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20. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren ciddi bir şekilde gelişim gösteren sözlü tarih, şehir, kurum, aile, göç, sivil toplum tarihi gibi yerel ve sosyal tarihi ilgilendiren konularda yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Yaşayan hafızaları kayıt altına alan bu çalışmaların artmasıyla özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İngiltere, Kanada, Avustralya gibi ülkelerdeki çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşlar sözlü tarih projelerini desteklemeye başlamışlardır. Türkiye’de ise bu tür projeler, 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren görünürlük kazanmıştır. Literatür taramasında Türkiye’de kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından yapılmış olan sözlü tarih projelerini toplu olarak inceleyen herhangi bir çalışma tespit edilememiştir. Alandaki eksiklikten yola çıkarak tasarlanan bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki kurum ve kuruluşların (belediye, üniversite, STK vb.) yapmış oldukları sözlü tarih projelerini incelemek ve değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan bütüncül çoklu durum deseni kullanılmıştır. Veri kaynakları (örneklem), kriter örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenen 81 sözlü tarih projesinden (1995-2021) oluşmaktadır. İlgili projeler, içerik analizi yöntemiyle projeyi yapan kurum ve kuruluşlar, yıllar, odaklandığı tarih alanı, katılımcı sayıları ve ortaya konulan ürünler temalarına göre değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda ulaşılan sonuçlar, Türkiye’de kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından yapılmış sözlü tarih projelerinin hem nicelik hem de odaklandığı tarih alanının çeşitliliği bakımından yetersiz olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte projelerin çoğunu belediyelerin gerçekleştirdiği ve bu projelerden daha çok kitapların üretildiği tespit edilmiştir., Oral history, which developed significantly since the second quarter of the 20th century, is used extensively in local and social history-related issues such as the history of cities, institutions, families, migration, and civil society. With the increase in oral history studies that record living memories, various institutions and organizations in countries such as the United States, the UK, Canada, and Australia have started to support oral history projects. In Turkey, such projects started to gain popularity in the 1990s. The literature review yielded no study that collectively examines oral history projects conducted by Turkish institutions and organizations. Based on this gap in the relevant literature, this study aims to examine the oral history projects conducted by institutions and organizations (municipalities, universities, NGOs, etc.) in Turkey. The study employed the holistic multiple-case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods. Data sources (sample) include 81 oral history projects (1995-2021) determined by using the criterion sampling method. The projects included in the sample were evaluated by content analysis method, according to themes of the institutions or organizations that carried out the project, the years when the projects were conducted, their focus, their number of participants, and the products they offered. According to research findings, it was concluded that oral history projects conducted by the Turkish institutions and organizations were insufficient because there was a lack of quantity as well as the diversity of history fields on which these studies are based. In addition, it was found that municipalities conducted most of the projects and books were the main product of the projects.

It is pleasing to see that many hybrid studies are included in the social sciences by making use of archives in almost every field. I think that the fact that more studies are carried out on archives both directly increases the quality of archival methodology and indirectly affects the reconsideration of archival theory. For this reason, these new productions, which are intertwined with other disciplines, stand at a very good point as they allow us to see the 'archive' from different angles. I find this book to be an invaluable book to follow the development of microhistorical studies in recent years, especially to examine closely an academic subjective context, to soften the pretentiousness of the researcher, to 'slow down' the research process, to consider factors that often leave no impression on the analyzer and the discoverer., Sosyal bilimlerde neredeyse her alanda arşivlerden yararlanılarak birçok melez çalışmaya yer verildiğini görmeye başlamak sevindirici. Arşivlerle ilgili daha çok alanda çalışma yapılıyor olması hem doğrudan arşivcilik metodolojisinin kalitesini arttırdığını hem de dolaylı olarak arşiv teorisinin yeniden ele alınışını etkilediğini düşünüyorum. Bu sebeple, başka disiplinlerle iç içe geçmiş bu yeni üretimler ‘arşiv’i başka açılardan görmemize vesile olduğu için oldukça güzel bir noktada duruyor. Bu kitabı, son yıllardaki mikrotarih çalışmaların gelişimini izlemek, özellikle de akademik bir öznel bağlamı yakından incelemek, araştırmacının gösterişçiliğini yumuşatmak, araştırma sürecini ‘yavaş’latmak, genellikle analizi yapan ve keşfeden kişi üzerinde hiçbir izlenim bırakmayan faktörleri düşünmek için çok değerli bir kitap olarak görüyorum.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Eskişehir’in ticari dokusunu ön plana çıkaran bu makale, yerel basına yansıyan reklamlar, ilanlar ve şehir haberleri temel alınarak yazılmıştır. İncelenen yerel basın organları; Kocatepe Gazetesi, Yeni Gazete, Porsuk Gazetesi, Türk’e Doğru Dergisi, Bozkır Dergisi ve Yeşilyurt Dergisi’dir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı hem şehrin ticari hayatını olumsuz etkilemiş, hem de yerel basının yayın hayatında ekonomik sorunlara yol açmıştır. Bütün bu zorluklara rağmen kent merkezinde ticari hayat savaş boyunca devam etmiştir. Kent merkezinin Köprübaşı Caddesi ve merkez çarşılarında ticarethaneler oldukça yoğundu. Sıcaksular, Taşbaşı, Hamamyolu gibi bölgelerin yanında İstasyon Caddesi, Sakarya Caddesi ve Sivrihisar Caddesi de ticari açıdan faal kalabilmişti. Yerel basın ağırlıklı olarak bu bölgelerdeki ticari faaliyetler hakkında haberler vermişti. Kent merkezindeki ticarethaneler çok çeşitli olmakla birlikte çoğunlukla bakkal, manav, lokanta, kuyumcu, tuhafiye, hırdavat, ayakkabıcı, kahveci, elbiseci ve yerel pazarlardan oluşuyordu. Bunların yanında kırtasiye, demirci, otomobil levazımcısı, depocu, yakıt dükkânı, saatçi, emlakçı gibi işletmeler de kent merkezinde yerini almıştı.

Bir toplumun sosyal hayatındaki gelişim ve değişimi, belli bir toplumun veya toplumsal grubun sosyal hayatta icra ettiği rolün süreç içerisinde geçirdiği farklılaşmayı ve toplumla ilgili kavramların tarihi gelişimini takibi sağlayan sosyal tarih okumaları, tarih, sosyoloji ve siyaset bilimleri başta olmak üzere birçok alan için oldukça önemli veriler sunar. Son peygamberin tebliğ ettiği dinin ilk mensuplarının oluşturduğu toplumun muhtelif zaman ve mekanlardaki yapısını, çeşitli kesimlerini ve bunların birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerini incelemenin, bir diğer ifadeyle vahyin inişine şahit olan bir toplumu toplumsal ilişkiler ve sosyal dönüşüm açısından analiz etmenin, İslam tarihi başta olmak üzere Tefsir, Hadis, Fıkıh, Kelam gibi İslamî ilimlerin doğru ve eksiksiz anlaşılmasına sağlayacağı faydanın yanı sıra Hukuk, Siyaset, Ekonomi, Tıp, Coğrafya gibi alanlar için de önemli katkılar sunacağı muhakkaktır. Bu anlamda Kur’ân’ın indiği toplumu ve ilk dönem İslam toplumunu çeşitli açılardan ele alan çalışmaların sayısının son dönemde artmış olması oldukça sevindiricidir. Bu yazıda, bu alandaki çalışmalardan birisi olan ve İslam’a en fazla eleştiri yöneltilen meselelerden “cariyelik”i konu edinen Feyza Betül Köse’nin Cariye adlı kitabının incelemesi yapılacaktır.Feyza Betül KÖSE. Cariye. İstanbul: Endülüs Yayınları, 2018, 173 s.

Türkiye'de 1973-1980 yılları arasında yaşanan sosyal ve ekonomik sorunlar bu çalışmada incelenmiştir. Belirtilen dönemin incelenmesi ile Türk siyasi tarihine katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. 12 Mart 1971 Muhtırasıyla başlayan ara rejim dönemi 14 Ekim 1973 tarihinde yapılan genel seçimlerle son bulmuş ve Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 darbesine kadar devam eden yeni bir döneme girilmiştir. Türkiye tarihinin önemli bir kesitini oluşturan bu dönemde, iç ve dış politikada meydana gelen olaylar sosyal ve ekonomik alanlarda pek çok sorunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Sağ-sol ideolojilerin karşı karşıya geldiği bu dönemde toplumsal kutuplaşma belirgin bir hale gelmiştir. Bazı siyasi oluşumlar tarafından bu durum körüklenmiştir. Türkiye'nin pek çok yerinde toplumsal olaylar yaşanmıştır. Bu olayların dışında toplumda ön plana çıkmış kişilere siyasi suikastlar düzenlenmiştir. 1973-1980 yılları arasında ciddi anlamda sosyal bunalım döneminden geçilmiştir. Sosyal sorunların yanı sıra Dünya'da yaşanan gelişmeler ve ekonomi alanındaki uygulama hataları, Türkiye'deki ekonomik sorunların şiddetini arttırmıştır. Süreç içerisinde Türkiye ekonomisi ağır koşullar altında kalmıştır. İdeolojik olarak kutuplaşan halk bir taraftan birbiri ile çatışırken diğer taraftan da ekonomik sorunlarla mücadele etmiştir. İktidara gelen hükümetlerin sosyal ve ekonomik sorunlara, çözüm yolu bulamadığı gerekçesiyle 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Darbeyle birlikte Türkiye'deki demokratik süreç kesintiye uğratılmıştır. Neticesinde Türkiye etkileri günümüzde dahi devam etmekte olan buhran döneminden geçmiştir. This study, which examines the social and economic problems experienced in Turkey between 1973-1980, it is aimed to contribute to the recent Turkish political history. The interim regime period, which started with the Memorandum of March 12, 1971, ended with the general elections held on October 14, 1973, and a new period continued until the coup of September 12, 1980, in Turkey. In this period, which constitutes an essential section of Turkey's history, the events that took place in domestic and foreign policy brought about many problems in the social and economic fields. In this process where right-left ideologies were confronted, social polarization became evident. This is fueled by some political formations. Social events took place in many parts of Turkey. Apart from these incidents, political assassinations were carried out against prominent people in society. Between 1973 and 1980, a period of serious social crisis was passed. In addition to social problems, developments in the world and implementation errors in the field of the economy increased the severity of economic problems in Turkey. The desired development in the industrial sector could not be achieved and the employment areas were insufficient. Two major oil crises affected the whole world, and Turkey's foreign trade deficit, which had to import oil, increased. The ideologically polarized people clashed with each other on the one hand and struggled with economic problems on the other. The September 12, 1980 coup d'état was carried out on the grounds that the governments that came to power could not find a solution to the social and economic problems. With the coup d'état, the democratic process in Turkey was interrupted. As a result, Turkey has gone through a period of crisis whose effects continue even today.

The essay presents the original features of Italian entrepreneurship, that, for historical reasons, in so far was mostly focused on developing SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises). To make them internationally competitive, the strategy followed with some success by Italian entrepreneurs has been that of specialization and networking. However, globalization raises challenges that have to be faced through institutional reforms and the consolidation of medium size companies, i.e. the “Fourth capitalism”. Cet essai présente les traits originaux de l’entrepreneuriat italien qui, pour des raisons historiques, s’est jusqu’à présent focalisé sur des PME (Petites et Moyennes Entreprises). Pour les rendre compétitives sur le plan international, les entrepreneurs italiens ont développé avec un certain succès une stratégie de spécialisation et de construction de réseaux. Cependant la globalisation a présenté des défis auxquels il faut faire face par des réformes institutionnelles avec par la consolidation des entreprises de dimension moyenne, c’est‑à‑dire, le « Quatrième capitalisme ». Il saggio analizza gli aspetti originali dell’imprenditorialità italiana, che, per ragioni storiche, si è focalizzata finora soprattutto sulle PMI (piccole‑medie imprese). Per renderle competitive sul piano internazionale, gli imprenditori italiani hanno sviluppato con un certo successo una strategia di specializzazione e costruzione di reti. Tuttavia, la globalizzazione ha presentato sfide che devono essere affrontate con riforme istituzionali e con il consolidamento delle imprese di medie dimensioni, il “Quarto capitalismo”.

Vincent Gouzi s’est penché sur les nomenclatures industrielles en Grèce et, à travers leur histoire et leur structure, sur les variations du champ du secteur secondaire et les limites de comparabilité.Les nomenclatures industrielles ont profondément évolué en Grèce comme en France ; depuis le milieu du xixe siècle, elles ont été profondément influencées par les institutions internationales. Les moteurs de cette évolution sont l’innovation, les conceptions de l’organisation industrielle, et le besoin de comparabilité.Ce papier a pour but de rappeler en premier lieu la théorie économique des nomenclatures (notamment leur structure évolutive entre les trois secteurs d’activités) ainsi que l’histoire des nomenclatures industrielles. En second lieu, il tente de définir une spécificité méditerranéenne à travers les items constitutifs de différentes nomenclatures, l’analyse des tableaux d’emplois et ressources de la comptabilité nationale des cinq pays étudiés et l’analyse de leurs productions industrielles. Vincent Gouzi bend over industrial classifications in Greece, and, through their history and their structure, over the variations of the field of the secondary sector and the limits of comparability.The industrial classifications profoundly evolved in Greece as in France since the middle of the 19th century, profoundly influenced by the international institutions. The boosters of this evolution are the innovation, the conceptions of the industrial organization and the needs for comparability.This paper aims first at reminding the economic theory of the classification of activities (in particular their evolutionary structure between the three economic sectors) as well as the history of the industrial classifications. Secondly, it endeavours to define a Mediterranean specificity through the constituent items of different classifications, the analysis of the input‑output tables of the national accountings of the five countries and of their industrial productions. Αυτή η έκθεση αφορά τις βιομηχανικές ταξινομήσεις στην Ελλάδα, και μέσα από την ιστορία και τις δομές τους, μελετά τις αλλαγές στο πεδίο του δευτερογενή τομέα και τους περιορισμούς τους στην συγκρισιμότητα.Οι βιομηχανικές ταξινομήσεις έχουν αλλάξει βαθειά και στην Γαλλία και στην Ελλάδα από το 19ο αιώνα και επιρρεάστηκαν από τους διεθνείς θεσμούς. Οι κινητήρες αυτής της εξέλιξης είναι η καινοτομία, οι έννοιες για την βιομηχανική οργάνωση, και η ανάγκη συγκρισιμότητας.Αυτό το άρθρο έχει σκοπό να υπενθυμίζει την οικονομική θεωρία της ταξινόμησης των δραστηριοτήτων [ειδικά τη εξέλιξη των δομών ανάμεσα στους τρείς τομείς δραστηριότητας], και ταυτόχρονα, την ιστορία των βιομηχανικών ταξινομήσεων. Εξ άλλου, το άρθρο προσπαθεί να καθορίζει μία μεσογειακή ιδιαιτερότητα από τα στοιχεία των διαφορετικών ταξινομήσεων, την ανάλυση των πινάκων των εθνικών λογαριασμών των πέντε χωρών, και της βιομηχανικής παραγωγής τους.

L’auteur s’intéresse à l’enjeu géostratégique qu’a représenté l’implantation des industries d’armement sur la côte méditerranéenne française de 1871 à 1940.Dès l’instauration de la iiie République, la France connaît une période de grande homogénéité économique et stratégique. Dans l’optique stratégique née de la politique impérialiste, la côte méditerranéenne trouve une place de choix dans la pensée militaire hexagonale. Elle rencontre la mentalité industrialiste, de plus en plus prégnante chez les élites politiques, militaires et économiques.C’est avec l’arsenal de Toulon, modernisé à plusieurs reprises, qu’elle trouve à s’exprimer le plus tôt. D’autres installations voient le jour comme les usines de torpilles Whitehead à Saint‑Tropez, en 1912, et les usines Schneider à La Londe‑Les‑Maures, en 1908, toutes deux nationalisées en 1937. Les rapports multiples et complexes entre l’État et ces industries se placent dans la logique de la négociation autant que dans celle de la domination. Nabil Erouihane is interested in the geostrategic stake represented by the setting‑up of the industries of armament on the French Mediterranean Coast from 1871 till 1940.From the institution of the iiird Republic, France knows a period of big homogeneity in the fields of economy and strategy. In the strategic optic created by the imperialist policy, the Mediterranean Coast finds a special place in the hexagonal military thought. It meets the industrialistic mentality, more and more pregnant among the political, military and economic elites.It is with the arsenal of Toulon, modernized and enlarged on and on, that it finds the soonest to express. Other installations emerge, as Whitehead factories of torpedoes in Saint‑Tropez, in 1912 and Schneider factories in La Londe‑Les‑Maures, in 1908, both nationalized in 1937. The multiple and complex relations between the State and these industries, take place in the logic of the negotiation as much as in that of the domination. Nabil Erouihane ενδιαφέρεται για το γεωστρατηγικό στοίχημα της δημιουργίας εργοστασίων όπλων στη γαλλική μεσογειακή ακτή από το 1871 έως το 1940.Από τη γέννηση της 3ης Δημοκρατίας, η Γαλλία γνωρίζει μια περίοδο μεγάλης ομογένειας τόσο οικονομική όσο στρατηγική. Από τη στρατηγική άποψη, εξ αιτίας της ανάπτυξης της αποικιοκρατίας, η Μεσογειακή ακτή αποκτά μία ιδιαίτερη θέση για το στρατό, και αυτό συμπίπτει με τη βιομηχανική σκέψη η οποία εξελίσσεται μέσα στις ελίτ. Εκφράζεται με το οπλοστάσιο της Τουλόν, το οποίο εκσυνχρονιστήθηκε και εκεκτάθηκε πολλές φορές. Άλλες εγκαταστάσεις εμφανίστηκαν σαν τα εργοστάσια τορπιλών του Whitehead στο Saint‑Tropez το 1912, και τα εργοστάσια του Schneider στο La Londe‑Les‑Maures το 1908, τα δύο εθνικοποιήθηκαν το 1937. Οι πολύπλοκες και πολύμορφες σχέσεις μεταξύ του Κράτους και αυτών των βιομηχανιών γίνονται μέσα στη λογική της διαπραγμάτευσης όσο και της κυριαρχίας.

L’article examine l’historiographie grecque sur les salaires et porte sur l’évolution des salaires dans l’industrie textile de Grèce (1912‑1936). En nous fondant sur les sources des archives d’une grande entreprise textile du Pirée, nous voulons étudier non seulement l’évolution des salaires sur le marché du travail, mais aussi la division sexuée du travail et la formation sociale des hiérarchies aux lieux du travail. The article examines the Greek historiography on salaries and discusses the evolution of salaries in the textile industry of Greece during the period 1912‑1936. Based on the sources of the archives of a big textile company in Piraeus, the article wants to study not only the evolution of salaries on the labour market, but also the gender division of labour and the social formation of hierarchies in the workplace. Το άρθρο εξετάζει την ελληνική ιστοριογραφία για τους μισθούς και παρακολουθεί την εξέλιξη των μισθών στην ελληνική κλωστοϋφαντουργία την περίοδο 1912‑1936. Η έρευνα βασίζεται στο αρχείο μιας μεγάλης κλωστοϋφαντουργικής επιχείρησης του Πειραιά. Επιδιώκεται όχι μόνο να εξεταστεί η εξέλιξη των μισθών στην αγορά εργασίας, αλλά και να διερευνηθεί ο έμφυλος καταμερισμός εργασίας και η διαμόρφωση των κοινωνικών σχέσεων εξουσίας στους χώρους εργασίας της κλωστοϋφαντουργίας.

The announcement focuses on the industrial unionism movement in Greece, which was developed during the second half of the 70's. Firstly, the main political, economical and social transformations, following the collapse of the military dictatorship (1974), are presented, along with the culmination and decline phases of the industrial unionism movement. Next, the causes of the birth of the industrial unionism movement are presented, along with its demands and its efforts to connect with society. The innovative elements it offered to the Greek workers’ movement as well as its confrontation with the official syndicalism and the state are also presented. Finally, a reference to the industrial unionism movement in the city of Patras is made. Cette communication traite du syndicalisme ouvrier qui s’est développé en Grèce dans la seconde moitié des années 1970. On présente d’abord les principales transformations politiques, économiques et sociales qui ont eu lieu après l’effondrement de la dictature militaire en 1974, de même que les différentes phases de développement et de déclin de ce syndicalisme ouvrier. Ensuite, on développe les raisons de la naissance de ce mouvement, ses demandes et ses efforts pour rester en lien avec la société. On présente également les éléments novateurs qu’il a offert au mouvement des travailleurs grecs, de même que son affrontement avec le syndicalisme officiel et l’État. Enfin on fera référence au mouvement syndical ouvrier dans la ville de Patras. Η ανακοίνωση πραγματεύεται το κίνημα του εργοστασιακού συνδικαλισμού στην Ελλάδα, το οποίο αναπτύχθηκε στο δεύτερο μισό της δεκαετίας του 1970. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζονται οι κυριότεροι πολιτικοί, οικονομικοί και κοινωνικοί μετασχηματισμοί, που έλαβαν χώρα μετά την κατάρρευση της στρατιωτικής δικτατορίας το 1974, καθώς και τα στάδια ανάπτυξης και παρακμής του κινήματος του εργοστασιακού συνδικαλισμού. Έπειτα, αναπτύσσονται τα αίτια γέννησης του κινήματος του εργοστασιακού συνδικαλισμού, η αιτηματολογία του και η προσπάθεια σύνδεσής του με την κοινωνία. Ακόμη, τα καινοτόμα στοιχεία που προσέφερε στο ελληνικό εργατικό κίνημα, καθώς και η σύγκρουσή του με τον επίσημο συνδικαλισμό και το κράτος. Τέλος, θα γίνεται αναφορά στο εργοστασιακό κίνημα στην πόλη της Πάτρας.

Nous abordons ici la question de la précarisation du marché du travail dans différents secteurs d’activité et de son impact sur les stratégies syndicales. Nous montrons l’impact des pratiques autoritaires et des politiques néolibérales du gouvernement AKP, au pouvoir depuis 2002.Les réformes ont visé à augmenter la compétitivité de certains secteurs par une plus grande ouverture au commerce international. Notre enquête montre que cette ouverture a précarisé le marché du travail dans la majorité des secteurs et entraîné la fragilisation de l’action syndicale, la marginalisation de l’affiliation syndicale et la criminalisation des mobilisations ouvrières.Nous nous concentrons sur les trois confédérations syndicales ouvrières principales nées de différents courants politiques, la DİSK, la Hak‑İş et la Türk‑İş, en nous fondant sur une enquête menée depuis 2011 auprès des syndicats et d’une centaine d’entretiens avec des dirigeants et permanents syndicaux à Istanbul, Ankara et Sakarya. In this work, we have addressed the issue of precarity in the labour market in different sectors and its impact on the transformation of trade union strategies. We have highlighted the impact of authoritarian practices and neoliberal policies of the AKP government, in power since 2002.The reforms aimed to increase the competitiveness of certain industries by opening up to international trade. We can conclude in the light of our research that the international economic trade caused the precarization of the labour market in most sectors and has generated the weakening of trade union action, the marginalization of union membership and the criminalization of labour mobilizations.We will focus on three labour union confederations, DİSK, Hak‑İş, Türk‑İş, coming from different political families. Our results are based on a doctoral research conducted since 2011, through ethnographic observations in the unions along with a hundred interviews with union leaders and experts in Istanbul, Ankara, and Sakarya. Bu çalışmada birçok işkolunda emek piyasasının güvencesizleşmesini ve bu güvencesizleşmenin sendikal stratejiler üzerindeki etkilerini tartışmayı amaçladık. 2002’den beri hükümette olan AKP dönemindeki otoriter pratiklerin ve neoliberal politikaların etkisi üzerinde durduk.Uluslararası rekabete daha açık olan bazı işkollarında rekabet kapasitesini arttırma amaçlı reformların sonucu olmuştur. Araştırmamızın sonuçları göstermektedir ki uluslararası ticaret ve serbest piyasa ekonomisi işkollarının büyük çoğunluğunda güvencesizleşmeye sebep olmuştur. Güvencesizleşme ise sendikaların çoğunun zayıflamasına, bu sendikalara üyeliğin marjinalize edilmesine ve işçi sendikalarının birçoğunun eylemlerinin suç unsuru haline gelmesine yol açmıştır.Çalışma boyunca Türkiye’deki üç farklı siyasi çizgiden gelen üç ana işçi sendikası konfederasyonu (DİSK, Hak‑İş, Türk‑İş) üzerinde duracağız. Çalışmanın sonuçları sendika yöneticileri ve uzmanlarıyla gerçekleştirilmiş yüz adet yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmelerden ve sendikalarda yaptığımız gözlemlerden oluşan ve 2011 yılından beri İstanbul, Ankara ve Sakarya’da yürüttüğümüz doktora araştırmamıza dayanmaktadır.

The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) have significant transition period features in Ottoman history. There are many internal dynamics which make the Balkan Wars significant. One of these dynamics is the province of Edirne. Edirne has an important place in Ottoman History due to its location and its position in the Ottoman Empire throughout the history. Edirne’s importance came to the fore again during the Balkan Wars, which took place in the beginning of 20th century. Furthermore, the Second Balkan War had almost turned to a battle for capturing the Edirne province. In this thesis, it is attempted to discuss how the city of Edirne, which was invaded by Bulgarians, and its people changed in a short period of time and what sort of influences they fall under during the war, siege and occupation period. This change has not only been discussed politically, but the people of Edirne and their experiences have also taken into consideration. İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY i BİLDİRİM ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI iii ETİK BEYAN iv ÖZET v ABSTRACT vi İÇİNDEKİLER vii GİRİŞ 1 1. BÖLÜM BALKAN SAVAŞLARI ÖNCESİNDE EDİRNE 9 2. BÖLÜM BALKAN SAVAŞLARI 14 3. BALKAN SAVAŞLARI VE EDİRNE 27 3.1. Kuşatmanın Gölgesindeki Şehir 36 3.2. Edirne'nin Sukûtu 44 3.3. Edirne'nin Geri Alınması 51 4. BÖLÜM SAVAŞ SONU MUHASEBESİ 59 5. BÖLÜM GALİP DEVLETLER MAĞLUP ŞEHİRLER 67 6. BÖLÜM İŞGALİN SİLİK İZLERİ 88 6.1. 1890'dan 1920'ye Edirne Mahalleleri 94 SONUÇ 99 KAYNAKÇA 102 EKLER 117 EK 1: Edirne'de Bulunan Mahallelerin Listesi 118 EK 2: Üzerinde Edirne Müdafii Şükrü Paşa'nın Resmi Bulunan Bir Kartpostal 123 EK 3: Bulgaristan'la yapılan ateşkes antlaşmasına imza koyan delegeler 124 EK 4: Edirne'nin düşmesiyle Bulgarlara esir düşen Edirne Müstahkem Mevki Komutanı Şükrü Paşa Bulgar Başkomutan Vekili General Savof İle Birlikte 125 EK 5: Edirne'yi ele geçiren Bulgar ordusunun Saraçlar Caddesinden şehre girişi 126 EK 6: Edirne'nin düşmandan geri alınışından sonra şehre giren devlet ricali 127 EK 7: Bulgar ordusu mezâliminden/ Edirne Karaağaç'ta dörder dörder kollarından bağlanıp Meriç'e atılmış olan Rum ahali-i mazlume cesetleridir 128 EK 8: Balkan Harbi Tasviri Kataloğundan 129 EK9: Rüstem Paşa Hanı ve Selimiye Camii 130 EK 10: Ali Paşa Çarşısı 131 EK 11: Etik Kurul ya da Muafiyet İzni 132 EK 12: Orijinallik Raporu 133 Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913), Osmanlı Tarihi’nde önemli bir geçiş dönemi özelliği taşımaktadır. Balkan Savaşlarını önemli kılan birçok iç dinamikler bulunmaktadır. Bu dinamiklerden birisi de Edirne’dir. Edirne gerek bulunduğu konum ve gerekse tarih boyunca Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki yeri açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. 20. yüzyılın başında meydana gelen Balkan Savaşlarında da Edirne önemini tekrar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Üstelik Balkan Savaşlarının ikincisi neredeyse Edirne’yi ele geçirme düellosuna dönüşmüştür. Bulgar işgaline uğrayan Edirne şehrinin ve insanlarının savaş, kuşatma ve işgal dönemi boyunca ne gibi etkiler içerisine girdiği ve şehrin kısa sürede nasıl bir değişime uğradığı teze aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu değişim ele alınırken sadece siyasi olarak değil Edirne Halkını ve yaşadıklarını göz önünde bulundurulmuştur.

Cet article examine les variations du fonctionnement du féminisme d’État dans deux pays « frères‑ennemis », la Turquie et la Grèce, pendant deux périodes charnières : les années 1920‑1930, marquées par les réformes législatives kémalistes et la modernisation de l’État dans ces deux pays, et les années 1980 qui apportent des révisions au Code civil sous la pression du mouvement féministe. Ces juxtapositions montrent non seulement comment le droit constitue une construction sociale et politique malléable, mais aussi les rapports entre le féminisme d’État et le mouvement des femmes. Enfin, Winpeace, une ONG créée en 1996, qui rassemble des militantes grecques, turques et chypriotes, permet d’étendre cette analyse jusqu’aux années 2000 – décennie définie par l’émergence d’un militantisme féministe pragmatique et bureaucratisé. This article examines the variations of function of state feminism in two enemy brothers, Turkey and Greece, during two pivotal periods: the 1920’‑1930’, which were marked by the Kemalist legislative reforms and the state modernization in the two countries, and the 1980’, which brought reforms to the civil code under the pressure of the feminist movement. These juxtapositions show not only how law constitutes a malleable social and political construction, but also the relations between state feminism and women’s movement. Winpeace, a NGO created in 1996, which gathers Greek, Turkish and Cypriot activists, allows extending the analysis to 2000’ – a decade defined by the emergence of a pragmatic and bureaucratized feminist activism. Το άρθρο αυτό εξετάζει τους τρόπους λειτουργίας του κρατικού φεμινισμού στην Ελλάδα και την Τουρκία κατά την διάρκεια δύο κρίσιμων περιόδων: την δεκαετία 1920‑1930 που σφραγίστηκε από τις νομοθετικές μεταρρυθμίσεις του Κεμάλ Ατατούρκ αλλά και τον εκμοντερνισμό του κρατικού μηχανισμού στις δύο χώρες, και την δεκαετία του 1980 που επέφερε σημαντικές αναθεωρήσεις στον αστικό κώδικά τους υπό την επίρρεια του φεμινιστικού κινήματος. Αυτές οι αντιπαραθέσεις, από την μια, δείχνουν πως ο νόμος αποτελεί μια κοινωνική και πολιτικά εύπλαστη κατασκευή, και από την άλλη διαφωτίζουν τις σχέσεις μεταξύ κρατικού φεμινισμού και γυναικείου κινήματος. Τέλος, μια ΜΚΟ, η Winpeace, η οποία ιδρύθηκε το 1996 και στελεχώθηκε από ακτιβίστριες από την Ελλάδα, την Τουρκία και την Κύπρο, επιτρέπει να επεκταθεί η ανάλυση μέχρι την δεκαετία του 2000, δεκαετία που καθορίστηκε από την ανάδυση ενός φεμινιστικού κινήματος πιο γραφειοκρατικού και “ρεαλιστικού”.

Notre contribution vise à proposer un cadre de réflexion interdisciplinaire pour l’étude des trajectoires d’industrialisation de la Grèce et de l’espace méditerranéen, à partir des deux programmes de recherches transversaux conduits à la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme d’Aquitaine sur les Logiques spatiales de l’Innovation et Les Trajectoires de l’Innovation. La combinaison dans le champ SHS de l’innovation, d’une logique spatiale et systémique à une perspective diachronique et historique, s’avère en effet fructueuse à de multiples points de vue. Elle permet de mettre à jour les formes de proximité, la construction de réseaux et leurs mises en tension, l’émergence et la déconstruction permanente de systèmes régionaux d’innovation sous le signe du district. L’historien peut alors tenter de déterminer et de caractériser les small events, les bifurcations, les verrouillages et les processus d’irréversibilité, avec toujours à l’horizon la gestion d’un régime d’incertitudes. This paper aims suggesting an interdisciplinary theoretical frame, providing tools for innovative research focusing on industrial trajectories of Greece and of the whole Mediterranean area. It is fed by the results of two transversal research programs led within the Maison des sciences de l’Homme d’Aquitaine, the first one on The Spatial Logics of Innovation and the second one on The Trajectories of Innovation. Combining within the field of social sciences of innovation, a spatial and systemic analysis and a diachronic and historical perspective can be fruitful for addressing a hypothetic “industrial” Mediterranean pattern. It allows emphasizing types of proximity, the building process of economic and social networks, the emergence and the permanent crisis of regional systems of innovation. As an historian, the challenge remains determining the “small events”, the bifurcations, the lockouts and irreversibility processes, pointing out the crucial question of uncertainty regimes. Η συμβολή μας σκοπεύει να προτείνει ένα πλαίσιο διεπιστημονικής σκέψης για την μελέτη των τροχιών εκβιομηχάνισης της Ελλάδας και της μεσογειακής περιοχής. Ξεκινάμε από δύο εγκάρσια ερευνητικά προγράμματα που διεξάγει η Maison des Sciences de l’Homme d’Aquitaine, Χωρικές λογικές Καινοτομίας και Tροχιές της Καινοτομίας. Στον τομέα των κοινωνικών και ανθρωπιστικών επιστημών της καινοτομίας που εφαρμόζεται εδώ στο πεδίο των μεσογειακών εδαφών, ο συνδυασμός μιας χωρικής και συστημικής λογικής με μια διαχρονική και ιστορική προοπτική, αποδεικνύεται όντως επιτυχής σε πολλαπλές απόψεις. Επιτρέπει ενημέρωση των μορφών εγγύτητας, κατασκευή δικτύων και ενεργοποίησής των, ανάδοση και μόνιμη αποξήλωση των περιφερειακών συστημάτων καινοτομίας, κυρίως των βιομηχανικών. Ο ιστορικός μπορεί τότε να επιχειρήσει, να προσδιορίσει τα « small events », τις διακλαδώσεις, τα κλειδώματα και τις μη αναστρέψιμες διαδικασίες. Επισημαίνοντας πάντοτε το κρίσιμο ζήτημα της διαχείρησης μίας κατάστασης αβεβαιοτήτων.

Ustensiles de cuisine, de rangement et de service, enregistrés dans les foyers grecs de Venise au xviie siècle, tel est le sujet traité dans le présent article. L’étude de deux groupes importants de documents notariés, les testaments et les inventaires après décès (post-mortem inventari), registres détaillés des biens mobiliers de testateurs grecs, révèlent des aspects de la vie quotidienne et de la culture matérielle, quant aux objets appropriés pour le stockage des denrées ainsi qu’à la préparation et la prise de repas. L’étude porte d’une part, sur l’usage diachronique des ustensiles utilitaires simples en termes de forme, de matériau et d’utilité, et d’autre part, sur l’évolution des objets d’apparat, associés au développement du savoir-faire. La recherche d’archives se complète par l’étude des sources iconographiques de peintures et d’autres œuvres artistiques créées par des artistes occidentaux aussi bien que post-byzantins, représentant des scènes de cuisine et les pratiques alimentaires liées au xviie siècle. This paper attempts to study the utensils for cooking, storage and serving of food as they have been recorded in Greek households of the 17th century Venice. Studying the two most important groups of notary papers, the wills and the post-mortem inventari, i.e. the recording of movable property after the death of Greek testators, uncovers aspects of daily life and the material culture related to objects deemed appropriate for the storage, preparation and serving of food. We follow the daily use of plain utensils according to shape, material and use, and the development of luxury objects related to various forms of socialization. Archival research is furthermore complemented with the study of paintaings and depictions of the kitchen and dining areas by Western as well as post-Byzantine artists. Στην παρούσα εργασία επιχειρείται η μελέτη των σκευών μαγειρικής, αποθήκευσης και σερβιρίσματος που έχουν καταγραφεί σε οικίες Ελλήνων της Βενετίας κατά τον 17ο αιώνα. Με βάση δύο σημαντικές ομάδες νοταριακών εγγράφων, τις διαθήκες και τα post-mortem inventari, δηλαδή τις μετά θάνατον καταγραφές κινητής περιουσίας των ελλήνων διαθετών, μάς αποκαλύπτονται πτυχές του καθημερινού βίου και ειδικότερα ο υλικός πολιτισμός που αφορά σε αντικείμενα κατάλληλα για την αποθήκευση των τροφίμων, καθώς και την προετοιμασία και παράθεση γευμάτων. Μελετάται τόσο η διαχρονική χρήση απλών καθημερινών σκευών ως προς το σχήμα, το υλικό και τις ανάγκες που εξυπηρετούσαν, όσο και η εξέλιξη πολυτελών αντικειμένων που συνδέονταν με την ανάπτυξη μορφών κοινωνικότητας.Τις αρχειακές πληροφορίες επιβεβαιώνουν και οι πολυάριθμες απεικονίσεις του περιβάλλοντος της κουζίνας και των πολλαπλών εργασιών που εκτυλίσσονταν εκεί. Η εικονογράφηση θεμάτων συναφών με την κουζίνα και την παράθεση γευμάτων ήταν εξαιρετικά διαδεδομένη εκείνη την εποχή, με αποτέλεσμα πολλοί δυτικοί αλλά και μεταβυζαντινοί καλλιτέχνες να ασχοληθούν, ή και να ειδικευτούν στην απόδοσή τους.

Cette contribution examine les expériences culinaires de quatre femmes d’origine allemande et danoise dans la Grèce du roi Othon. Dans leurs écrits intimes (1834-1853) elles dépeignent leurs soucis quotidiens et leurs efforts pour s’adapter aux produits alimentaires et aux goûts orientaux d’un pays pauvre de l’Europe du Sud. This paper examines the culinary experiences of four foreign women living in Greece under the rule of King Otto. In their letters and diaries (1834-1853) they describe their daily tribulations and their efforts to adapt to the available produce and tastes of a poor, semi-oriental country of South Europe. Το άρθρο παρουσιάζει τις γαστρονομικές εμπειρίες τεσσάρων ξένων γυναικών εγκαταστημένων στην Όθωνική Ελλάδα. Στην αλληλογραφία και τα ημερολόγιά τους (1834-1853) περιγράφουν τις καθημερινές τους φροντίδες και τις προσπάθειές τους να προσαρμοστούν στις διατροφικές συνήθειες και τα τοπικά προϊόντα μιας φτωχής χώρας της Νοτιοανατολικής Ευρώπης.

En 1609, Pantoussa Mezeri, veuve appartenant à la noblesse de la ville, commence à enregistrer dans un livre de comptes – recouvrant la période 1609-1620 –, les dépenses quotidiennes de son ménage. Pendant les onze années qui suivent, cinq célébrations de mariage ont lieu, celles de ses cinq filles. La veuve Mezeri note de manière détaillée les achats effectués pour chaque table de cérémonie. Le registre en question (à paraître bientôt par l’écrivaine de cet article), représente une source inestimable pour l’histoire culinaire et la culture de table. Il comporte le type, la provenance, la qualité et le coût des denrées, tout en restituant les mœurs de table locales et leur symbolisme dans le contexte social régnant, ainsi que les mentalités et les habitudes de cet environnement multiculturel bourgeois de la capitale du royaume crétois. In 1609, noblewoman Pandoussa Mezeri, widow of the Cretan physician Victor Mezeris, began to keep records of the daily management of her household. The librο dei conti, written in first person singular, in the form of a journal, is located at the State Archives of Venice and represents a valuable source of information on daily life in Candia during the first half of the 17th century. During the 11 years that followed, the weddings of the five daughters of the Mezeri family took place and Mezeri recorded in great detail the preparations, including shopping for a variety of ingredients, local as well as imported from other areas under Venetian rule and from Venice itself. This “journal”, is a unique source of information on the history of food and cuisine culture, in that it describes the kinds, the origins the quality and the prices of foodstuffs, but also the local nutrition traditions and customs with their symbolic meaning in the social context, as well as the mindset and habits marking the multicultural urban civilization in the capital city of the Regno di Candia. Το 1609, η ευγενής χήρα Παντούσα Μεζέρη ξεκινά να καταγράφει σε κατάστιχο τα έξοδα της καθημερινής διαχείρισης του νοικοκυριού της. Κατά τη διάρκεια των 11 ετών που ακολουθούν, πραγματοποιούνται οι γάμοι των πέντε θυγατέρων της και η Μεζέραινα σημειώνει με λεπτομέρειες τις αγορές της για την παρασκευή των εδεσμάτων. Το κατάστιχο, το οποίο τελεί υπό έκδοση από την γράφουσα, αποτελεί μοναδική πηγή για την ιστορία της διατροφής και τον πολιτισμό της εστίασης, περιγράφοντας όχι μόνο το είδος, την προέλευση, την ποιότητα και τις τιμές των προϊόντων αλλά και αποτυπώνοντας τα διατροφικά τοπικά έθιμα και τους συμβολισμούς τους μέσα στα κοινωνικά συμφραζόμενα, τις νοοτροπίες και τις συνήθειες του πολυπολιτισμικού αστικού περιβάλλοντος της πρωτεύουσας του Βασιλείου της Κρήτης.

Il est bien connu que dans l’imaginaire collectif le meurtre par empoisonnement est réservé aux femmes. Dans la tradition populaire grecque, le crime féminin – passionnel par excellence – s’associe à une violence archaïque qui renverse l’image de la mère nourricière en projetant des figures contre-nature ou démoniaques. Motivées par la vengeance et surtout la jalousie, les assassines tuent et se vengent en cuisinant souvent pour exprimer dans un contexte patriarcal le profond malaise familial.Or, dans notre ère du fétichisme alimentaire, ce rapport entre manger et tuer se définit comme un processus voluptueux et funèbre qui relie érotisme et gastronomie. Axée sur une approche comparatiste, cette communication propose de réfléchir à la manière dont la fiction, obsédée par les arts de la table, cristallise le mythe hybride et notamment culinaire du crime féminin pour remettre en perspective et éventuellement en cause l’imaginaire du récit. It is well known that in the collective imagination murder by poisoning is almost exclusively practiced by women. In the Greek popular tradition, the women’s crime –crime mainly motivated by passion– joins the view of an archaic violence that reverses the image of the nursing mother by projecting demonic figures against nature. Motivated by revenge or moreover jealousy, murderesses take revenge by killing and cooking often in order to express a deep discomfort in the patriarchal society.However, in our era of food fetish, this relationship between eating and killing is defined as a voluptuous and funeral process that links eroticism and gastronomy. Focused on a comparative approach, this paper proposes to think how fiction, obsessed with the luxury of eating crystallizes the hybrid culinary myth of women’s crime in order to analyze the perspective of a narrative. Στις πιο αποτρόπαιες αφηγήσεις της ελληνικής λαϊκής παράδοσης, συχνά ο ρόλος του θύτη συνδέεται μ’ αυτόν της μητέρας-τροφού και η αφήγηση του εγκλήματος περνάει μέσα από την τελετουργία του φαγητού. Εξερευνώντας γνώριμες εκφάνσεις ενός καθαρά «γυναικείου» εγκλήματος (παραλογές «Της κακιάς μάνας», «της κακιάς πεθεράς»), στόχος της ανακοίνωσης είναι να εντοπίσει σε λογοτεχνικές αφηγήσεις της ελληνικής ηθογραφίας (Παπαδιαμάντης, Βιζυηνός) αλλά και σε πραγματικές υποθέσεις φόνων μια ψυχική απόκλιση η οποία αφενός ξεσκεπάζει παθογένειες και μετασχηματισμούς της ελληνικής οικογένειας και αφετέρου αφορά και περιγράφει όψεις του πιο πρωτόγονου γυναικείου εαυτού.

Les manuels de savoir-vivre, les Chréstoéthies, parus au xviiie et au xixe siècle s’adressent au large public composé par des couches sociales montantes. Leurs auteurs suivent l’esprit des « moralistes » du siècle qui veulent donner des principes à leur conduite. Ils cherchent aussi à élaborer une éthique nouvelle conforme à l’esprit des siècles afin d’intégrer dans l’esprit de l’hellénisme les codes de civilité et la connaissance des bons usages d’une société, dont les manières de table. Cette communication se propose d’étudier ces sources de codification des manières pour comprendre les implications socio-culturelles et idéologiques dans l’évolution des mœurs de table. The manuals containing rules of courteous behavior and morals, the Chrestomathies, published during the 18th and 19th centuries targeted a wide public consisting of the rising social classes. Their authors were seeking to elaborate on a new ethic that complied with the spirit of their time. But is also a matter of integrating in the Greek mentality the codes of manners and politeness, including the table manners.This paper proposes to examine the chapter of Cesarius Dapontes’s Chrestomathy dedicated to table manners in order to understand the sociocultural and ideological evolution throughout the rules of etiquette. Τα εγχειρίδια εθυμοτυπίας, οι Χρηστοήθειες, οι οποίες εκδόθηκαν κατά το 18ο και το 19ο αιώνες απευθύνονται σε ένα ευρύ κοινό από τις καινούργιες τάξεις σε άνοδο. Οι συγγραφείς τους θέλουν να ακολουθούν το ιδανικό των ηθηκολώγων του αιώνα, να ρυθμίζουν τη ζωή με κανόνες. Ταυτόχρονα θέλουν να μεταφέρουν στην ελληνική νοοτροπία τους κανόνες ευγένειας μαζί με τους καλούς τρόπους του τραπεζιού.Αυτό το άρθρο εξετάζει το κεφάλαιο της Χρηστομάθειας του Καισαρείου Νταπόντε αφιερωμένο στους καλούς τρόπους στο τραπέζι μέσα από τους οποίους εξετάζουμε τις κοινωνικές και πολιτισμικές εξελίξεις στην "καθ'ημάς Ανατολή".

Siyasi ve askeri tarih konularının ağırlık kazandığı Birinci Dünya Savaşı araştırmalarında sosyal tarih alanının yeterince ele alındığı söylenemez. Halbu ki, bir toplumu veya tarihî olguları, daha iyi anlayabilmek için siyasî ve askerî olayların dışında kalan sosyal ve ekonomik vd. gelişmelerin de dikkate alınması gerekir. Bu araştırmada, Osmanlı Devleti"nin son çeyrek asırında; savaşlarda yaralanan veya şehit olanlar, diğer ölüm sebepleri ve o dönemde yaygın olan hastalıklar, ölüm yaş ortalamaları, medenî durumlar, meslekler, isimler, lâkaplar vb. daha pek çok açılardan dönemin Osmanlı toplumunun fotoğrafını çekebilmemizde bize fevkalâde önemli veriler sunan "Vefâyâta Mahsus Vukûat Defterleri" ilk kez örneklerle ayrıntılı bir şekilde tanıtılacaktır, It cannot be said that the social history was handled adequately in the researches on the First World War in which the political and martial subjects dominate. However, the social, economic and other developments apart from political and martial events should be considered in order to understand a society or historical events better. In this paper, “Incident books concerning to deaths,” which introduce us exceptionally important data to depict the Ottoman society from a great number of aspects such as the number of those injured or martyred and other causes of death, common diseases, the average of age at exit, marital status, professions, names, and nicknames in the last quarter of the Ottoman State, will be introduced with samples in detail for the first time

Écrit dans les années 1460 par l’humaniste italien Bartholomeo Sacchi, dit Platina, le De honesta voluptate s’inscrit dans l’histoire des goûts alimentaires. L’ouvrage mêle intimement cuisine, médecine, littérature et prône la recherche des plaisirs de la table, sous couvert de règles de santé. L’édition utilisée pour cette étude est celle imprimée à Strasbourg chez Jean Knobloch en 1517.Les dix livres du De honesta voluptate mentionnent des termes en grec ce qui, aux yeux d’un helléniste tel que se voulait Platina, devait sans doute ajouter à l’ouvrage une certaine confirmation d’un « humaniste modèle ».L’auteur n’hésite pas à faire référence aux auteurs de l’Antiquité pour alléguer telle ou telle information profitant ainsi du prestige du grec. Le choix des termes grecs utilisés pour décrire les aliments, les modes de cuisson et les préparations culinaires sont ici l’objet d’une réflexion autour des pratiques alimentaires et culinaires dans l’Europe humaniste des xve et xvie siècles. Written in the 1460s by the Italian humanist Platina, De honesta voluptate fits into the story of the food tastes. The book mixes intimately cooking, medicine, literature quoting Greek terms that should probably add to the book a certain confirmation of a "humanistic model" in the eyes of a Greek scholar as was intended to be Platina. The edition employed here was printed in Strasbourg in 1517.The author mentions the writers of Antiquity to allege or not his informations taking advantage of the prestige of the Greek language. He uses hellenisms, and describes with Greek terms or Greek etymologies the foods.The analysis of the lexical field of food questions us about the nature of the products, the cooking methods and the culinary preparations. Those are here subject of a reflection on the food and culinary practices in the humanistic Europe of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Το δεκάτομο De honesta voluptate (Ρώμη, 1460) του Ιταλού ουμανιστή Bartholomeo Sacchi Platina συνδέει κουζίνα, ιατρική και λογοτεχνία. Η μεγάλη διάδοση του πρώτου αυτού συγγράμματος γαστρονομίας και υγιεινής (40 λατινικές και αλλόγλωσσες εκδόσεις μεταξύ 1470 και 1514, από τις οποίες εδώ επιλέγεται αυτή του Jean Knobloch (Στρασβούργο, 1517)) οφείλεται στον καινοτόμο χαρακτήρα του. Η γλωσσική ανάλυση των – ιδιόχειρων – ελληνικών όρων των τροφών, κατά το επιδιωκόμενο «ουμανιστικό μοντέλο», μας διαφωτίζει σχετικά με την φύση και την ύπαρξη τους τότε, καθώς και για άγνωστες σήμερα διατροφικές πρακτικές. Επικαλούμενος Έλληνες συγγραφείς, ο επίδοξος ελληνιστής επωφελείται του αρχαιοελληνικού γοήτρου, παραδίδοντας ένα έργο πάνω στις διατροφικές και μαγειρικές πρακτικές στην ουμανιστική Ευρώπη του 15ου και 16ου αι.

La communication traite des multiples configurations des recettes de cuisine grecques de la fin du xixe jusqu’au début du xxie siècle. Elle présente la structure, la forme et les caractéristiques de ce genre de texte dans la diachronie, ainsi que les pratiques scripturaires et sociales dans lesquelles elle s’inscrit. The paper discusses the ways the genre ‘recipe’ was transformed from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 21st century in Greece. Modifications in the generic form and in the appearance of the text are presented along with the social practices into which recipes are involved. Σύγχρονες προσεγγίσεις αντιμετωπίζουν τα κειμενικά είδη ως διαδικασίες που αναδιαμορφώνονται διαρκώς ανάλογα ώστε να καλύψουν τις διαφοροποιούμενες ανάγκες των μελών μίας γλωσσικής και πολιτισμικής κοινότητας. Στη δημοσίευση συζητούνται οι διαφοροποιήσεις του είδους ‘συνταγή μαγειρικής’ στην Ελλάδα από τα τέλη του 19ου έως τις αρχές του 21ου αιώνα ως προς τη μορφή, την κειμενική δομή και τις κοινωνικo-πολιτισμικές πρακτικές που διαπλέκονται γύρω από το συγκεκριμένο κειμενικό είδος

Sont ici examinés les rapports entre cuisine rituelle de Pâques en Grèce contemporaine et représentations du genre, notamment à travers le mode traditionnel de résidence post-maritale, c’est-à-dire le lieu d’habitation du jeune couple. Ces trois matérialités, la nourriture, le corps et l’espace, font écho à l’idéologie du genre. En Grèce continentale traditionnelle, la résidence post-maritale est patri-virilocale et l’agneau pascal rôti à la broche constitue un moment de célébration des réseaux de parenté agnatique. En Grèce égéenne, en revanche, la résidence post-maritale est matri-uxorilocale. Le plat emblématique pascal des îles de la mer Égée, le chevreau farci, se révèle être lié aux symboles des âges des filles et des femmes, tout en étant foncièrement lié à l’espace produit par des pratiques de résidence. Cuisine et espace sont tous les deux évocateurs des représentations sur le corps et notamment sur le corps procréateur, féminin ou masculin. This contribution aims at implementing the relationships between Easter ritual cooking in Greece and contemporary representations of gender, among others through the traditional way of post-marital residence, that is to say, the place of residence of the young pair. Those three materialities, food, body and space, do echo gender ideology. In mainland Greece, traditional post-marital residence is patri-virilocal and the Easter lamb, roasted on a spit, is a time of celebration of agnatic kinship networks. Conversely, Aegean Greece post-marital residence is matri-uxorilocal. The emblematic Easter dish of the Aegean islands, stuffed kid, appears to be linked to girls’ and women’s ages symbols while being also fundamentally linked to the space resulting of dwelling practices. Cooking and space are both evocative of representations of the body–including the reproductive body, male or female. Στο άρθρο αυτό παρουσιάζεται η σχέση μεταξύ τελετουργικής μαγειρικής του Πάσχα στη σύγχρονη Ελλάδα και αναπαραστάσεων του έμφυλου σώματος, εστιάζοντας στην παραδοσιακά μεταγαμήλια εγκατάσταση, τον τόπο δηλαδή κατοίκησης του νιόπαντρου ζευγαριού. Οι τρεις αυτές υλικότητες, όπως είναι η τροφή, το σώμα και ο χώρος, απηχούν την ιδεολογία του φύλου. Στην παραδοσιακή ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα, και όπου η μεταγαμήλια εγκατάσταση είναι ανδρο-πατροτοπική, το πασχαλινό αρνί ψητό στη σούβλα αποτελεί στιγμή εορτασμού των ανδρογραμμικών δικτύων συγγένειας. Στον αντίποδα, στην Αιγαιακή Ελλάδα η μεταγαμήλια εγκατάσταη του ζευγαριού είναι γυναικο-μητροτοπική. Το εμβληματικό πασχαλινό πιάτο των νησιών του Αιγαίου, το γεμιστό κατσίκι, αποκαλύπτει σύμβολα του κύκλου της ζωής κοριτσιών και γυναικών ενώ είναι και θεμελιωδώς συνδεδεμένο με τον χώρο που παράγουν οι συγκεκριμένες πρακτικές κατοίκησης. Μαγειρική και χώρος υποδηλώνουν τις αναπαραστάσεις του σώματος, ειδικά του αναπαραγωγικού σώματος, γυναικείου και ανδρικού.

Fondé sur des données ethnographiques recueillies depuis 2009, cet article analyse les représentations, les activités commerciales et les pratiques alimentaires des migrants grecs à Bruxelles. Les Grecs ont contribué à développer et réorienter les choix alimentaires et le goût de leur clientèle à laquelle ils proposent des produits qui paraissent exotiques avant de devenir, progressivement, des éléments à part entière de la gastronomie locale. En s’opposant à cette tendance de banalisation, la nouvelle génération essaie de réinventer la cuisine grecque et de remplacer des produits grecs devenus transculturels par d’autres éléments, moins connus et moins industrialisés. Based on ethnographical data collected since 2009, this article analyzes the representations, the commercial activities and the food practices of Greek migrants in Brussels. Greeks have contributed to develop and to re-orient the food choices and the taste of their clientele, to whom they propose products that seemed exotic before progressively becoming part of the local gastronomy. Through its opposition to this tendency to banalization, the new generation tries to reinvent Greek cuisine and to replace Greek products that became transcultural by other elements, less known and less industrialized. Το άρθρο αυτό, το οποίο βασίζεται σε εθνογραφικά δεδομένα που συγκεντρώθηκαν από το 2009 μέχρι σήμερα, αναλύει τις αναπαραστάσεις, τις εμπορικές δραστηριότητες και τις διατροφικές συνήθειες των Ελλήνων μεταναστών στις Βρυξέλλες. Οι Έλληνες συνεισέφεραν στην ανάπτυξη και τον επαναπροσανατολισμό των διατροφικών επιλογών των πελατών τους, στους οποίους προτείνουν προϊόντα που φαίνονται εξωτικά πριν κατοχυρωθούν, σταδιακά, ως αναπόσταστα στοιχεία της τοπικής γαστρονομίας. Η νέα γενιά προσπαθεί να ξαναεφεύρει την ελληνική κουζίνα και να αντικαταστήσει τα ελληνικά προϊόντα που θεωρούνται πια κοινότυπα και τυποποιημένα με άλλα, λιγότερo γνωστά και λιγότερο βιομηχανοποιημένα.

Comment se structure le système partisan de la République turque de Chypre du Nord (RTCN) ? Au-delà des nombreux travaux sur la géopolitique de Chypre, le fonctionnement réel du système politique de la RTCN, un État autoproclamé, mais non reconnu depuis 1983, et les organisations partisanes qui le composent, sont en fait très méconnus. Cet article propose ainsi une étude novatrice de la formation du système partisan et de l’évolution des clivages politiques à Chypre du Nord de 1974 à 2014. Il se fonde sur trois enquêtes de terrains menées entre 2012 et 2014, des entretiens avec des dirigeants des partis fédéralistes et nationalistes et des observations ethnographiques détaillées des campagnes électorales. Il montre que la création d’un système multipartisan et l’émergence d’une démocratie électorale coexistent avec le maintien d’un nationalisme prédominant. L’impasse de la résolution du conflit chypriote et l’absence de reconnaissance internationale de la RTCN n’ont pas empêché le développement d’un système partisan compétitif et de mécanismes internes de légitimation du pouvoir, ce qui a débouché sur une alternance historique en 2003. Mais l’embargo économique et la partition territoriale pèsent sur le contexte social de la RTCN et expliquent malgré tout la prédominance du nationalisme turc. How is the party system of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) structured? Beyond the numerous works on the geopolitics of Cyprus, we know very little on the real functioning of TRNC’s political system, a self-proclaimed but non-recognized state since 1983, and on its political organisations. Thus, this article proposes a novel study of the formation of the party system and the evolution of political cleavages in Northern Cyprus between 1974 and 2014. It is based on three fieldworks organised between 2012 and 2014, on interviews with federalist and nationalist political leaders and on thick ethnographic observations of political campaigns. It shows that the creation of a multiparty system and the emergence of an electoral democracy coexist with the maintenance of a predominant nationalism. Cyprus’ conflict resolution stalemate and TRNC’s absence of international recognition have not impeded the development of a competitive party system and of internal mechanisms to legitimise power, which has led to an historical change in power in 2003. But the economic embargo and the partition of the territory influence TRNC’s social context and nevertheless explain the predominance of Turkish nationalism. Πώς οργανώνεται το κομματικό σύστημα της ΤΔΒΚ; Πέρα από τις πολλές έρευνες για τη γεοπολιτική της Βόρειας Κύπρου, πολύ λίγα είναι γνωστά για την πραγματική λειτουργία του πολιτικού συστήματος αυτού του αυτοκαλούμενου Κράτους – το οποίο δεν αναγνωρίστηκε από το 1983- και για τα κόμματα τα οποία το αποτελούν. Αυτό το άρθρο προτείνει μια πρωτοποριακή μελέτη για τη διαμόρφωση του πολιτικού συστήματος και την εξέλιξή του στη Βόρεια Κύπρο από το 1974 ως το 2004. Βασίζεται σε τρεις έρευνες επί τόπου το 2012 και το 2014, σε συνεντεύξεις με εθνικιστές και φεντεραλιστές ηγέτες, και σε εθνογραφικές παρατηρήσεις των προεκλογικών εκστρατειών. Δείχνει ότι η δημιουργία ενός πολυκομματικού συστήματος και η εμφάνιση μιας εκλογικής δημοκρατίας συνυπάρχουν με τη διατήρηση του κυριαρχού εθνικισμού. Το αδιέξοδο στη λύση του Κυπριακού και η έλλειψη διεθνούς αναγνώρισης της ΤΔΒΚ δεν εμπόδισαν την ανάπτυξη ενός κομματικού συστήματος και εσωτερικών μηχανισμών νομιμοποίησης της εξουσίας. Αυτό οδήγησε σε μια ιστορική εναλλαγή το 2003. Όμως ο οικονομικός αποκλεισμός και η διχοτόμηση του νησιού επιρρεάζουν αρνητικά το κοινωνικό πλαίσιο της ΤΔΒΚ και εξηγούν την επικράτηση του εθνικισμού.

Sınırları çok geniş bir coğrafyaya ulaşmış olan Osmanlı Devleti sadece toprak kazanmakla kalmamış, bu topraklardaki milletleri de uzun yıllar bir arada tutabilmiştir. Devletlerin uzun ömürlü olmalarının arkasında yalnızca askeri nedenler değil; sosyal ve kültürel gelişmeler ile eğitim ve öğretim alanında yapmış olduğu hizmetler de bulunmaktadır. Bu politikayı çok iyi bilen Osmanlı Devleti de yönetiminde bulunan en küçük birime kadar her bölgeyi cami, mescit, han, hamam gibi sosyal tesislerle; mektep, zaviye, tekke ve medrese gibi eğitim kurumları ile donatmış ve bu kurumların isleyişini de takip edebilmiştir. Günümüzde Osmanlı'nın bu kurumları hakkındaki bir takım bilgilere Hurufât Defterleri sayesinde ulaşmak mümkündür. Tezin konusu Beyşehir Sancağı'na bağlı Göci-yi Kebir Kazası'nın XVII. ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda sosyal, kültürel, eğitim öğretim ve ekonomik hayatının incelenmesidir. Osmanlı Türkçesine olan ilginin azlığı ve bunun yanında şehir tarihçiliğine verilen öneminde artması bizi böyle bir araştırma yapmaya sevk etmiştir. Bu düşünce ile Göci-yi Kebir Kazası'nı araştırma konusu olarak belirledik. Göci-yi Kebir Kazası'nın sosyal tarihi üzerine açıklamalar yapılırken, Hurufât Defterleri ışığında yörenin dinî görevlileri ve eğitimcileri üzerinde durularak vakıf görevlilerine de değinilecektir., Ottaman state, whose borders reached so large geographical lands, not only gained lands from other nations but also kept together these people on the same land so many years. To have the long life for the states, there are not only military reasons but also social and cultural development sand facilities or ministrations on the area of education. Ottoman state, which knows this politics very well, constructed everywhere of its land from the city centres to the small governing points with so many social recreational facilities and educational institutions such as mosques, masjids, Hans, Hammams and mekteps, madrasahs, zaviyes, tekkes and also supervened or arranged these constructions working. Today, it is possible to reach the some informations about these Ottoman?s institutions thanks to Hurufat Notebooks. The thesis subject is studying social, cultural, educational and economical life of Göçi-yi Kebir dictrict in the centuries XVII-XIX. Because of the shortfall interest to Ottoman Turkish and the increasing importance to the city historiography, we decided to study on the history of Göçi-yi Kebir with this kind of sucject. Meanwhile the explanations are being given on the social history of Göçi-yi Kebir, thanks to Hurufat Notebooks, the informations are going to be given not only on the religious officials and the educators but also Waqf officials.

Dr. Mehmet Esat (IŞIK), 1865 yılında İstanbul'da doğmuş, 1936 yılında vefat etmiştir. Mekteb-i Tıbbiye'den 1889 yılında tabip yüzbaşı rütbesiyle mezun olmuştur. Fransa'da göz hastalıkları uzmanı olmuş ve 1894 tarihinde İstanbul'a dönmüştür. 1899 yılından öğretim üyesi, 1907 yılında tuğgeneral olan Dr. Esat Bey, Askerî ve sivil hastanelerde görev yapmıştır. Dr. Esat Bey, bilim adamı sıfatıyla çeşitli uluslararası kongrelere katılmıştır. Bilimsel yayımları ile dikkati çekmiş, mesleği olan göz hekimliği alanında ise ?Esat Oftalmoskobu? adıyla anılan buluş yapmıştır. 1902 yılında katıldığı uluslararası Brüksel Kongresi sonucu hazırladığı raporlar ve yayımladığı bir kitap ile Avrupa'da başlayan özel eğitim çalışmalarını ülkesinde tanıtmıştır. Bunun neticesi İstanbul'da görme engelliler okulu açılmasına önayak olmuştur. Ona göre; görme engellilere eğitim verilip, bir meslek kazandırıldığı taktirde onlar yaşamlarını bağımsız ve toplumla uyumlu sürebileceklerdir. Siyasî, ilmî, edebî, askerî yönleriyle önemli izler bırakan Dr. Esat Bey, Türkiye'de özel eğitimin, çok özelde görme engellilerin eğitimi alanındaki gelişmelere katkı sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmayla, Osmanlı belgeleri ışığında onun hayatı ve görme engelli eğitimi alanındaki katkılarına değinilmeye çalışılmıştır., Dr. Mehmet Esat (IŞIK) was born in 1865 in İstanbul and died in 1936. He graduated from the faculty of medicine (Mekteb-i Tıbbiye, İstanbul) as a lieutenant doctor in1889. He became specialist on eye illnesses in France and returned to İstanbul in 1894. Dr. Mehmet Esat (IŞIK), who became a professor in 1899 and brigadier general in 1907, worked in army and civil hospitals. Dr. Mehmet Esat (IŞIK) participated in several international congress as a scientist. He attracted attention and made the invention of ?The Esad?s Oftalmascop? in his field. He introduced the special education studies to his country with books and reports that he prepared as a result of the International Brussels Congress which he participated in 1902. Accortding to him, if we help the education of the blind and make them have jobs, their lives within the society. Dr. Mehmet Esat (IŞIK), who left remarkable works for the country in scientific, literary and military branches, contributed a lot to special education. In this study, it was aimed to touch to his contributions and works, and studies and his life in the spot of Ottoman documents.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sürecinde Türkiye'nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu (1939-1945) adlı yüksek lisans çalışması, tez kriterinde ele alınmış bir incelemedir. Buçalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sürecinde Türkiye'nin sosyo-ekonomik yapısı tahliledilerek, bu süreçteki sosyal ve ekonomik politikaların uygulama ve sonuçlarının, savaşsonrası süreçteki siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik olaylar üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.Birinci başlık altında, İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi Türkiye'nin sosyo-ekonomikdurumu incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde, Cumhuriyet'in Osmanlıdan aldığı ekonomik miras,Cumhuriyetin ilk yılları ve iktisat politikası arayışları, liberal ekonomik dönemdekiekonomi politikaları ve bu politikaların sonuçları, devletçiliğe geçiş süreci ve devletçiekonomik dönemdeki ekonomi politikaları ve bu politikaların sonuçları üzerindedurulmuştur. Ayrıca bu bölümde, Atatürk dönemi olarakta adlandırdığımız, 1923-1938döneminin sosyo-ekonomik bakımdan genel bir değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır.İkinci ana başlık altında, tezimizin de ana konusunu oluşturan, İkinci DünyaSavaşı Sürecinde Türkiye'nin sosyo-ekonomik durumu incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde,savaş ekonomisine geçişte yapılan yasal düzenlemeler ve ekonomik yapılanmanınyeniden kuruluşu, savaş döneminde yükselen fiyatlara ve karaborsaya karşı devletinmüdahaleleri, savaş dönemi ekonomisini kontrol etmeye yönelik geçmişte ve şimdi deçok tartışılan Karne Uygulaması, Yüzde 25 Kararı, Varlık Vergisi, Toprak MahsulleriVergisi ve Çiftçiyi Topraklandırma Kanunları üzerinde durulmuş ve bu kanunlarınuygulama ve sonuçları tahlil edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu bölümde, İkinci Dünya savaşı öncesisüreçten başlayarak, Türkiye'deki nüfus, sağlık, eğitim ve kültür politikalarınınuygulama ve sonuçları incelenmiştir.Üçüncü ana başlık altında, İkinci Dünya savaşı yıllarında uygulanan sosyal veekonomik politikaların savaş sonrası süreçteki siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik yapıyayansımaları üzerinde durulmuştur.Bu çalışma, İkinci Dünya Savaşından günümüze kadar gelen süreci daha iyianlamamıza ve Türkiye'deki Çok Partili hayata geçişin, dış etkilerinden çok, içetkilerini ayrıntılı bir biçimde irdeleyen, hem resmi kaynakları, hem de ulusal basındayer alan kaynakları eleştirel bir biçimde inceleyen ve bu konuda araştırma yapacak olanaraştırmacılara kaynak olacak bir çalışma olacağı inancındayım.Anahtar Sözcüklerİkinci Dünya Savaşı, sosyal tarih, ekonomik tarih, sosyal yapıVarlık Vergisi, Çiftçiyi Topraklandırma Kanunu, Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi, Nüfus,Eğitim First of all this is a kind of research which considered as bachelor?s degreestudy. Turkey?s Social and Economical Situation During The World War II. (1939-1945) In this research I try to indicate economical and social aspects of TurkishRepublic before and during the world war 2nd. This research also try to explain theeffects and results of political desicions in Turkey.Within the first topicheadline in this research the readres can see Turkey?s socialand economical situation before the World War II very clearly. In this topic the mainsubject considered about the existence of young Turkish Repuplic and liberal economyhow developed with the Ottoman Empire?s economical heritage In the begining ofyoung Turkish Repuplic try to find an economical policy in liberal way. The effects andresults of liberal economic policy encouraged by the Turkish Government Investments.This is called Atatürk?s Period between 1923-1938. There is an explanation and anevaluation of this period.Within the second topic headline in this research the main subject is Turkey?ssituation during the World War II. There were numerous battles in World War II. Someof these battles lasted only days while others took months or years. Some of the battleswere notable for the material losses such as tanks or aircraft carriers while others werenotable for the number of human losses. Although this is not a comprehensive list of allbattes of WWII, it is a list of the major battles of World War II. The readers can seehow Turkish Repuclic government work in accordance with war economy. What kindof principles and rules serviced to protect people such as having a licence for bread.National Economical Principles resist price increase and black markets. Here are somerules and principles such as, 25 percent tax, owners value tax, agriculture tax, givingland to farmers, There is an explanation and an evaluation about education, health,population increase and cultural policies.Within the third topic headline in this research the main subject is Turkey?ssocial and economical situation after the World War II. By means of this research thetotal evaluation help us to understand our daily life clearly. In any way the internalreasons occurs rather than external for transfering from one political group throughmulti political groups in Turkey. I beleive that this research satisfied readers in manyways who wants to get informations by critisizing government multi political groups indemocrasy.Key Words:The World War II, Social history, Economical history, Social Situation,Owners value tax, Gving Land to Farmers, Agricultere tax, Population,Education 271