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Paper and plastic bags have been mainly used in fruit bagging of pineapple production. However, they are often discarded as agricultural wastes after harvest of pineapple fruit and threaten environment. In this study, effects of white non-woven fabric bag, expandable polyethylene bag, black plastic bag and kraft paper bag on fruit quality of pineapple cv. ‘MD-2’ were investigated. Results showed that fruits with fruit bagging showed no sunburn. When expandable polyethylene bag was used, fruits of pineapple cv. ‘MD-2’ showed better external qualities, nutrition qualities and texture properties. Expandable polyethylene bag made of degradable and recyclable materials could be recommended as a promising practice to reduce agricultural waste in pineapple production. RESUMO: Sacos de papel e plástico têm sido usados principalmente no ensacamento de frutas na produção de abacaxi. No entanto, eles são frequentemente descartados como resíduos agrícolas, após a colheita da fruta do abacaxi, e ameaçam o meio ambiente. Neste estudo, os efeitos da sacola de tecido, não tecido branco, sacola de polietileno expansível, sacola plástica preta e sacola de papel artesanal na qualidade do fruto do abacaxi cv. ‘MD-2’ foram investigados. Os resultados mostraram que as frutas ensacadas não apresentaram queimaduras solares. Quando foi utilizada a bolsa de polietileno expansível, as frutas de abacaxi cv. ‘MD-2’ mostraram melhores qualidades externas, qualidades nutricionais e propriedades de textura. O saco de polietileno expansível feito de materiais degradáveis e recicláveis pode ser recomendado como uma prática promissora para reduzir o desperdício agrícola na produção de abacaxi.

To compare the consistency between superb microvascular imaging (SMI) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the detection of neovascularization in carotid plaques of different thicknesses and to evaluate the applied value of these two methods for detecting neovascularization in carotid plaques in the clinic.A total of 45 patients with carotid artery plaques who were diagnosed in our hospital involving 76 hypoechoic plaques with a thickness ≥2.0 mm were selected. According to thickness, the plaques were divided into three groups: 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.5-3.0 mm and ≥3.0 mm. Each group underwent both SMI and CEUS, and two experienced sonographers (A and B) analyzed the ultrasound images to evaluate the neovascularization of carotid plaques. The amount of the neovascular signal was assessed using a semi-quantitative grading scale (vascularity grade: grade 0-3). SMI and CEUS were graded respectively according to the visual methods as follows: grade 0: no blood flow signal/enhancement within plaques; grade 1: a few blood flow signals/enhancement within plaques; grade 2: medium blood flow signals/enhancement within plaques; and grade 3: extensive blood flow signals/enhancement within plaques. Kappa consistency test was used to analyze the consistency of the grade of neovascularization in plaques between SMI with CEUS. Gamma rank correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between neovascularization grade by SMI and CEUS in plaque and plaque thickness.Of these patients, 14 had unilateral plaques and 31 had bilateral plaques. The two sonographers were highly consistent in terms of applying SMI and CEUS methods for diagnosing neovascularization in carotid plaques (Kappa values were 0.736 and 0.6800). Consistency was found between SMI and CEUS by sonographers (sonographer A: Kappa=0.823; sonographer B: Kappa=0.842) in evaluating the neovascular grade in the carotid plaques. SMI and CEUS grades were positively correlated with plaque thickness (sonographer A: γ = 0.735 and 0.772; sonographer B: γ = 0.805 and 0.798).Neovascularization in carotid plaques was successfully detected by SMI in a manner that concurred well with CEUS results. Our data indicate that both CEUS and SMI have high diagnostic value for assessing the neovascularization of plaques.

Persulfate activation is an efficient advanced oxidation process for water treatment. However, many catalyst materials make their preparation methods and raw materials very complicated and expensive while pursuing high-efficiency catalytic effects. In this research, a novel Co-modified micro/nano geopolymer (Co-MNG) material was prepared from solid waste using a mechanochemical method. The whole preparation process of Co-MNG is simple and time-saving, and most of its raw materials are solid waste. In addition, it has few adverse effects on the environment during preparation and use and has a good effect on PDS activation. Under dark conditions, 1 mg L

Judging from the current situation, China’s e-commerce companies are developing more and more rapidly, and the sales records of e-commerce platforms continue to break through. However, in this rapid development, many problems have been exposed. Because B2C e-commerce business management methods are different from traditional business management methods, there are many fundamental differences between the risks faced by traditional e-commerce companies and traditional enterprises. Compared with traditional enterprises, the risks faced by e-commerce enterprises have greater uncertainty and complexity, and the related risk management measures have not fully kept up with the development speed of B2C e-commerce and are still in the stage of continuous exploration. With the popularity of e-commerce and higher applicability, the research on e-commerce data management model is urgent. In order to study the e-commerce data management model, theoretical research and commercial application of cloud computing are discussed in depth from literature analysis, comparative analysis, graphical analysis, and case analysis. I hope to expand the application research of cloud computing platform in e-commerce. Finally, it proves that e-commerce has a good development advantage in the future development.

In recent years, the amount of Internet information data has exploded, and the problem of “information overload” has become a huge challenge for Internet development. Through the prior knowledge of the known data distribution, combined with sample training data to estimate the mathematical model of the overall data. Intelligent recommendation methods based on knowledge graphs and Bayesian networks are a hot spot in the current Internet research, and they are of great significance to search engines and e-commerce. This paper studies the fusion of knowledge graph and Bayesian belief network and its application in personalized recommendation and designs a Bayesian network that describes the purchase behavior of users based on the purchase records of customers across the network. User recommendation is the process of fusing knowledge graphs and Bayesian network reasoning. For the design of the recommendation network, a random reasoning algorithm with approximate reasoning is selected in consideration of calculation scale and accuracy. This paper uses the content filtering technology of KNN algorithm to supplement the sparse matrix, which can improve the quality of collaborative filtering recommendation, thereby improving the quality of final recommendation. In this paper, based on the knowledge graph, the EPCA algorithm and the robust recommendation algorithm are merged to form a robust collaborative recommendation model based on Bayesian probability matrix decomposition. The robust recommendation algorithm further improves the robustness of the recommendation algorithm by introducing the suspected users and target items detected by the EPCA algorithm. Research shows that the PS value of the VarSelect SVD algorithm used in this paper is approximately between 0.36 and 1.04. Compared with the first two algorithms, the PS value of VarSelect SVD has been significantly reduced, and the algorithm robustness has been significantly improved.

How to dig out the business perspectives and market rules behind commodity transaction data, explore the relationship between commodities, so as to more scientifically and rationally classify and promote commodity categories and improve commodity sales performance for e-commerce companies has become a recent research hotspot. To this end, this paper proposes to use clustering algorithm to explore the hidden laws of commodity-related big data. This article first consults a large amount of information through the literature survey method, systematically summarizes the relevant theoretical knowledge of the association rule method and clustering algorithm and gives a detailed introduction to its application in the commodity association big data mining. The research in this area has laid a sufficient theoretical foundation; after that, the Apriori algorithm in the association rules and the K-means algorithm in the clustering algorithm were used to carry out the fast clustering algorithm experiment of the commodity-related big data sparse network and the commodity transaction data was introduced in detail. The process of association analysis and cluster analysis; then taking China’s well-known e-commerce platform Jingdong Mall as an example, by investigating the commodity transaction records of Jingdong Mall in the 4th week of July, the association and cluster analysis of its commodity transaction data were found. Among them, mobile phones and Bluetooth earphone, laptops and Bluetooth earphone, laptops and hard disks have the highest correlation and their confidence thresholds have reached 25%, 35 and 40% respectively. Finally, when the clustering results were tested, they were also found in the store. Strengthening the push and shopping guide of highly relevant product combinations on the website pages will increase the sales of products.

Single-stage partial nitration and anammox (PN/A) is achieved using a submerged dynamic membrane (DM-SBR) in this study. The DM-SBR was stably operated for 200 days, and the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) was sustained at 70.3 ± 7.2% at a nitrogen loading rate (NLR) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3kgN/m3/d with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. When the NLR was 0.2 kgN/m3/d, the NRE achieved was high as 80% with a low concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) of 0.13 mg/L. In addition, the specific activity of anammox bacteria (AnAOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) reached was 2.72 and 16.80 gN/gVSS/d, respectively. The dynamic membrane (DM) intercepted the biomass due to the lamellar, intact, dense biofilm self-generated on the surface of the supporting material, which had an effluent turbidity of 10 NTU. The enriched anammox functional bacteria were Candidatus Jettenia, and the relative abundance was 11.06%. The AOB-like functional bacteria consisted primarily of Nitrosomonas, with a relative abundance of 2.76%, which ensured the nitrogen removal process reaction. This study provides a novel reactor configuration of the single-stage PN/A process in the view of practical applications.

The gradual degradation of grasslands on a global scale goes hand‐in‐hand with significant challenges for agriculture and animal husbandry development. Numerous relevant policies and projects have been implemented to protect and restore Chinese ecosystems, but it is still unclear to what degree grassland ecosystems can be recovered. In view of this, we constructed an advanced local net production scaling (ALNS) method by replacing the classification method by self‐organizing feature maps (SOFM) and tailoring the ideal state evaluation method in the LNS method. The ALNS method is used to analyze differences within grassland ecosystems, explore the ideal state of grassland ecosystems, and define degradation as the degree to which the actual state deviates from the ideal state, representing the degree to which grassland ecosystems can be recovered. It thereby quantifies and assesses the overall degradation of such systems in Inner Mongolia. Based on the results, more than 98.5% of the total grassland area failed to reach the ideal state, with the highest levels in the northeast with DN (degraded net primary productivity) values exceeding 200 gc/(m²·yr), followed by the midlands with DN values from 50 to 200 gc/(m²·yr) and the southwest with DN values between 0 and 150 gc/(m²·yr). The ALNS method can efficiently assess grassland ecosystem degradation and can be used to indicate the deviation degrees from ideal states, facilitating the development of protection and restoration programs for grassland ecosystems.

As one of the components of root exudates, methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (MHPP) not only functions as a nitrification inhibitor in soil but also modulates plant growth and root system architecture (RSA); however, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying MHPP-mediated plant growth remain largely unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of MHPP treatment on growth and secondary metabolite accumulation by integrating physiology, transcriptome and metabolome analyses using perilla (Perilla frutescens), a type of medicinal and edible plant. MHPP reduces primary root growth but markedly induces lateral root formation in perilla seedlings. The full-length transcript sequencing combined with the comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that the differential expression of genes involved in carbon/nitrogen metabolism and secondary metabolism contributed to the MHPP-mediated plant growth. An investigation of the differentially expressed genes showed that MHPP modulates the growth and metabolism of leaves and roots in distinct pathways. The genes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway showed opposite expression patterns between the roots and leaves, thereby resulting in the differential accumulation of secondary metabolites in the roots and leaves. Furthermore, the differential expression of PER genes and elevated peroxidase activity in the MHPP-treated roots were responsible for modulating the equilibrium of ROS and the components of lignin and phenolic compounds, thereby affecting plant growth and secondary metabolite accumulation. MHPP modulates RSA and metabolite profiles and improves the contents of medicinal ingredients in perilla plants. These results suggested that the application of MHPP may represent a useful strategy for the medicinal plant cultivation.

The extract of crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) inhibits seed germination and weed growth; however, the physiological mechanisms underlying the effect of crofton weed extract on the modulation of seedling growth and root system development remain largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of the leaf extract of crofton weed (LECW) on primary root (PR) growth in maize seedlings. Treatment with LECW markedly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth in a dose-dependent manner. Physiological analysis indicated that the LECW induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in root tips, thereby leading to cell swelling and deformation both in the root cap and elongation zone of root tips, finally leading to cell death in root border cells (RBCs) and PR growth inhibition. The LECW also inhibited pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity, thereby decreasing the RBC number. Taken together, our results indicated that the LECW inhibited PR growth by inducing ROS accumulation and subsequent cell death in RBCs. The present study provides a better understanding of how the LECW modifies root system development and provides insight for evaluating the toxicity of crofton weed extracts in plants.

In order to obtain an adsorbent-photocatalyst with low-cost, strong stability and great reusability/recyclability, a waste-based and CdS-loaded hierarchically porous geopolymer (HPG) was prepared by facile synthesis. The adsorption-photocatalysis ability, reusability, and stability of HPG under different conditions were determined. Results indicated that HPG showed better adsorption-photocatalysis performance for organic dyes under alkaline environment, and it remained a high adsorption-photocatalysis efficiency after used for five times. Furthermore, HPG was stable in different environment conditions (strong acidic, acid raining, neutral, high salinity, and high alkali environment). The mass loss of HPG were around 3.22-6.68% (7 days extraction), and the immobilization rates of Cd

Fine-scale population gridded datasets are of great significance in emergency response, resource allocation, and traffic planning. Many studies have developed fine-scale population spatialization m...

To examine the short-term effects of biochar on the partial-denitrification anammox (PD/A) process, the adsorption kinetics, nitrogen degradation, electron transfer properties, and microbial community succession of wastewater treatment systems with and without biochar added were monitored and characterized. The results showed that biochar increased nitrate reduction rates, which enhanced total nitrogen (TN) removal of the system by about 10%. The findings attributed improved TN removal to biochar's influence in accelerating electron transfer rather than its adsorption properties. Analysis of the nitrogen transfer pathway showed that when sufficient substrate was available, the anammox and denitrification reactions simultaneously removed nitrogen. When the nitrite supply was insufficient, the anammox reaction outcompeted the denitrification reaction for regenerated nitrite. Integrated microbial community and functional protein analyses indicated that biochar addition increased the abundance of Ca. Kuenenia and Pseudomonas. Meanwhile, biochar modulates denitrifying cellular metabolism by inducing protein changes.

Urban parks have been considered as an effective measure to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effects. Many studies have investigated the impacts of shape, size and interior components on the cold island effect (CIE) of parks, while little attention has been given to the impact of neighboring buildings. Thus, taking twenty-two parks in Beijing as samples, this study investigated the impacts of the neighboring building on the CIE of central parks. The results showed that the average land surface temperature (LST) of parks are 30.98 &deg, C in summer and &minus, 1.10 &deg, C in winter. Parks have a strong CIE in summer, and average cold island footprint (CIF) and LST difference are 0.15 km2 and 2.01 &deg, C higher than that in winter. The components of the building in the CIF of parks are dominated by middle-rise building (MRB), followed by low-rise building (LRB), and high-rise building (HRB) is the least dominant. The percentage of landscape (PLAND) and landscape shape index (LSI) of MRB, and perimeter area fractal dimension (PAFRAC) of LRB are significantly related to CIF in summer and winter. This study could extend scientific understanding of the impacts of neighboring buildings on the CIE of central parks, and could guide urban planners in mitigating the UHI effects through the rational allocation of buildings.

Spatially explicit information on electric power consumption (EPC) is crucial for effective electricity allocation and utilization. Many studies have estimated fine-scale spatial EPC based on remotely sensed nighttime light (NTL). However, the spatial non-stationary relationship between EPC and NTL at prefectural level tends to be overlooked in existing literature. In this study, a classification regression method to estimate the gridded EPC in China based on imaging NTL via a Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) was described. In addition, owing to some inherent omissions in the VIIRS NTL data, the study has employed the cubic Hermite interpolation to produce a more appropriate NTL dataset for estimation. The proposed method was compared with ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) approaches. The results showed that our proposed method outperformed OLS and GWR in relative error (RE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The desirable results benefited mainly from a reasonable classification scheme that fully considered the spatial non-stationary relationship between EPC and NTL. Thus, the analysis suggested that the proposed classification regression method would enhance the accuracy of the gridded EPC estimation and provide a valuable reference predictive model for electricity consumption.

Urban parks can effectively mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Many studies have investigated the relationship between the shape, size, interior components and cooling effect of the park, little attention have been given to explore the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) of central park and buildings in the neighboring areas. This study has explored the effect of the neighboring building on LST of central park, taking Beijing as the study area. The results showed that the cold island footprint of the park in summer was larger than that in winter (with an average area of 0.15 km2 larger). The components of building in cold island footprint of the park were dominated by middle-rese building (MRB). LSI of MRB and AREA_SD of LMB were identified as the key explanatory variables in summer and winter, respectively, which could explained 16.8% and 13.9% of the variance in the park’s LST. This study could extend scientific understanding of the effect of building on park’s LST, and could provide guidance to urban planners on how to mitigate the UHI effects through the rational allocation of buildings.

Soil erosion is the results of the combined effects of natural factors and human activities. Since modern times, human activities are the main causes of soil erosion and plays a key role in the process of soil erosion, both promoting and inhibiting. Therefore, identifying the impact of human activities on soil erosion is of great significance to control and transform the impact of human activities reasonably and effectively. In this study, Jiangxi province is taken as the study area, the main patterns of human activities affecting soil erosion are sorted out and the spatial distribution of human activities is identified, and the impact of human activities on soil erosion is assessed. This study aims to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of different human activities affecting soil erosion and explore the relationships between different human activities and soil erosion, and to provide data support, scientific reference and policy suggestions for soil erosion control and land resources management in Jiangxi province.

A 200-day experiment was conducted to evaluate strategies for the stable performance and rapid inhibition recovery of a thermophilic reactor treating coffee wastes, waste activated sludge, and milk waste under a high organic loading rate (OLR) and the synergistic effects of microbes. Excessive accumulation of propionate was determined to be the main reason for the deterioration of the reactor, which resulted from reduced methanogenic activity. Supplementation of inoculum sludge led to the complete inhibition recovery of the reactor in fewer than 35 d by enhancing propionate degradation. The microelement and low concentration of sulfate ensured the stable performance of the reactor at OLR of 4.6 g-TS/L/d. The efficiency of organic matters and propionate degradation was also improved. The microbial community was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing targeting 16S rRNA to determine the relationship between microbial composition and reactor performance. Propionate markedly inhibited Methanosarcina, which dominated the stable state; meanwhile, Methanobacterium and Methanothermobacter were more tolerant and comprised more than 75% of total archaea at the inhibitory stage. The deterioration of the reactor led to a shift in the CH4 generation pathway from acetoclastic to hydrogenotrophic. Clostridiales was responsible for organic degradation at stable stages; however, almost all of the genera of Clostridiales could not survive at stage II and were replaced by Thermoanaerobacterales and Lactobacillales.

To understand the relationship between microbes and digester performance of high-frequency feeding CSTR, which could achieve stable CH4 production at high OLR by easing instantaneous feeding shock, attentions were paid on the variations of methanogenic capacity (MC) and microbial community with OLR increasing. Results showed that the MC for feedstock degradation could satisfy the need of effective conversion from feedstock to CH4 when the OLR remained below 16.4 g-TS/L/d. Furthermore, the MC for acetate, propionate and butyrate degradation increased by 73.8%, 303%, and 164%, respectively, with OLR increasing from 3.03 g-TS/L/d 12.6 g-TS/L/d. The evolution of both bacterial and archaeal communities provided additional information on the adaptation of functional microbes to environmental factors. The significant increase of abundance of Methanoculleus and Methanomassiliicoccus likely promoted the utilization of H2, thus facilitating syntrophic methanogenesis, and consequently ensuring efficient CH4 production in stable stage.

Background Accurate and timely clinical laboratory critical values notification are crucial steps in supporting effective clinical decision making, thereby improving patient safety. Methods A closed‐loop laboratory critical value notification system was developed by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians, laboratorians, administrators, and information technology experts. All the laboratory critical values that occurred at Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (BTCH, Beijing, China) from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed and studied retrospectively. Results The total number (ratio) of institutional laboratory critical values to all reported items at BTCH from 2015 to 2019 was 38 020/7 706 962 (0.49%). Percentage distribution points of critical value boundaries based on patients’ test reports are 0.007% ~ 6.04% for low boundaries and 71.70% ~ 99.99% for high boundaries. After the intervention, the timely notification ratio, notification receipt ratio, and timely notification receipt ratio of critical values of ED, IPD, and total patients had increased, with a significant difference (P

Soil erosion (SE) processes are closely related to natural conditions and human activities, posing a threat to environment and society. Identifying the human impact on regional SE changes is increasingly essential for pertinent SE management. Jiangxi province is studied here as a representative area of hilly-red-soil regions within southern China. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the changing trend of SE within Jiangxi and identify human impacts on regional SE change from the perspective of spatial differences, through a new approach based on a gravity-center model. Our results showed that SE status presented an overall amelioration from 1990 to 2015, while the average soil erosion modulus (SEM) declined from 864 to 281 Mg/(km2&middot, a). Compared to the situation under human and natural impacts, human-induced spatial differences of SE change demonstrated that the western and northwest regions showed stronger negative effects, the southern region shifted towards negative effects, the northeast region presented a much weaker negative effect. Our results indicated that 4 cities with strong negative effects need more attention in further SE management suited to their local conditions and development, and also suggested that the approach based on a gravity-center has potential for identifying the human impact on regional SE change from the perspective of spatial patterns.

This study elucidates volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation reasons during organic solid wastes degradation via kinetics and thermodynamics assessments of degradation mechanisms of representative VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate) under mesophilic (35 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions. Acetate exhibited the highest maximum microbial specific growth rates of 0.18 d−1 and 0.33 d−1 at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively, during the degradation process, followed by butyrate at 0.08 d−1 and 0.08 d−1. However, propionate showed a stronger inhibition to methanogenesis at thermophilic conditions, especially at the substrate concentration exceeding 5000 mg COD/L. The largest specific maximum methanogenic activity (SMA) decreased from 0.029 to 0.022 g CH4-COD/g-VSS/d. Furthermore, an inability of microorganisms to adapt to thermophilic propionate degradation conditions (at maximum lag time of 12 days) indicated substantial substrate inhibition. As an intermediate product of valerate degradation, the propionate degradation rate was considerably lower than that of valerate (0.036 g COD/d vs. 0.104 g COD/d). Hence, propionate caused a substantial rate limitation during the valerate degradation process under thermophilic conditions. In addition, under thermophilic conditions, valerate converted to methane via a long three-step syntrophic oxidation process. A large amount of hydrogen production accompanied this process. The inhibitory effect of propionate on methanogens and high hydrogen concentration (approximately 700 ppm) required time to subside. Thus, a 4-day plateau associated with a positive Gibbs free energy (1.45–2.11 kJ/mol) occurred during valerate degradation.

Yield gridded datasets are essential for agricultural land management, food security and harmonious human&ndash, land relationships. Many studies have developed yield spatialization models that are based on cropland areas. However, crop planting areas, phenological dates, and net primary production (NPP) have received minimal attention. This study proposes a novel method to simulate winter wheat yields in China from 2000 to 2015 using crop phenological datasets, phenological observations, and NPP. The results showed that the NPP in the growing season and statistical yield showed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.93, p &lt, 0.01). The mean prediction error of the gridded yield dataset was 12.01%. The relative errors of the gridded yield dataset for approximately half of the samples were between &minus, 10% and 10%. Furthermore, the yield distribution was high in the east and low in the west. The high yield was primarily concentrated in the North China Plain, while low yield was observed in eastern Gansu, central Shanxi, southern Hebei, and eastern Sichuan. From 2000 to 2015, the yield mainly showed an increasing trend in the study area, with the average rate of 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, especially in the North China Plain. This study suggests that NPP is a key indicator to evaluate the yield of winter wheat. Furthermore, this method can be used to generate gridded yield maps along with providing credible and fundamental data for climate change and sustainable agricultural development.

The Colletotrichum musae and Fusarium semitectum Berk., Which often occur in banana after harvest were used as the targets. Three components with antibacterial activity extracted from the leaves of the plant were used as "fungicide". The antibacterial effect of the three component substances on the pathogens of anthracnose and shaft rot was studied. The results showed that the inhibitory rates of the components A, B and C at 2 mg / ml on the pathogens of banana anthracnose and shaft rot reached 82.53%, 79.91%, 78.30% and 82.2%, 78.69% and 81.17% respectively. The EC90 values of component A, B and C for banana anthracnose pathogens were 1.70, 1.85, and 1.69 mg / ml. Respectively, the EC90 values for banana shaft rot pathogens were 1.37, 1.38, and 1.64 mg / ml. The antibacterial effect of the three component substances on the pathogen of banana shaft rot was better than that of anthracnose. The three component substances have great potential for controlling post-harvest anthracnose and shaft rot of bananas.

Ecological projects are an important and vital method to help ecosystem adaptation and restoration in response to the environment change and human interference. The accurate and objective assessment of ecological projects will assist ecosystem management and adaption. This study took the central Tibetan Plateau as the study area, where a series of ecological projects has been implemented since 2005 to prevent grassland degradation by protecting and restoring the grasslands. Our aim is to explore where and to what extent the ecological projects influenced the grassland variation, using SPOT NDVI-based residual trend as an indicator. The results indicated that before the projects (between 1998 and 2004), human-induced degradation characterized the grassland. However, a general grassland restoration was detected after the projects from 2005 to 2012. Moreover, over 60% of project plots had positive trends in the NDVI residuals. From the spatial patterns, project-induced restoration was detected in the western and northern regions, such as Maduo, Dongde and Xinghai counties. For the eastern regions, the human-induced degradation has been generally mitigated and yet not reversed after the projects. Our results indicated that ecological protection and restoration projects in the central Tibetan Plateau have mitigated the grassland degradation and even reversed the degradation in some areas, and also suggested that the NDVI-based residual trend is a useful indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the ecological projects in alpine regions. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.