyttö ei lisää telinemateriaalin tarvetta nykyisestä. Selvitettiin markkinoilla olevat pientalotyömaille sopivat kevyet nostimet ja esitettiin toiminnalliset vaatimukset näiden edelleen kehittämiseksi. Talvimuurauksen onnistumiseksi kokeiltiin laastipaljun lämmittämistä pienitehoisella infrapunasäteilijällä. Näin menetellen talvimuuraukselle asetetut vaatimukset täyttyivät ja pakkasesta aiheutuvia odotustunteja voitiin oleellisesti vähentää. Koneellinen muuraus, jossa laasti siirrettiin pumpun, letkun ja Levityskappaleen avulla, osoittautui tehdyissä kokeiluissa teknisesti mahdolliseksi. Koneellinen muuraus soveltuu parhaiten leveiden rakenteiden muuraukseen. Koneellinen laastin levitys vähentää aputöitä poistamalla laastin siirron ja paljujen hoitamisen. Koneellisen laastin levityksen vaikutus työn tuottavuuteen ja soveltuvuus pahtaaksimuuraukseen jäivät laajempien, kenttäkokeisiin perustuvien jatkotutkimusten yhteydessä selvitettäviksi.
- Published
- 1984
29. Defaillance des parements de briques sur les immeubles de grande hauteur
- Author
-
Plewes, W. G.
- Subjects
Briques ,construction en brique ,délabrement ,building failures ,high rise buildings ,buckling ,brick construction ,spallings ,Brick ,construction elèvée ,épaufrure ,flambement - Abstract
La flambage et l'effritement des placages et des parements de briques des murs creux des immeubles de grande hauteur, sont attibuables aux mouvements des immeubles. Dans certains cas, des pans entiers de facades de parement se sont écroulés. Le présent bulletin traite des caractéristiques des défaillances observées sur nombre de bâtiments et commente certains détails de construction qui ont tendance à créer des problèmes.
- Published
- 1977
30. Developments in brick manufacture and use
- Author
-
Ritchie, T.
- Subjects
Briques ,construction en brique ,brique d'argile dure ,stiff mud bricks ,brick construction ,brickwork ,maconnerie de brique ,Brick - Abstract
The stiff-mud method of forming bricks and the tunnel kiln for burning them, now account for a large proportion of the output of the Canadian industry. The historical development of these methods of making and firing bricks is traced, along with other developments that have influenced brickmaking, such as demands for colour and texture, and for the use of brickwork as an engineering material.
- Published
- 1978
31. Failure of brick facing on high-rise buildings
- Author
-
Plewes, W. G.
- Subjects
Briques ,construction en brique ,délabrement ,building failures ,high rise buildings ,buckling ,brick construction ,spallings ,Brick ,construction elèvée ,épaufrure ,flambement - Abstract
Buckling and spalling of brick veneer and brick facing wythes of cavity walls on highrise buildings are attributable to building movements. In some instances the facing of whole panels has fallen off. It is the purpose of this Digest to discuss characteristics of failures observed in a number of buildings and to comment on particular details of the forms of construction that tend to contribute problems.
- Published
- 1977
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