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3. The changing landscape of text mining: a review of approaches for ecology and evolution.

Author

Farrell, Maxwell J., Le Guillarme, Nicolas, Brierley, Liam, Hunter, Bronwen, Scheepens, Daan, Willoughby, Anna, Yates, Andrew, and Mideo, Nicole

Subjects
LANGUAGE models, NATURAL language processing, DATABASES, DATA mining, TEXT mining, DEEP learning
Abstract

In ecology and evolutionary biology, the synthesis and modelling of data from published literature are commonly used to generate insights and test theories across systems. However, the tasks of searching, screening, and extracting data from literature are often arduous. Researchers may manually process hundreds to thousands of articles for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and compiling synthetic datasets. As relevant articles expand to tens or hundreds of thousands, computer-based approaches can increase the efficiency, transparency and reproducibility of literature-based research. Methods available for text mining are rapidly changing owing to developments in machine learning-based language models. We review the growing landscape of approaches, mapping them onto three broad paradigms (frequency-based approaches, traditional Natural Language Processing and deep learning-based language models). This serves as an entry point to learn foundational and cutting-edge concepts, vocabularies, and methods to foster integration of these tools into ecological and evolutionary research. We cover approaches for modelling ecological texts, generating training data, developing custom models and interacting with large language models and discuss challenges and possible solutions to implementing these methods in ecology and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. What do we not know? Quantifying data gaps and biases in knowledge of bat co-roosting

Author

Sherman, Aja C., Geiselman, Cullen, Simons, Nancy B., Upham, Nathan S., Poelen, Jorrit H., Reeder, DeeAnn M., Bertolino, Sandro, Groom, Quentin, Phelps, Kendra, Agosti, Donat, and Willoughby, Anna R.

Subjects
biodiversity, chiroptera, viral spillover
Abstract

Improved understanding of co-habitation of roosts by multiple species of bats is essential for estimating the risks of zoonotic disease transmission. However, ecological data on roosting environments, species richness, bat-bat interactions, viral infections, and other species interactions are scattered throughout the literature, making them difficult to study on a global scale. The research scope for most roost studies has been narrow, focusing on roost type, bat abundance, and locality data while failing to investigate interspecific roosting interactions. To meet this need, we have collaboratively built an open-access dataset of ecological interactions (including co-roosting, trophic, anthropogenic, and parasitic) extracted from the literature to improve our understanding of roost dynamics on a global scale, and to elucidate the role of shared roosts in disease transmission. As of April 2022, >11,500 interaction records involving >360 bat species from >137 countries encompassing a variety of habitats have been extracted from >175 publications spanning from 1860-2020, all accessible via the Coronavirus-Host community at Zenodo. With this benchmark dataset of open-access digitized interaction data, tools, and workflows, we provide evidence of co-roosting events that we aligned with multiple ontologies (interaction terms, taxonomies, administrative regions) and phylogenies suitable for high-throughput analysis We followed open access and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles for extracting data and choosing methodologies. We identify biases in the coverage of bat interaction records, suggest new tools for biodiversity informatics, and explore obstacles and opportunities in the mining of eco-interactions previously lost in the annals of scientific literature.

Published
2022
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9. Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

Author

Saylors, Karen, Wolking, David J., Hagan, Emily, Martinez, Stephanie, Francisco, Leilani, Euren, Jason, Olson, Sarah H., Miller, Maureen, Fine, Amanda E., Thanh, Nga Nguyen Thi, Tran Minh, Phuc, Kalengkongan, Jusuf D., Kusumaningrum, Tina, Latinne, Alice, Pamungkas, Joko, Safari, Dodi, Saputro, Suryo, Bamba, Djeneba, Coulibaly, Kalpy Julien, Dosso, Mireille, Laudisoit, Anne, N'guettia Jean, Kouassi Manzan, Dutta, Shusmita, Islam, Ariful, Shano, Shahanaj, Mwanzalila, Mwokozi I., Trupin, Ian P., Gbakima, Aiah, Bangura, James, Yondah, Sylvester T., Karmacharya, Dibesh, Shrestha, Rima D., Kamta, Marcelle Annie Matsida, Mouiche, Mohamed Moctar Mouliom, Ndolo, Hilarion Moukala, Niama, Fabien Roch, Onikrotin, Dionne, Daszak, Peter, Johnson, Christine K., Mazet, Jonna A. K., Abaneh, Ola, Ababneh, Mustafa, Rafia, Jum, Sukor, Abd, Abdullah, Mohd Lufti, Abedin, Josefina, Abu-Basha, Ehab, Ali, Mohamed, Beal Akoundze, Junior, Akpaki, Joel, Al Hanandeh, Sief Addeen, Al Omari, Bilal, Al Shakil, Abdullah, Al-Zghoul, Mohammed, Albart, Stephenie Ann, Alshammari, Abdullah, Amarneh, Basil H., Ampofo, William, Andrew, Victoria, Ahn, Dao Le, Ankhanbaatar, Ulaankhuu, Anthony, Simon, Antonjaya, Ungke, Araya, Kidan, Arku, Jallah, Arshat, Norsharina, Asigbee, Theodore, Aung, Ohnmar, Awuni, Joseph, Ayukebong, James, Azian, Mohammed, Aziz, Nor Adilah, Ba, Aminata, Bassan, Ganzorig, Bagato, Ola, Bamba, Aboubacar, Bamba, Djenba, Barkhasbaatar, Ariunbaatar, Barrera, June, Basaraba, Cale, Bel-nono, Samuel, Belaganahalli, Manjunatha, Belay, Desalgen, Belkharia, Jaber, Binol, Ridzki M. F., Bird, Brian, Bista, Manisha, Biswas, Pitu, Blake, Matthew, Boatemaa, Linda, Bonason, Margret, Brandful, James, Brown, Joseph, Brownstein, John, Camara, Mamadi, Camara, Salif, Chai, Daniel, Chakraborty, Debapriyo, Chale, Hannah, Chaudhary, Ashok, Chea, Sokha, Chmura, Aleksei, Goossens, Benoit, Chow, Andrew, Churchill, Carolina, Commey, Abraham, Couacy-Hymann, Emmanuel, Coulibaly, Julien Kalpy, Cranfield, Michael, Damanik, Wirda, Damdinjav, Batchullum, Danial, Norhidayah, Dasak, Peter, David, Runie, Dawson, Patrick, Dembele, Arjouma, Deme, Awa, Desmond, James, Dewantari, Arghianditya Kresno, Dhanota, Jaseet, Dhole, Tapan, Diep, Nguyen Thi, Dionkounda, Artistide, Diop, Gaye Laye, Dodd, Kimberly, Dogby, Otilia, Dorjnyam, Tumendemberel, Dosso, Mireielle, Doumbouya, Kalil, Doumbouya, Mohamed Idriss, Doyle, Megan, Dramou, Simone, Drazenovich, Tracy, Duc Ahn, Dang, Duc Luu, Bach, Duendkae, Prateep, Duoc, Vu Trong, Duong, Tran Nhu, Duong, Veasna, Dursman, Huda, Dussart, Phillipe, Ee, Tan Jun, Ekiri, Abel, El Rifay, Amira S., El Shesheny, Rabel, El Taween, Ahmed N., Emmanuel, Zena Babu, Epstein, Jonathan H., Evans, Tierra Smiley, Fahmawi, Alaa, Fahn, Simeon, Feferholtz, Yasha, Ferdous, Jinnat, Fine, Amanda, Flora, Meerjady, Fransisco, Leilani, Fui Fui, Lem, Gabourie, Taylor, Gani, Millawati, Garbo, Michael, Gardner, Nicole, Gbamele, Marie, Ge, Xingyi, Gee, Lee Heng, Genovese, Brooke, Gibson, Alexandra, Gilardi, Kirsten, Gilbert, Martin, Gillis, Amethyst, Ginsos, Andrew, Godji Gnabro, Privat, Goldstein, Tracey, Gomaa, Moktar, Gomis, Jules, Gonzalez, Kevin, Grange, Zoe, Greig, Denise, Grodus, Michael, Gueu, Kpon Kakeuma Romeo, Gutierrez, Leticia, Haba, Dan Marcelin, Hamid, Suraya, Harris, Daniel K., Hashim, Abdul Kadir Abu, Hassan, Moushumi, Hassan, Quazar Nizamuddin, He, Qun, Hemachudha, Thiravat, Henry, Helen, Herbert, Ronald, Hijazeen, Zaidoun, Hilarion, Moukala Ndolo, Hill, Rebecca, Hoa, Nguyen Thi, Horwood, Paul, Hossain, Md. Enayet, Hossain, Saddam, Htun, Moh Moh, Hu, Ben, Hughes, Tom, Hul, Vibol, Van, Vo, Hussein, Fatima, Indola, Ghislain Dzeret, Iskandriati, Diah, Islam, Md. Tarikul, Islam, Shariful, Isnaim Ismail, Mohd, Ismail, Zuhair Bani, Iyanya, Jacques, Jaimin, Joel Judson, Jambai, Amara, Japning, Jeffrine Rovie Ryan, Japrin, Alexter, Jean Louis, Frantz, Joe, Titus, Johnson, Erica, Joly, Damien, Joshi, Jyotsna, Kalengkongan, Jusuf, Kalivogui, Douokoro, Kamara-Chieyoe, Nenneh, Kamau, Joseph, Kambale Syaluha, Eddy, Kandeil, Ahmed, Kane, Yogouba, Karesh, William, Kargo, Kandeh, Kasenda, Novie, Kayali, Ghazi, Kayed, Ahmed S., Kazwala, Rudovick, Ke, Changwen, Keates, Lucy, Kebede, Nigatu, Khamphaphongphane, Bouaphanh, Kheong, Chong Chee, Kilonzo, Christopher, Koffa, Ma-Sue, Kollie, Amos G., Kondiano, Marcel Sidik, Koropo, Michel, Kouamé Kouakou, Valere, Kouassi Koffi, Eugene, Kourouma, Mariam, Koutate, Abdoulaye Ousmane, Kowel, Citra Liv, Krou, Hermann Assemien, Kumakamba, Charles, Kutkat, Omnia, Lamah, François, Lan, Nguyen Thi, Lane, Jennifer, Lange, Christian, Larmouth, Emmanuel, Le Doux, Joseph Diffo, Leasure, Elizabeth, Leasure, Katherine, LeBreton, Mat, Lee, Jimmy, Lee, Helen, Lee, Mei Ho, Leno, Amara, Li, Hongying, Liang, Eliza, Liang, Neal, Lim, Dorothy, Lipkin, W. Ian, Liu, Jun, Lo, Modou Moustafa, Lojivis, Leonoris, Long, Nguyen Van, Lucas, Ashley, Lukusa, Jean Paul, Lungay, Victor, Lushima, Shongo, Lutwama, Julius, Ma, Wenjun, Machalaba, Catherine, Maganga, Grace, Magesa, Walter Simon, Mahmoud, Sara H., Makuwa, Maria, Makweta, Asha, Mamun, Abdullah Al, Manandhar, Prajwol, Maneeorn, Patarapol, Mann, Harjeet, Maomy, Bhele, Maptue, Victorine, Mathew, Alice, Mavoungou, Yanne Vanessa, Maw, Min Thein, Mazet, Jonna, Mbala, Placide, Mbuba, Emmanuel, Mbunwe, Eric, McIver, David, Mendelsohn, Emma, Miegakanda, Valchy Bel-Bebi, Minh, Phan Quang, Mkali, Happy, Moatasim, Yassmin, Mombouli, Jean Vivien, Monagin, Corina, Montecino-Latorre, Diego, Mossoun Mossoun, Arsene, Mostafa, Ahmed, Mouiche, Moctar, Mpassi, Romain Bagamboula, Msigwa, Alphonce, Mudakikwa, Antoine, Mugok, Laura Benedict, Mulembakani, Prime, Murray, Suzan, Musa, Fakhrul Hatta, Musabimana, Pacifique, Mutura, Samson, Mwamlima, Tunu, Mwanzanilla, Mwokozi, Myaing, Tin Tin, Myat, Theingi Win, Myo Chit, Aung, N’faly, Magassouba, N’Guettia, Manzan Jean, N’télo, Anatole, Nakimera, Sylivia, Nam, Vu Sinh, Napit, Rajindra, Nathan, Senthilvel K. S. S., Navarrete-Macias, Isamara, Ndebe, Kortu M., Ndiaye, Amadou, Ndiaye, Daouda, Negash, Yohannes, Nga, Nguyen Thi Thanh, Ngay, Ipos, Ngoc, Pham Thi Bich, Niama, Fabien, Nina, Rock Aimé, Niyonzima, Schadrack, Nkom, Felix, Nkoua, Cynthia, Noordin, Noorliza, Noviana, Rachmitasari, Nwobegahay, Julius, Nziza, Julius, O’Rourke, Daniel, O’Rourke, Tammie, Obodai, Evangeline, Okello Okwir, Ricky, Olival, Kevin, Olson, Sarah, Olva, Onkirotin Dionne, Ontiveros, Victoria, Opook, Fernandes, Panchadcharam, Chandrawathani, Pandit, Pranav, Parra, Henri-Joseph, Phuc, Tran Minh, Phuong, Nguyen Thanh, Poultolnor, Jackson Y., Pradhan, Saman, Preston, Eunah Cho, Pruvot, Mathieu, Purevtseren, Dulam, Puri, Dhiraj, Quang, Le Tin Vinh, Rachmitasari, Novie, Rahman, Kaisar, Rahman, Mizanur, Rahman, Mohammed Ziaur, Rahman, Mustafizur, Ramirez, Diana, Randhawa, Nistara, Raut, Samita, Rosario, Joseph, Ross, Albert, Ross, Noam, Rostal, Melinda, Roualdes, Pamela, Rubin, Eddy, Rumi, Aftab Uddin, Rundi, Christina, Sackie, Melkor, Sajali, Zikankuba, Samuels, Sandra G, Sango, Mathias, Saptu, Ammar Rafidah, Saraka, Daniel N’guessan, Sartee, Alvis A., Sayandouno, Sia Alida, Seck, Mame Cheikh, Sedor, Victoria, Sharma, Ajay Narayan, Sharminie, Velsri, Shehata, Mahmoud M., Sheikh, Gafur, Shi, Zhengli, Shiilegdamba, Enkhtuvshin, Shrestha, Bishwo, Shrestha, Rima, Sidibey, Mohammed, Silithammavong, Soubanh, Simon, Daniel, Sion, Emilly, Sipangkui, Symphorosa, Sitam, Frankie Thomas, Smith, Brett, Smith, Bridgette, Smith, Woutrina, Sodnom, Batsikhan, Ssebide, Benard, Suleiman, Maria, Sullivan, Ava, Sungif, Nur Amirah, Suu-Ire, Richard, Sy, Mouhamed, Takuo, Jean Michel, Talafha, Hani, Tamoufe, Ubald, Tetteh, Emmanuel, Than Toe, Aung, Thanda, Lanash, Thanh Long, Ngo, Thein, Wai Zin, Theppangna, Watthana, Thinh, Nguyen Duc, Thuy, Hoang Bich, Thuy, Nguyen Thu, Togami, Eri, Tolno, Moise Bendoua, Tolovou, Kevin, Topani, Rahmat, Tremeau-Bravard, Alexandre, Trupin, Ian, Tumushime, Jean Claude, Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing, Turay, Joseph, Uddin, Helal, Uhart, Marcela, Ureda, Nicole, Valitutto, Marc, Verasahib, Khebir, Vodzak, Megan, Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn, Wahad, Mohammad Yuery Wazlan Abdul, Watson, Brooke, Wells, Heather, White, Allison, Willoughby, Anna, Wiyatno, Ageng, Wolking, David, Yang, Xinglou, Yao, Lim Ming, Yombouno, Sayon, Young, Cristin, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zeid, Zahidah Izzati, Zghoul, Ghadeer, Zhang, Libiao, Zhang, Yunzhi, Zhu, Guangjian, Zimmerman, Dawn, Zoumarou, Daba, Aguirre, Alonso, Aguirre, Luis, Akongo, Mark-Joel, Alandia Robles, Erika, Ambu, Laurentius, Ayala Aguilar, Glenda, Barcena, Luis, Barradas, Rosario, Basir, Misliah Mohamad, Bogich, Tiffany, Bounga, Gerard, Buchy, Philippe, Bunn, David, Byaruba, Denis, Cameron, Ken, Carroll, Dennis, Cavero, Nancy, Cespedes, Manuel, Che, Xiaoyu, Chiu, Charles, Chor, Kimashalen, Clements, Andrew, Dary Acevedo, Luz, de Almeida Campos, Angelica, De La Puente, Micaela, de Lamballerie, Xavier, de Paula, Catia, Delwart, Eric, Diffo Le Doux, Joseph, Doyle-Capitman, Catherine, Durigon, Edison, Fair, Joseph, Ferrer-Paris, José R., Formenty, Pierre, Galarza, Isabel, Garcia, Joel, Grard, Gilda, Greatorex, Zoe, Harris, Laurie, Hitchens, Peta, Ho, Mei, Hosseini, Parviez, In, Samath, Iñíguez, Volga, Jain, Komal, Jamaluddin, Abd. Aziz, Johnson, Christine, Jones, Kate, Joyner, Priscilla, Kaba, Serge, Kambale, Eddy, Kataregga, Abdulhameed, Kelly, Terra, Khammavong, Kongsy, Kilpatrick, A. Marm, Laimun, Samsir, Lee, Mei-Ho, LeRoy, Eric, Levinson, Jordan, Levy, Marc, Limachi, Rolando, Loh, Elizabeth, Lowenstine, Linda J., Luis Mollericona, José, Maganga, Ruth, Malakalinga, Joseph, Manhas, Melissa, Marra, Pete, Mbabazi, Rachael, Medellín, Rodrigo, Mendoza, Patricia, Miller, Sireeda, Miranda, Flavia, Mitchell, Megan, Mohamed, Ramlan, Mollard, Debbie, Morse, Stephen, Mouellet, Wivine, Moya, Isabel, Murillo, Yovanna, Murray, Kris, Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques, Nassar, Fernando, Nathan, Sen, Nsengimana, Olivier, Ogg Keatts, Lucy, Ojeda-Flore, Rafael, Okwir Okello, Ricky, Ondzie, Alain, Paweska, Janusz, Pereira, Alisa, Pereira, Victoria, Perez, Alberto, Perez, Jocelyn, Phon, Simorn, Reed, Patricia, Rejmanek, Dan, Rico, Oscar, Rivera, Rosario, Romero, Monica, Roy, Celina, Saepuloh, Uus, Schneider, Brad, Schwind, Jessica, Singhalath, Sinpakhome, Smith, Kristine, Suárez, Fabiola, Suzan, Gerardo, Thanh Nga, Nguyen Thi, Thomas, Kate, Ticona, Herminio, VanWormer, Elizabeth, Villar, Sandra, Weisman, Wendy, Westfall, Michael, Whittier, Chris, Wicker, Leanne, Wolfe, Nathan, Yang, Angela, Zariquiey, Carlos, Zhang, Shu-Yi, Zorine Nkouants, Baudelaire, Zainuddin, Zainal, Chrisman, Cara, Pabst, August, Shek, Amalhin, and Trostle, Murray

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Behavioral risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Behavioural sciences, Disease, Community integration, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Clinical Research, 2.3 Psychological, Behavioral and Social Science, Agency (sociology), medicine, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, GE1-350, Aetiology, One health, Social science research, business.industry, Prevention, Research, Public health, PREDICT Consortium, Public relations, Focus group, Environmental sciences, Good Health and Well Being, 030104 developmental biology, One Health, Multi-disciplinary surveillance, social and economic factors, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Infection, Psychology, International development, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42522-021-00036-9.

Published
2021
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11. A Comparative Analysis of Viral Richness and Viral Sharing in Cave-Roosting Bats

Author

Willoughby, Anna, Phelps, Kendra, and Olival, Kevin

Subjects
Biodiversity, Taxonomy
Abstract

Willoughby, Anna, Phelps, Kendra, Olival, Kevin (2017): A Comparative Analysis of Viral Richness and Viral Sharing in Cave-Roosting Bats. Diversity (Basel, Switzerland) 9 (3): 1-16, DOI: 10.3390/d9030035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d9030035

Published
2017

12. Factors surrounding relapse rates at a treatment center in Sweden. : A quantitative study with male adolescents

Author

Persson, Andreas and Willoughby, Anna

Subjects
Socialt arbete, Social Work, therapeutic alliance, protective factors, substance use, risk factors, adolescents, treatment center, post treatment program, drug choice, salutogenic perspective
Abstract

This study primarily investigated factors which impact abstaining from drugs for adolescent men after finishing treatment at a specific treatment center in Sweden. The method chosen for this essay was quantitative, using surveys sent to males that finished a treatment period of a minimum time of 4 months at this therapeutic community. Of the 83 questionnaires that were originally sent, 23 responded. Further, the empirical data was tested in the computer program SPSS using gamma and lambda tests obtaining results for the factors to determine whether they correlated with one another other. The essay is based upon the theoretical framework of the salutogenic perspective, systems theory and therapeutic alliance theory. During this study results showed that factors such as relocation, post treatment programs were effective for the dis-continued use of drugs.

Published
2014

13. Fighting while Parasitized: Can Nematode Infections Affect the Outcome of Staged Combat in Beetles?

Author

Biological Sciences, Vasquez, David, Willoughby, Anna, Davis, Andrew K., Biological Sciences, Vasquez, David, Willoughby, Anna, and Davis, Andrew K.

Abstract

The effects of non-lethal parasites may be felt most strongly when hosts engage in intense, energy-demanding behaviors. One such behavior is fighting with conspecifics, which is common among territorial animals, including many beetle species. We examined the effects of parasites on the fighting ability of a saproxylic beetle, the horned passalus (Odontotaenius disjunctus, Family: Passalidae), which is host to a non-lethal nematode, Chondronema passali. We pitted pairs of randomly-chosen (but equally-weighted) beetles against each other in a small arena and determined the winner and aggression level of fights. Then we examined beetles for the presence, and severity of nematode infections. There was a non-significant tendency (p = 0.065) for the frequency of wins, losses and draws to differ between beetles with and without C. passali; non-parasitized individuals (n = 104) won 47% of their fights while those with the parasite (n = 88) won 34%, a 13% difference in wins. The number of nematodes in a beetle affected the outcome of fights between infected and uninfected individuals in an unexpected fashion: fighting ability was lowest in beetles with the lowest (p = 0.033), not highest (p = 0.266), nematode burdens. Within-fight aggression was highest when both beetles were uninfected and lowest when both were infected (p = 0.034). Collectively, these results suggest the nematode parasite, C. passali, is associated with a modest reduction in fighting ability in horned passalus beetles, consistent with the idea that parasitized beetles have lower energy available for fighting. This study adds to a small but growing body of evidence showing how parasites negatively influence fighting behavior in animals.

Published
2015

15. A Comparative Analysis of Viral Richness and Viral Sharing in Cave-Roosting Bats.

Author

Willoughby, Anna R., Phelps, Kendra L., and Olival, Kevin J.

Subjects
*BAT ecology, *ROOSTING, *SPECIES diversity
Abstract

Caves provide critical roosting habitats for bats globally, but are increasingly disturbed or destroyed by human activities such as tourism and extractive industries. In addition to degrading the habitats of cave-roosting bats, such activities often promote contact between humans and bats, which may have potential impacts on human health. Cave-roosting bats are hosts to diverse viruses, some of which emerged in humans with severe consequences (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Marburg virus). Characterizing patterns of viral richness and sharing among bat species are therefore important first steps for understanding bat-virus dynamics and mitigating future bat-human spillover. Here we compile a database of bat-virus associations and bat species ecological traits, and investigate the importance of roosting behavior as a determinant of viral richness and viral sharing among bat species. We show that cave-roosting species do not host greater viral richness, when accounting for publication bias, diet, body mass, and geographic range size. Our global analyses, however, show that cave-roosting bats do exhibit a greater likelihood of viral sharing, especially those documented in the literature as co-roosting in the same cave. We highlight the importance of caves as critical foci for bat conservation, as well as ideal sites for longitudinal surveillance of bat-virus dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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