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In this article, I argue for a culturally specific and historically informed understanding of Black voice and musical identity through an examination of the musical practices of vocalist Alberta Hunter (1895-1984), whose long career can be broken into two distinct periods: first from the middle of the 1910s to 1956, and a second between 1977 and her death in 1984. Within, I reframe musical practices emergent from and developed within Black American communities as musical 'qualia'--socio-culturally informed and chronotopically situated embodiments of something's properties--of Blackness, to enable a more direct investigation of how and why certain sounds signal or index Blackness to both listeners and performers. To demonstrate the musico-semiotic function of Black vocality and musical performance, I employ a synthetic methodology combining theorizations of qualia from the field of linguistic anthropology with detailed transcription and analysis of four recordings of 'Downhearted Blues,' a piece she co-composed with pianist Cora 'Lovie' Austin and recorded several times throughout her long career. Close examination of three recordings made by Hunter (1922, 1939, and 1977) and one made by vocalist Bessie Smith (1923) allows for a more granular understanding of how Hunter's musical practice transformed over time in dialogue with broader genealogies of Black musical history. I focus particularly on Hunter's relationships with other Black women in the performance of this tune, arguing that 'Downhearted Blues' ultimately becomes a site for the development of a Black feminist epistemology exemplary of what musicologist Tammy Kernodle has identified as 'Black Women Working Together' (2014). Keywords: Black American music, music analysis, Black feminism, blues, Peircean semiotics, qualia, Alberta Hunter, Content Warning: This article mentions racial and ethnic slurs that may be triggering. Although they appear in the historical record below, their appearance has been intentionally minimized throughout the article. [...]

Bu calisma, Marmaris'e turizm sektorunde calismak icin gelen yerli ve yabanci gocmen kadinlarin basta calisma kosullari olmak uzere sektorde yasadiklari deneyimleri ortaya koymak icin tasarlanmistir. Gocun kadinlasmasi ve kesisimsel feminizm yaklasimlarindan yola cikilan bu calismada saha verileri icin nitel arastirma imk nlarindan faydalanilmis ve yedisi yabanci uyruklu on biri yerli on sekiz gocmen kadinla derinlemesine gorusmeler gerceklestirilmistir. Elde edilen veriler, tematik analiz teknigi ile analiz edilmis ve 'sektorde yerli veya yabanci gocmen kadin olmak', 'emek yogun is yasami ve deneyimler', 'farkli cografyalardan bir araya gelen kadinlar' olmak uzere uc alt tema altinda yorumlanmistir. Arastirmanin sonucunda, gocmen kadinlarin deneyimlerinin kimi noktada esitlendigi; kimi noktada yerli ve yabanci olmanin sektordeki deneyimlerin farklilasmasini beraberinde getirdigi sonucuna ulasilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gocun Kadinlasmasi, Kadin Emegi, Turizm Sektoru, Kesisimsel Feminizm, Marmaris. This study is designed to reveal the experiences of migrant women, both local and foreign, who come to Marmaris to work in the tourism sector, focusing primarily on their working conditions. Using the frameworks of feminization of migration and intersectional feminism, the study utilized qualitative research methods for field data. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of eighteen migrant women, including seven foreign nationals and eleven locals. The data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques and interpreted under three sub-themes: 'being a local or foreign migrant woman in the sector,' 'labor-intensive work life and experiences,' and 'women coming from different geographies.' The results of the research indicate that the experiences of migrant women are similar in some aspects, while being local or foreign brings about differences in experiences within the sector. Keywords: Feminisation of Migration, Women's Labour, Sector of Tourism, Intersectional Feminism, Marmaris., Giris Dunya nufusunun yarisini olusturan kadinlarin formel sektor soz konusu oldugunda hem emeklerinin karsiligini alamadiklari hem de toplumsal cinsiyet ayrimciligi nedeniyle coklu ezilme bicimlerini deneyimledikleri bilinmektedir. ustelik bu dinamiklere kuresel [...]

This article analyses the critical role of gender within racial solidarity in antiapartheid protest writing by comparing Bessie Head's The Cardinals and Miriam Tlali's Muriel at Metropolitan. Both novels depict the protagonist's experience of being the only Black woman at a white-collar workplace during apartheid. The workplace relationships explored within the novels illustrate the complex role of gender in forming alliances and nurturing solidarity. Although Tlali's novel prioritises solidarity between Black people in the face of apartheid, areas of significant gender inequalities are present. Head's The Cardinals, on the other hand, explicitly explores the fissures in Black anti-apartheid alliances created by gender inequalities. The juxtaposition of these two novels challenges a uniform understanding of Black anti-apartheid solidarity, while also elucidating depictions of the competing relationships of solidarity for Black working women in female-authored protest writing. By forcing the reader to consider the place of gender in relation to both collectives of solidarity and to anti-apartheid protest, the novels trigger a rethinking of what traditionally male-dominated protest writing was and could be. KEYWORDS solidarity, gender, feminism, race, apartheid, protest literature, workplace, I did not want to overemphasize the problem between men, African men and African women, because the success of the struggle depended on how united we were against it [apartheid]. [...]

This article adopts a cross-cultural lens to understand why Inuit women enter and leave mining jobs in Inuit Nunangat (Inuit homelands), Canada, using Nunavik as a case study. Previous research has often depicted Indigenous women as either victims of mining or as anti-mining activists. Interviews with ten Nunavimmiut women (Inuit women of Nunavik), who had worked or were currently working at one of two mines in Nunavik, complicate these portrayals. As a team consisting of settler and Inuit scholars, we draw on Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit principles to extend previous understandings of Indigenous women's pathways through, and out of, mining employment. Women's descriptions of mining employment were ambivalent. Inuit women applied qanuqtuurunnarniq (resourcefulness) in using mining work to share with others, connect with Inuit culture and community after moving to southern cities, and participate in language and skills training. However, over half of the women interviewed ultimately left mining when it compromised their ability to achieve well-being by restricting their ability to care for their children, to develop their skills through job advancement, or both. Collectively, the narratives demonstrate how women adopted multi-faceted strategies to pursue a good life; they considered mining employment in relation to their ability to care for and share with others, work for a common purpose, acquire skills and training, and maintain connections with land and culture. By centring Inuit values and well-being, Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit principles prompt a reimagining of how mining might be reorganized to support the lives of Inuit women in the context of devastating impacts of colonial trauma and displacement. Keywords: Indigenous; mining; gender; Arctic; women; agency; extraction; Inuit; well-being; Indigenous knowledge; Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit S'appuyant sur une etude de cas du Nunavik, cet article adopte une optique interculturelle pour comprendre ce qui incite les Inuites a accepter des emplois dans l'industrie miniere de l'Inuit Nunangat (terres ancestrales des Inuits), au Canada et ce qui les incite a quitter ces emplois. D'apres d'autres etudes, les femmes autochtones sont souvent considerees soit comme des victimes de l'exploitation miniere, soit comme des activistes militant contre l'exploitation miniere. Des entrevues avec dix Inuites du Nunavik qui ont travaille a l'une des deux mines du Nunavik ou qui y travaillent encore viennent compliquer ces hypotheses. En tant qu'equipe composee d'erudits colonisateurs ou inuits, nous nous appuyons sur les principes de l'Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit pour mieux comprendre le cheminement des femmes autochtones dans le cadre de leurs emplois miniers, a l'entree et a la sortie de ce secteur. Les descriptions des emplois miniers par les femmes etaient ambivalentes. Les Inuites faisaient preuve de qanuqtuurunnarniq (ingeniosite) en ce sens qu'elles se servaient de leur emploi du secteur minier pour se rapprocher d'autres personnes, pour faire le lien avec leur culture inuite et la communaute apres avoir demenage dans des villes plus au sud et pour prendre part a des occasions de formation en langue et d'acquisition de competences. Toutefois, plus de la moitie des femmes interviewees finissaient par quitter le milieu minier lorsque celui-ci compromettait leur bien-etre en restreignant leur capacite a prendre soin de leurs enfants, a acquerir des competences par le biais de l'avancement professionnel, ou les deux. Sur le plan collectif, les temoignages des femmes permettent de comprendre comment elles ont adopte des strategies polyvalentes pour se faire une bonne vie. Elles ont considere un emploi dans le secteur minier en tenant compte de leur capacite a s'occuper des autres et a se rapprocher d'autrui, de travailler dans un but commun, d'acquerir des competences, de faire de la formation et d'entretenir des liens avec la terre et la culture. En mettant l'accent sur le bien-etre et les valeurs des Inuits, les principes de l'Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit incitent a repenser comment l'exploitation miniere pourrait etre reorganisee pour favoriser le bien-etre des Inuites dans le contexte des effets devastateurs des deplacements et des traumatismes du colonialisme. Mots-cles: Autochtone; exploitation miniere; genre; Arctique; femmes; agence; extraction; Inuit; connaissances des Autochtones en matiere de bien-etre; Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit Traduit pour la revue Arctic par Nicole Giguere., INTRODUCTION All I can say is that [the mine] is so positive for me personally, in my head and healthy. And what I don't like is being apart from home. [...]

The aim of this study is to find solutions to the challenges that women who migrated from Iran to Turkey have faced, as well as to evaluate reactions to the social identity shaped by the revolution and integration issues. In line with the purpose of the study, indepth interviews were conducted with six women born after the revolution in Iran, who completed their undergraduate education and then migrated to Turkey and three experts on the subject. In the study, it is concluded that immigration has increased because of the restrictions that Iranian women face in their educational life, as well as religious and political pressures and the desire for economic prosperity. Keywords: Iran, Turkey, woman, migration, female labor. Bu calismanm amaci, iran'dan Turkiye'ye goc eden kadmlann iran'daki cahsma hayatina katihmini analiz edip, karsitastiklan sorunlara, devrimin insa ettigi toplumsal kimlige ve kadmlann topluma entegrasyon problemlerine cozum onerisi gelistimektir. Bu amcta devrim sonrasi iran'da dogmus, lisans egitimini tamamlamis ve sonrasmda Turkiye'ye goc etmis alti kadmla ve konuya dair Lie uzmanla gbrusme gerceklestirilmistir.. Calismamn sonucunda ise Iran 'daki kadmlann egitim yasammda maruz kaldiklan kisitlamalar, dinset, siyasal baskuar ve ekonomik refah arayisi nedeniyle gocun artis gosterdigi bulgular arasmda yer almaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Iran, Turkiye, kadin, goc, kadin emegi., Giris Uluslararasi goc, ekonomik, toplumsal, siyasal, demografik, cevresel nedenlerle ulkesel simrlar terk edilerek, bir baska siyasal egemenlik alaninda sureli ya da kalici olarak yasamak Lizere yerlesmek seklinde tammlanir (Faist, 2003a: [...]

Bu arastirmada Izmir'in bir gecekondu mahallesinde yasayan kadmlann kent hakkini sorunsallastinyorum. iki saha calismasma dayanan arastirmanm ilkini 2017 yihnda doktora tezim icin gerceklestirdim ve bu mahatede yasayan kadinlarin yasam oykulerini dinledim. Kente yerlesmelerinin uzerinden 30 yili askin sure gecmis olsa da birinci kusak kadinlann cogunun kent deneyiminin cok sinirh oldugunu ve kentin onemli bircok noktasini henuz gormediklerini fark ettim. 2019 yihnda yuruttugum ikinci saha cahsmasmda on kadmta kent deneyimleri uzerine derinlemesine gorusmeler yaptim, gundelik hayatlanndaki hareketliliklerini gozlemledim. Bu asomada, henuz ziyaret etmedikleri kent mekanlanni belirledim ve ardmdan bu mekanlan kadmlarla ziyaret ettim. Bir sure sonra yaptigim ikinci gorusmede kadmlardan mekan deneyimlerini anlatmalarmi istedim. Ekonomik kisitlann, is hayatma katihmm, cocuklu olmanm, kent tecrubesine sahipiigin, mahallede asinahgi kaybetmenin, evin smirlannda yasamin ve enformel is yapmamn kentte harekethlige etkisini analiz ettigim bu makalede, her bir temayi bir kadinim yasam oykusu ve hareketlilik anlatisi uzerinden surduruyorum. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kadin anlatilari, kentlilik, kent hakki, hareketlilik, gecekondu, Izmir. This research aims to identify right to the city of women who live in a squatter neighborhood in Izmir. It depends on two different field studies. In 2017, for my doctoral study, I listened to the life stories of women living in this neighborhood. A significant proportion of the first-generation women have limited urban experience although three decades has passed since their settlement. They have not yet been to many important locations, is considerable. In the second fieldwork I conducted in 2019, I interviewed ten women about their urban experiences at home and observed their daily activities. At this stage, I identified the urban spaces that they had not visited yet, and then I visited these places with the women. In the second interview I held after a while, I asked the women to describe their experiences of the place. In this research, I analyze the effects of economic constraints, participation in business life, having children, having urban experience, losing familiarity in the neighborhood, living within the borders of the home and working informally on women's mobility. I follow each theme through a woman's life story and mobility narration. Keywords: Women's narrations, urbanity, right to the city, mobility, squatter, Izmir., Giris Doktora tez arastirmam ign izmir'in gecekondu mahallelerinden Limontepe (1) sakinleriyle (2017 yilinda) yaptigim gorusmeler, ozellikle mahallenin kurucusu konumundaki birinci kusak kadinlann kent deneyimlerinin bir hayli sinirli oldugunu ortaya gkardi. [...]

This study tries to explore a deeper understanding of the facts of women workers. The qualitative approach makes it possible to examine directly the individual experiences of women. By adopting a life story, which provides a connection with the past, this study aims to understand the meaning of work for a woman. With this aim, the life story of Z.S who works as a kitchen staff is interviewedin the study. By examining the individual experience in depth through a life story, this study shows that the meaning of work for a woman is not just gaining a living but also includes how a woman perceives gender beliefs and how the specific events of the past have been reflected in her working life. Keywords: Gender, the meaning of work, life story, working woman. Bu cahsma, cahsan kadin gerceklerine iliskin daha derin bir anlayis kesfetmeye calismaktadir. Nitel yaklasim, kadinlarin bireysel deneyimlerini dogrudan incelemeyi mumkun kilar. Bu cahsma, gecmisle baglanti kurmayi saglayan yasam oykusu yontemini benimseyerek, kadin icin cahsmanm ne anlama geldigini anlamayi amaclamaktadir. Bu amac dogrultusunda cahsmada mutfak elemani olarak gorev yapan Z.S'nin yasam oykusunu ele alinmistir. Bu cahsma, yasam oykusu uzerinden, bireysel deneyimi derinlemesine inceteyerek, bir kadm icin cahsmanm anlammm sadece gecimini saglamak olmadigni, ayni zamanda kadinin toplumsal cinsiyet inanclanni nasil algiladigmi ve gecmisteki belirli olaylann is hayatina nasil yansidigni gostermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Cinsiyet, cahsmanm anlami, yasam oykusu, cahsan kadin., Introduction In social sciences, working is defined as the actions and efforts that produce goods or services that others will benefit from (Chester & Grossman, 1990, Fox St Hesse-Biber, 1984). [...]

Women in Japan have almost always been intertwined with agriculture. However, agri-women could not see the value of theirdeserve in agricultural production processes. The increasing importance of agriculture in the economic growth and the raising awareness on food safety brought the issue of women's empowerment in agriculture. Although the general entrepreneurship tendencies are not high in Japan, in order to ensure that agriculture has positive effects on the economy, it is seen that the arrangements for the development of agri-women entrepreneurship have accelerated after 2015. Our study is aimed to reveal the situation of women in agricultural works, the reasons that lead women to work in agriculture, the support provided to women as agricultural entrepreneurs and the problems have experienced by Japanese women entrepreneurs in agriculture. Based on these statements, it is also aimed to present concrete proposals that will ensure the empowerment of women in Japan on the axis of agricultural entrepreneurship. According to the main results, women entrepreneurship in agriculture is getting more attention due to the increasing importance of safe food production in agriculture and agricultural factors for economic development. On the other hand, it is understood that more social consciousness is needed to increase the women entrepreneurship in agriculture. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, agri-women's empowerment, agricultural entrepreneurrship, Japan. Japonya'da kadinlar neredeyse her zaman tarimla ic ice olmustur. Ancak tanmda yer alan kadmlar tanmsal uretim sureclerinde hak ettikleri degeri gbrememislerdir. Ekonomik buyumede tanimin artan bnemi ve gida guventigi konusunda artan farkindahk, kadinlann tanmda giiclendirilmesi konusunu gundeme getirmistir. Japonya'da girisimcilik egilimleri yuksek olmasa da tanmm ekonomiye olumlu etkilerinin olmasi icin 2015 yilndan sonra tanm-kadin girisimciliginin gelistirilmesine ybnelik duzenlemelerin hiz kazandigi gorulmektedir. Cahsmamiz, Japonya'da kadinlann tanmdaki durumunu, kadmtan tanmda calismaya iten sebepleri, tanmda girisimci olarak kadmtara saglanan destekleri ve Japan kadin girisimcilerin tanmda yasadiklan sorunlan ortaya koymayi amaclamaktadir. Bu yaklasimdan hareketle, Japonya'da kadinlann tanmsal girisimcilik ekseninde giiclenmesini saglayacak somut oneriterin sunulmasi da amactanmaktadir. Bu calismanin ana sonuctanna gore, tanmda guvenli gida uretimi ve tanmsal faktorlerin ekonomik kalkmma icin artan bnemi nedeniyte tanmda kadin girisimciligi daha fazla ilgi gormektedir. Ote yandan, tanmda kadm girisimciliginin artinlmasi icin daha fazla toplumsal bilince ihtiyac oldugu anlasilmaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Girisimcilik, tanmda kadinlann giiclendirilmesi, tanmsal girisimcilik, Japonya., Introduction Agriculture has a long history in Japan. In this process, agricultural activities has primarily carried out for small-scale production and consumption purposes. Agricultural production has been a job covering [...]

This study discusses whether decisions made under uncertain conditions are affected by the representativeness heuristic in terms of employed and unemployed women. For this purpose, we investigated whether female physicians and housewives use prior information when making predictions. The main purpose of study is to understand the disadvantaged position of women in the labor market. The study's main contribution to the literature is to explore the effect of the representativeness heuristic on women's deviations from rationality. To measure the representativeness heuristic, 14 questions were asked to 428 employed and unemployed women with an online survey. Our results were consistent with the literature, and we concluded that decisions made under uncertain conditions are influenced by the representativeness heuristic, resulting in deviations from rationality. Keywords: behavioral economics, woman, representtativeness heuristic, employment. Bu calismada bireylerin belirsizlik altlinda aldigi kararlannda temsiliyet kisa yolundan etkilenip etkilenmedigi, istihdam edilen ve edilmeyen kadmlar cercevesinde ele atmmistir. Bunun icin doktor otan kadmlann ve ev kadinlannin karar alirken bnsel bilgiyi kullamp kullanmadiklan incelenmistir. Calismanm ana amaci kadinin emek piyasasmdaki dezavantajti konumunu antamaktu. Cahsmanm literature temel katkisi ise kadmlann rasyonellikten sapmalannda temsiliyet kisa yolunun etkisini kesfetmektir. Uygulama yapihrken online anket teknigiyle istihdam editmis ve edilmemis 428 kadma temsiliyet kisa yolunu olcmek icin on dort soru sorulmustur. Analiz sonucu literature uygun olup, bireylerin belirsizlik altmda temsiliyet kisa yolu ile karar alarak rasyonellikten saptigi sonucuna ulasilmistir. Anahtar Ketimeler: davrarissal iktisat, kadin, temsiliyet kisa yolu, istihdam., Introduction Traditional economics employs homo economicus, a model of Homo sapiens where psychological and sociological characteristics are set aside to simplify statistical analysis and individuals can be represented innumbers. In [...]

The review paper discusses the Mommy Track phenomenon and interventions required to bring women back on the career track. It collates the literature to understand the Mommy Track phenomenon from organisations and economic perspectives. The Mommy Track is a path which is taken by high performing women to take a career break in order to rear children. The idea is to switch back to career tracks when childcare duties require less time. Gender parity initiatives have tried to bridge male and female labour gaps to bring back women to career tracks. Changes in government interventions, organisation policies, and individual attitudes will create an equitable future for all. Policy makers should keep an eye on protecting the issues of the Mommy Track with laws to help women come back to career tracks, with a focus on parental leave, family friendly policies, hour work policies, and regulated childcare. Keywords: Career Break, Mommy Track, Career Track, Gender Equality, Introduction Women often postpone childbirth in order to move faster in their careers. But motherhood calls for efforts and duties towards the upbringing of a nurtured child. As childcare mostly [...]

Gender equality has long been a goal within the UN system, particularly for women's representation among the professional staff. Yet it was more an aspiration than the target of serious action, let alone with leadership from the UN Secretary-General. It could not be addressed, however, without adequate data revealing women's absences. Building a dataset based on Human Resources Statistics Reports has enabled the authors to show the patterns in the UN Secretariat and the secretariats of eighteen agencies, funds, and programs. The analysis reveals persistent gender-specific conceptualizations of issue areas as more masculine (e.g., peace, security, finance, trade) or feminine (health, human rights, population), creating 'glass walls' and 'glass ceilings' that have limited women's appointments to high-level positions in certain areas. The results reveal the limits of goal setting, the slowness of change, and the difference that leadership from the UN Secretary-General can make in the UN's 'long march' toward gender equality. Keywords women - leadership - gender equality - glass ceiling - glass walls - UN agencies, 1 Introduction The UN Charter stipulates in Article 8 that there shall be no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in every capacity and under conditions [...]

Middle East countries have experienced a decline in female labor force participation over the last three decades. Indeed, male labor force participation rates remain higher than that of female labor force, making the gender gap in labor force participation is high. This study empirically investigates the possible determinants of female labor force participation in the Middle East countries. The determinants examined in this study included, fertility rate, female primary education, female secondary education, female tertiary education, urban population, female unemployment, and GDP per capita. For this purpose, the study utilizes the three alternative models of static panel data comprising of the pooled ordinary least squares, random effects, and fixed effects. After obtaining a convenient model, the analysis proceeds with the diagnostic tests to check for multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and serial correlation, which, together, make the method reliable. The study comprises the annual panel data for ten Middle East countries covering the period from 1996 to 2018. The data were taken from the World Bank online database, World Development Indicators. The empirical results of this study indicate that female tertiary education has positive and significant impact on female labor force participation rate, while fertility rate, female secondary education, and urbanization rate have negative and significant impact on female labor force participation rate. These results reflect the need for the government to provide tertiary education facilities to female students, and encourage them to pursue their tertiary education in order to increase participation of female in labor force. This is particularly significant as the importance of tertiary education is undeniable in terms of generating highly skilled workers and the declining fertility rate. Moreover, policies in the region should remove barriers to women's labor force participation and at the same time, encourage women's active engagement in the labor market for the achievement of economic benefits. JEL Classifications: J01, J13, J21, C23 Keywords: Female labor force participation rate, fertility rate, female education, Middle East, fixed effects, random effects, Contact author's email address: Email: faridosman@um.edu.my, INTRODUCTION This study is motivated by the low rate of female labor force participation in the Middle East. The rate of female labor force participation in the Middle East region [...]

Kadinlann ev icindeki karsiliksiz emegi yalnizca yemek yapma, temizlik gibi gundelik rutinteri icermez; ayni zamanda hanehalkmin uretimini ve bakimini da kapsar. Ev ici turn sorumlutuklan iceren bu emek maddi olarak 'karsiligi odenemeyen' sozde asirilastmlmis bir manevi deberle ozdeslestiritip duygusal tatmin kisvesi attmda gecistirilir. Bu arastirmanm amaa gunumuzde calisma hayatma aktif olarak katilan ve ayni zamanda karsiliksiz ev emegi sorumlutuklan yerine getiren kadmlann ozel alanda harcadiklan emege itiskin algi ve yaklasimlanni sorgulamaktir. Bu dogrultuda arastirmada, calisan kadinlann ev islerine yonetik deneyim, gorus ve elestinlerini iceren antatilan nitel arastirma tasanmt icinde derinlemesine gorusmeter He elde edilmis ve betimset analiz uygulanmistir. Arastirmada, kamusal alanda esiyle ayni saatter icerisinde cahssalar bile kadinlann ataerkil sistemin bir dayatmasi olarak sekitlenen 'ev emeginin kadinin gorevi olmasi' anlayismdan kurtulamadiklan gorutmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: ev emegi, feminist cografya, karsiliksiz emek, ataerkitlik, toplumsat cinsiyet. The unpaid labour of women in the home does not only include daily routines such as cooking and cleaning; it also covers the reproduction and maintenance of households. This labour, which includes all domestic activities, is identified with a so-called excessive moral value, which is financially unpaid' and is hidden under the guise of emotional satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to question the perception and the approaches of the domestic labour practices of women who are actively involved in working life today and who also perform unpaid housework. In this regard, the narratives of working women including their experiences, opinions and criticisms about housework, were obtained through in-depth interviews in qualitative research design and descriptive analysis was applied in the study. In the research, it is found that the women cannot escape from the understanding that 'homework is the duty of women ', which is formed as an imposition of the patriarchal system, even if they continue working in the public sphere within the same hours like their husbands Keywords: domestic duties, feminist geography, unpaid labour, patriarchy, gender., Giris Cinsiyet ve mekan politikalanmn en belirgin olarak goruldugu yerlerden biri evdir. Kadinlik ve erkeklik rollen, icinde yasanilan kulturde bircok degiskenden bagimsiz olarak, esasen 'ev (yuva)' uzerinden tanimlanir ve yeniden [...]

Stunting is a well-known child health indicator for chronic malnutrition. The nutritional status of children is a good gauge for the nutritional well-being of the population, and it is, nowadays, one of the key issues in interrupting generational poverty transmissions as they bear the brunt of poverty. There has been scarcity of disaggregated survey to explore covariates of child stunting. This study attempted to identify socio-economic, demographic and other proximate factors associated with stunting of children under the age of five in Fitche town. The survey was cross- sectional, conducted using multistage sampling procedures to collect information from 160 children and caregivers. The anthropometric, descriptive and logistic analyses to determine the prevalence and identify covariates of child stunting were applied using Epi info and STATA software. Logistic analysis of the effects of selected child and maternal characteristics, child caring practices, and environmental health conditions on child stunting was done. Therefore, birth order, family size, maternal education, remittances, farm income, income from women employment and size of cultivated land were found to be the strongest predictors. However, the estimated coefficients of vaccine status of the child, Low Birth Weight, latrine facility in the house, morbidity status of the child, child birth interval, distance to the nearest health center, antenatal care visit of the mother and household's source of water indicated theoretically inconsistent and statistically insignificant effect on the likelihood of child stunting. The prevalence of child stunting was 45%, which is significantly higher than the regional and national averages. Among children who were stunted, 11.9 % were moderately stunted compared to 33.1% who were severely stunted. The proportion of stunted children for male was greater than female. There is a need to increase maternity care and education as this would make them amenable to health interventions that help improve not only their nutritional status and that of their child but also improve their income earning potential and food purchasing power. Addressing poverty may lead to improvements in the nutrition status of children as household economic status significantly determines nutritional status in the town. Key words: child stunting, anthropometry, Epi info, logistic, Fitche, Ethiopia, INTRODUCTION Child malnutrition refers to an abnormal physiological condition caused by deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in the energy, nutrients, or both necessary for an active, healthy life [1]. The term [...]

The present study addressed gender inequality in unpaid domestic housework and childcare activities and its presumed impact on childbearing decisions in Iran. We used the second Iran's Time Use Study (2014-2015), representing the urban population to investigate how the number of small children (aged seven and lower) affected the time devoted to unpaid domestic housework as well as childcare activities of urban employed couples in Iran. The univariate analysis provided sufficient evidence of increasing workload with the number of small children for employed women, while men's workload remained almost unchanged across all parities. The results indicated that an increase in the number of small children significantly increased the workload of urban employed women, while men's meager participation in such chores suggested the existence of a significant gender gap in these activities. For example, urban employed men with no small children spent 8 hours and 43 minutes while those with one or two small children spent 8 hours and 40 minutes on paid and unpaid domestic work. In comparison, employed women with no small children spent 9 hours and 7 minutes, while those with one small child spent 9 hours and 20 minutes, and those with two small children spent 9 hours and 45 minutes on mentioned activities. Thus, the gender inequality in allocated time to paid and unpaid work peaked at 1 hour and 5 minutes in families with two and more small children. Based on the data presented, it can be concluded that along with an increasing amount of unpaid work a less gender egalitarian division of labor exists. Gender inequality in unpaid domestic work among employed couples might lead to continued low fertility and an even further reduction of it in the future in Iran. Keywords: Fertility, Gender Inequality, Unpaid Work, Secondary Data Analysis, Time-Use Survey of Iran, Introduction and Backgrounds In explaining employed women's fertility behavior, Weller (1969) emphasized the sociological concept of role conflict. He argued that in mixing paid work with unpaid domestic housework and [...]

Un recent accord entre les spe'cialistes en economie et en droits humains et les activistes a donne des nouveaux cadres pour evaluer les realisations des droits economiques et sociaux en utilisant une politique macroeconomique. L'article aborde l'histoire des traites relativement aux droits humains et l'ecart entre les genres et fait le lien entre les droits a l'egalite des genres et l'analyse des politiques macroeconomiques. De plus elle suggere des outils potentiels tels une comptabilite et un budget responsables qui evalueront les ressources de la societe et demontreront l'ecart entre les budgets publics et les droits., Recent engagements between economists and human rights scholars and activists have yielded important new frameworks for assessing the realization of economic and social rights through a scrutiny of macroeconomic policy, [...]

In recent years, growing attention to cultivate civic participation among young citizens has been mounting. In Bahrain, young women receive some attention via their participation in civic, political and public engagement initiatives. This paper presents the theoretical and conceptual background for a field study that intends to examine whether young Bahraini women are equipped with the civic knowledge and understanding necessary to participate effectively in community. It also presents their conception of citizenship, their perception of their identity, their political awareness, and their concern about their community issues. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, this paper analyses the ways in which young Bahrainis perceive their identity and citizenship status. In this mixed methods approach, a questionnaire was administered to 245 Bahraini young women at the age of 18, followed by in-depth interviews with a stratified sample of 11 young women who had participated in the questionnaire survey. Although the gender gap is closing or reversing in regard to specific forms of participation, some inequalities remain (Lorenzini and Bassoli, 2016), this study contributes to understanding the gender differences in issues related to civic participation and to find if there are any significant differences among women themselves. Keywords: Civic Participation, Public Engagement, Bahraini Women, Civic knowledge., Introduction Towards the end of the 20th century, there was a rise in the use of gender-neutral language in the world. Women wanted to be valued, respected, recognized and be [...]

This paper reports on the findings of a study examining the relationship between leadership styles and women's career success in the Middle-East through the mediating role of the glass ceiling. Leadership styles and women's career success in UAE through the mediating role of the glass ceiling were assessed in an empirical study based on a sample size of 466 participants from 14 business sectors. The proposed model was tested through a quantitative paradigm using factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques. The results from structural equation modeling emphasize a significant negative relationship between the glass ceiling effect and women's career paths. In addition, and more importantly, the results show a significant positive relationship between leadership style and the glass ceiling effect and women's career paths. The study contributes to a better understanding of the nature of women's career paths in a non-western context, the UAE. This study is an attempt to bridge the gap between western theories and the under-researched non-western contexts. Keywords: Leadership style, Glass ceiling effects, Women's career paths, Structural equation modeling, UAE, INTRODUCTION During past few decades, although organizations around the world have witnessed a significant increase in the role of women in the workforce (Powell & Graces, 2003), their share in [...]