Author: "Saps Buchman" / Publication Year Range: Last 50 years - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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52 results on '"Saps Buchman"'

1. The Relativity Mission Gravity Probe B, Testing Einstein’s Universe

Author: Saps Buchman for the GP-B Collaboration, Burton, W. B., Series editor, Bertola, F., Series editor, Cassinelli, J. P., Series editor, Cesarsky, C. J., Series editor, Ehrenfreund, P., Series editor, Engvold, O., Series editor, Heck, A., Series editor, Van den Heuvel, E. P. J., Series editor, Kaspi, V. M., Series editor, Kuijpers, J. M. E., Series editor, Van der Laan, H., Series editor, Murdin, P. G., Series editor, Pacini, F., Series editor, Radhakrishnan, V., Series editor, Somov, B. V., Series editor, Sunyaev, R. A., Series editor, Ciufolini, Ignazio, editor, and Matzner, Richard A., editor
Published: 2010
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2. Charge Measurement

Author: T Sumner, John Mester, and Saps Buchman
Published: 2017

3. Precision electrostatic suspension system for the Gravity Probe B relativity mission’s science gyroscopes

Author: Saps Buchman, Robert W. Brumley, M.E. Eglington, and William J. Bencze
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Adaptive control, Rotor (electric), Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Gyroscope, law.invention, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, law, Control theory, Control system, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Torque, Suspension (vehicle), High dynamic range
Abstract: Presented here is a hybrid digital/analog electrostatic suspension control system for the NASA/Stanford University Gravity Probe B Relativity Mission’s science gyroscopes. An adaptive LQE algorithm, called Authority-on-Demand (AOD), has been developed to meet the high dynamic range requirements for mission’s electrostatic suspension, while minimizing suspension induced torques on the rotor. AOD is novel because it uses plant state estimates, rather than plant parameter estimates, as inputs for adaptation. In addition minimizing disturbance torques on the gyroscope, this suspension system can also maximize and control disturbances torques to perform a post spin-up alignment of the gyroscope spin axes. A backup all-analog proportional-derivative (PD) controller subsystem is provided to maintain control of the rotor in the event of computer faults/radiation induced upsets. A precision mechanical simulation of the gyroscope’s capacitive interface and dynamic response is used to verify performance of the overall system.
Published: 2007

4. A GRAVITATIONAL REFERENCE SENSOR FOR ADVANCED DRAG-FREE SATELLITES

Author: D.B. DeBra, Robert L. Byer, Ke-Xun Sun, Saps Buchman, and Graham Allen
Subjects: Physics, Interferometry, Optics, Drag, business.industry, Position (vector), Astronomical interferometer, Reference surface, Picometre, Satellite, General Medicine, Sensitivity (control systems), business
Abstract: LISA and the next generation of space-based laser interferometers require gravitational reference sensors (GRS) to provide distance measurements with picometer precision. To meet this goal, we describe a stand-alone GRS structure that has high sensitivity and easy integration with a satellite. The stand-alone GRS integrates balanced optical probing of the proof-mass position in its housing, and provides a correlated reference surface to an independent external interferometer. The use of optical sensing allows for a large gap between the proof-mass and housing, which is the best way to reduce many proof-mass disturbances.
Published: 2007

5. LED deep UV source for charge management of gravitational reference sensors

Author: Saps Buchman, S. D. Williams, Brett Allard, Ke-Xun Sun, and Robert L. Byer
Subjects: Photocurrent, Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, medicine.disease_cause, Electric charge, Photocathode, law.invention, Wavelength, Optics, law, Charge control, medicine, Optoelectronics, Proof mass, business, Ultraviolet, Light-emitting diode
Abstract: Proof mass electrical charge management is an important functionality for the ST-7-LTP technology demonstration flight and for LISA. Photoemission for charge control is accomplished by using deep ultraviolet (UV) light to excite photoelectron emission from an Au alloy. The conventional UV source is a mercury vapour lamp. We propose and demonstrate charge management using a deep UV light emitting diode (LED) source. We have acquired selected AlGaN UV LEDs, characterized their performance and successfully used them to realize charge management. The UV LEDs emit at a 257 nm central wavelength with a bandwidth of ~12 nm. The UV power for a free-space LED is ~120 µW, and after fibre coupling is ~16 µW, more than sufficient for LISA applications. We have directly observed the LED UV light-induced photocurrent response from an Au photocathode and an Au-coated GRS/ST-7 proof mass. We demonstrated fast switching of UV LEDs and associated fast changes in photocurrent. This allows modulation and continuous discharge to meet stringent LISA disturbance reduction requirements. We propose and demonstrate AC charge management outside the gravitational wave signal band. Further, the megahertz bandwidth for UV LED switching allows for up to six orders of magnitude dynamic power range and a number of novel modes of operations. The UV LED based charge management system offers the advantages of small-size, lightweight, fibre-coupled operation with very low power consumption.
Published: 2006

6. Kelvin probe measurements: investigations of the patch effect with applications to ST-7 and LISA

Author: Saps Buchman, J. Hanson, P. Zhou, J R Blackwood, N. A. Robertson, Jordan Camp, S. D. Williams, D. Gill, and Robert L. Byer
Subjects: Physics, Gravitation, Kelvin probe force microscope, Acceleration, Optics, Gravitational-wave observatory, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Conjunction (astronomy), Electrode, business, Noise (radio), Indium tin oxide
Abstract: One of the possible noise sources for the space-based gravitational wave detector LISA (the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), associated with its test masses, is that due to spatial variations in surface potential (or patch effect) across the surfaces of the test mass and its housing. Such variations will lead to force gradients which may result in a significant acceleration noise term. Another noise source is that due to temporal variations in the surface potential, which in conjunction with any ambient dc voltage or net free charge on the test mass may also produce a significant acceleration noise term. The ST-7 demonstrator mission is designed to test technologies for LISA, including the gravitational reference sensor, which contains a gold-coated gold/platinum (Au/Pt) alloy test mass, surrounded by a housing that carries the electrodes for sensing and control. We have used a Kelvin probe at the Goddard Space Flight Center to make spatial and temporal measurements of contact potential differences for a selection of materials (Au/Pt, beryllia, alumina, titanium) and coatings (gold, diamond-like carbon, indium tin oxide, titanium carbide). Our investigations indicate that subject to certain assumptions all of these coatings appear to satisfy the ST-7 requirement that patch effect spatial variations should be less than 100 mV. The data also revealed evidence of behavioural trends with pressure and possible contamination effects. Regarding temporal variations, the current accuracy of the instrument is limiting the measurements at a level above the likely LISA requirements. We discuss our results and draw some conclusions of relevance to LISA.
Published: 2006

7. Grating Angle Magnification Enhanced Angular and Integrated Sensors for LISA Applications

Author: Robert L. Byer, Saps Buchman, and Ke-Xun Sun
Subjects: Diffraction, Physics, History, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Grating, Displacement (vector), Computer Science Applications, Education, Photodiode, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, Blazed grating, Reflection (physics), Proof mass, business
Abstract: The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and the Big Bang Observer (BBO) require angular sensing in their gravitational reference sensor (GRS), telescope pointing, and spacecraft control. The conventional angular sensing schemes utilize simple geometric reflections as the sensing mechanism. We propose and demonstrate the use of grating diffraction orders as angular sensing signal beams. The grating angular sensor can be far more sensitive than a simple reflection scheme for two reasons. First, the diffractive angles can vary more than the incident angle when the grating rotates. The grating thus magnifies the variation of the input angle. Second, the cross section of the diffracted beam is compressed by the oblique projection, resulting in a higher energy density. These two favorable effects become more pronounce for a normal incidence beam to diffract at grazing angles. We have conducted a preliminary experiment and demonstrated an angular sensitivity below 10 nanoradians per root hertz over a short working distance, meeting the Space Technology 7 (ST-7) GRS and LISA requirements for proof mass angular sensing. Our proposed grating-based angular measurement does not introduce additional optical elements between the sensed surface and the photodiode. Thus, it eliminates measurement uncertainty due to in-path optics. The proposed grating sensor can be generalized to build an integrated sensor for both angular and displacement sensing.
Published: 2006

8. Modular Gravitational Reference Sensor: Simplified Architecture to future LISA and BBO

Author: Robert L. Byer, Saps Buchman, Graham Allen, Ke-Xun Sun, D.B. DeBra, and S. D. Williams
Subjects: Physics, Coupling, History, Spacecraft, business.industry, Capacitive sensing, Modular design, Degrees of freedom (mechanics), Topology, Computer Science Applications, Education, Position (vector), Free flight, Proof mass, business, Simulation
Abstract: We present the Modular GRS (previously named as Stand-Alone GRS), in which the laser light from the remote spacecraft does not illuminate the proof mass. The modular GRS uses only a single spherical proof mass on each spacecraft and optical, as opposed to capacitive, position sensing. The use of a single sphere as the test mass avoids the issue of cross coupling that is inherent for the cubic proof mass, and allows true drag free flight with no forcing. Together, the modular design, optical sensing and a single spherical proof mass reduce the disturbances and the number of degrees of freedom that must be managed for future LISA and BBO.
Published: 2006

9. ST-7 gravitational reference sensor: analysis of magnetic noise sources

Author: Robert L. Byer, D. Lauben, Saps Buchman, D. Gill, Ben Shelef, Gad Shelef, S. D. Williams, G Mac Keiser, D.B. DeBra, and John Hanson
Subjects: Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Spacecraft, business.industry, Magnetic field, Gravitation, Noise, Acceleration, Classical mechanics, Position (vector), Trajectory, Aerospace engineering, business, Current loop
Abstract: A next generation gravitational reference sensor is being developed by Stanford University for the disturbance reduction system (DRS). The DRS will demonstrate the technology required for future gravity missions, including the planned LISA gravitational-wave observatory. The GRS consists of a freely floating test mass, a housing, sensing electrodes and associated electronics. Position measurements from the GRS are used to fly the spacecraft in a drag-free trajectory, where spacecraft position will be continuously adjusted to stay centred about the test mass, essentially flying in formation with it. Any departure of the test mass from a gravitational trajectory is characterized as acceleration noise, resulting from unwanted forces acting on the test mass. The GRS will have an inherent acceleration noise level more than four orders of magnitude lower than previously demonstrated in space. To achieve such a high level of performance, the interaction of the magnetized test mass with the magnetic fields produced by the spacecraft must be considered carefully. It is shown that a new noise source due to the interaction of the time-varying magnetic field gradient and the permanent dipole of the test mass must be added to the noise analysis. A simple current loop model shows that the design of the spacecraft and instrument electronics must be done with attention to the magnetic noise produced.
Published: 2003

10. Search for Gravitational Waves Associated with gamma-ray Bursts Detected by the Interplanetary Network

Author: Robert Stone, A. Di Virgilio, A. R. Williamson, R. P. Croce, Namjun Kim, Xing-Jiang Zhu, S. T. Countryman, V. Necula, I. Santiago-Prieto, Hee-Suk Cho, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, A. K. Poteomkin, Tania Regimbau, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, V. V. Frolov, Riccardo Bassiri, J. B. Kanner, Oscar Reula, F. Carbognani, M. M. Hanke, W. Ortega, H. Fehrmann, S. B. Anderson, C. Maglione, Ruslan Vaulin, E. O. Lebigot, E. Katsavounidis, Ludovico Carbone, P. Couvares, Benno Willke, Jean-Luc Atteia, E. Maros, Stanislav Babak, M. Constancio, Duncan A. Brown, Hans A. Krimm, David B. Tanner, F. Jiménez-Forteza, H. Radkins, Christian Gräf, S. Walsh, Alessandra Buonanno, M. R. Smith, N. Letendre, Jeonghoon Ha, S. P. Vyachanin, T. P. Downes, E. Dominguez, F. Brückner, M. Edwards, B. J. J. Slagmolen, D. Fazi, M. Brinkmann, T. Etzel, H. P. Daveloza, H. Dereli, K. Siellez, N. Mangini, P. Thomas, Benjamin William Allen, Karsten Danzmann, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, M. Pedraza, Stefaan Franco, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, G. Vedovato, D. B. Kozak, C. Vorvick, T. Williams, David Coward, L. Bonelli, C. S. Unnikrishnan, S. H. Huttner, Piotr Jaranowski, Florent Robinet, M. Colombini, Roy Williams, C. J. Guido, Jonathan F. Stebbins, A. Basti, R. Bonnand, Collin Capano, D. Hoske, G. Kang, Karoline Wiesner, Sourav Ghosh, Imre Bartos, A. Rocchi, G. Endroczi, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, A. Masserot, M. J. Lubinski, M. Punturo, Shane L. Larson, Leopoldo Milano, Slawomir Gras, G. Mazzolo, D. S. Rabeling, M. Factourovich, Ryan DeRosa, Valerie Connaughton, B. M. Levine, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, E. Black, J.-P. Coulon, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, Z. Frei, S. M. Scott, G. Mendell, S. G. Gaonkar, Mark Hannam, C. Buy, Maik Frede, A. Di Lieto, D. B. Kelley, Jordan Camp, Zhihui Du, C. Osthelder, M. Ducrot, D. O. Bridges, Rebecca Fisher, Prayush Kumar, K. E. Gushwa, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, D. Feldbaum, F. Cleva, T. B. Edo, V. D. Pal'Shin, M. A. Bizouard, V. Sequino, J. Betzwieser, Antoine Heidmann, C. C. Yancey, Haixing Miao, S. L. Danilishin, I. Kowalska, Rocco Romano, Markus A. Wimmer, John D. Scott, P. Leaci, A. Colla, Rajesh Kumar, Vladimir B. Braginsky, H. Vahlbruch, G. Bogaert, M. Shaltev, Rosa Poggiani, O. Bock, P. J. Sutton, C. C. Wipf, Alex B. Nielsen, J. H. Romie, J.-D. Fournier, Philip F. Hopkins, A. Mytidis, M. Born, K. Mailand, D. L. Kinzel, R. A. Mercer, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, Peter Fritschel, Denis Martynov, Howard Pan, Aaron Buikema, R. Mittleman, István Rácz, K. L. Dooley, K. Riles, J. Y. Vinet, F. Frasconi, H. Overmier, Giacomo Ciani, A. Mullavey, D. Nolting, G. Manca, M. Weinert, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, L. Cunningham, C. R. Ramet, R. Flaminio, S. Farinon, Lisa Barsotti, E. J. King, I. Fiori, M. Agathos, S. R. Morriss, N. A. Robertson, Q. Chu, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, D. E. Clark, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, A. Staley, Nelson Christensen, L. Pinard, I. M. Pinto, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, M. J. Cowart, K. Loew, P. Raffai, R. Douglas, F. J. Raab, M. Pickenpack, J. Hanks, A. Pele, Sanichiro Yoshida, E. Lopez, D. Sellers, A. Kumar, Kevin M. Ryan, A. Moggi, H. J. Bulten, Nergis Mavalvala, M. Boer, Matthew Evans, Yukikatsu Terada, R. S. Ottens, Jerome Degallaix, R. J. G. Jonker, J. Meidam, David Jonathan Hofman, D. Hammer, A. von Kienlin, P. J. Lee, S. Vass, R. Vincent-Finley, Jesper Munch, M. Pichot, Federico Ferrini, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, W. Z. Korth, C. A. Costa, R. Inta, S. Klimenko, A. F. Brooks, Fabrice Matichard, Fumiko Kawazoe, Bala R. Iyer, Riccardo Sturani, L. R. Cominsky, C. Palomba, S. Privitera, S. S. Y. Chua, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, L. Martinelli, B. Moe, Odylio D. Aguiar, I. W. Martin, B. C. Barish, M. S. Shahriar, S. Mitra, Scott Koranda, E. Saracco, C. Tomlinson, László Gondán, W. Kells, G. Vajente, Kevin Hurley, Graham Woan, H. Augustus, S. Ast, C. M. Reed, W. D. Vousden, C. I. Torrie, R. Gustafson, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam, D. Schuette, D. D. Frederiks, Katrin Dahl, Soma Mukherjee, Drew Keppel, C. Belczynski, Alberto Vecchio, M. A. Barton, Stuart Reid, G. Rajalakshmi, L. Matone, C-H. Lee, D. Barker, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, Moritz Mehmet, M. Phelps, M. Branchesi, S. Kim, L. Prokhorov, H. R. Paris, Will M. Farr, J. Dickson, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, C. L. Mueller, Patrick Brady, Peter Kalmus, Sebastien Biscans, S. Kaufer, Sascha Husa, N. Straniero, Rainer Weiss, D. R. Ingram, David Palmer, Nancy Aggarwal, Tobias Westphal, R. Aptekar, J. C. Batch, Jan Harms, A. S. Sengupta, J. Eichholz, Tobias Eberle, Meng Wang, D.B. DeBra, F. Ricci, R. W. P. Drever, W. W. Johnson, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, I. Yakushin, Jacob Scheuer, Viswanath Bavigadda, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, Gavin Davies, M. C. Araya, T. Prestegard, Bernard F. Schutz, Kip S. Thorne, T. Chalermsongsak, Alessandro Bertolini, P. Puppo, David Jones, D. Bersanetti, J. V. van Heijningen, K. A. Hodge, S. Sankar, P. G. Murray, D. Passuello, Thanh Vinh Nguyen, David Blair, S. Roddy, Eric Thrane, T. Kaur, L. Sammut, Tristan Briant, F. Clara, S. Recchia, A. Idrisy, Kevin M. McLin, V. Dolique, C. Baune, D. Ugolini, Sung-Po Chao, J. R. Leong, Fabien Kéfélian, J. H. Hough, C. Lazzaro, B. Hughey, E. C. Ferreira, Anton B. Ivanov, J. Bauchrowitz, M. Razzano, R. M. Magee, Patricia Schmidt, V. Brisson, Marilyne Andersen, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, Marco Cavaglia, M. Lormand, C. Michel, A. Nitz, M. Tonelli, Larry R. Price, Sarah Caudill, R. De Rosa, Hyun Lee, N. Gehrels, T. Vo, J. Slutsky, R. Quitzow-James, R. Day, Jeffery Kline, Xuan Wang, J. S. Areeda, I. Leonor, V. Loriette, J. D. Lough, D. J. Stops, M. Prijatelj, Douglas R. Cook, R. Coyne, K. A. Thorne, C. Bradaschia, Li Ju, Daniel A. Shaddock, Michele Zanolin, T. Dal Canton, T. J. Massinger, R. Passaquieti, M. Huynh, V. Kalogera, J. Hanson, M. Damjanic, P. Oppermann, Marco Aurelio Diaz, Samaya Nissanke, Michele Vallisneri, M. Leonardi, R. Goetz, C. Bogan, E. Macdonald, G. A. Prodi, I. Nardecchia, F. Ohme, Martino Marisaldi, Laura Cadonati, F. Martelli, Carlos Cepeda, Ik Siong Heng, S. Steplewski, Evan Ochsner, Francesco Salemi, A. J. Weinstein, D. Buskulic, S. E. Zuraw, C. Padilla, Robert J. McCarthy, E. Cuoco, M. Kasprzack, Charlotte Bond, Alessandra Corsi, R. DeSalvo, S. A. Usman, G. D. Hammond, O. V. Palashov, F. Piergiovanni, Linqing Wen, C. Messenger, David Tshilumba, Tarun Souradeep, V. P. Mitrofanov, N. A. Gordon, P. J. Veitch, E. A. Huerta, G. M. Keiser, A. M. Sintes, Lee Samuel Finn, H. Tuennermann, Guido Mueller, Gijs Nelemans, Chandra Kant Mishra, M. V. van der Sluys, S. Golenetskii, Jinhyoung Lee, E. D. Hall, A. L. Stuver, S. Grunewald, J. Zweizig, S. E. Gossan, M. Davier, O. Puncken, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, D. Moraru, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, B. Sassolas, E. J. Daw, F. Travasso, Michał Bejger, P. Astone, F. Marion, W. Del Pozzo, N. Leroy, Trevor Sidery, H. Heitmann, Rana X. Adhikari, Chad Hanna, R. Abbott, G. Tellez, K. Williams, C. Wilkinson, Andrew Lundgren, B. Machenschalk, F. Donovan, S. Caride, M. Landry, Lindy Blackburn, V. Kondrashov, L. Di Fiore, D. Amariutei, K. Holt, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Jessica McIver, Chunglee Kim, Paul D. Lasky, Gianpietro Cagnoli, S. D'Antonio, Sebastian Steinlechner, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, A. Effler, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, I. Di Palma, A. Cumming, A. Alemic, Y. Minenkov, F. Garufi, R. Burman, David Murphy, D. Lodhia, E. Genin, Joshua Yablon, G. May, M. Barsuglia, S. Chung, A. Conte, V. Sandberg, Ping Koy Lam, G. Debreczeni, Alexander Khalaidovski, F. Nocera, D. J. White, C. Zhao, H. Wittel, Kenneth G. Libbrecht, Chris Pankow, B. Mours, M. E. Normandin, Joshua L. Willis, J. Prasad, F. Vetrano, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, Matthew Pitkin, A. Perreca, G. Gemme, Elizabeth Harstad, A. K. Zadrożny, V. Boschi, E. Schreiber, P. T. Baker, A. Grant, J. Aasi, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, Sunil Susmithan, A. Chiummo, Matthew Heintze, L. Zhang, A. L. Lombardi, B. Lantz, Steven Bloemen, Philip Graff, Jonathan R. Gair, T. Isogai, C. J. Bell, N. A. Lockerbie, M. van Beuzekom, F. Y. Khalili, N. Mazumder, G. McIntyre, Leo Singer, M. Drago, Guenakh Mitselmakher, W. O. Hamilton, T. M. C. Abbott, M. Wade, M. J. Hart, A. M. Gretarsson, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, K. Haris, Luca Gammaitoni, David H. Reitze, J. C. Driggers, Tyson Littenberg, Nicolás Wolovick, A. Allocca, Michael Thomas, Walter Winkler, Thomas Dent, Vladimir Dergachev, A. S. Markosyan, Yi-Ming Hu, Suvadeep Bose, J. D. E. Creighton, L. K. Nuttall, K. Mason, Matthew Abernathy, Harald Lück, Z. Márka, G. Valdes, B. C. Stephens, J. P. Zendri, James Whelan, P. Ajith, A. M. Sergeev, M. Granata, A. L. Urban, Huan Yang, Kasem Mossavi, Pierre-François Cohadon, J. K. Blackburn, E. Chassande-Mottin, Badri Krishnan, Sweta Shah, H. Kaufer, Koji Arai, G. Islas, Sheila Rowan, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, M. Cho, M. Pürrer, T. T. Fricke, S. C. McGuire, A. Giazotto, R. M. S. Schofield, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, J. Logue, M. Was, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, Christopher M. Biwer, S. Frasca, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, Ilya Mandel, Todd Adams, H. Vocca, Benjamin J. Owen, J. F. J. van den Brand, B. F. Whiting, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Xavier Siemens, Stephen S. Eikenberry, Máté Nagy, I. Maksimovic, J. Marque, P. Charlton, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, C. Van Den Broeck, M. Tacca, Martin Hendry, K. V. Tokmakov, A. Viceré, D. Simakov, Yi Chen, I. A. Bilenko, C. Affeldt, S. M. Koehlenbeck, Martin Hewitson, S. Doravari, E. Goetz, Junwei Cao, David J. Ottaway, Igor Neri, S. Penn, Gleb Romanov, Stephen Fairhurst, A. C. Lin, G. L. Mansell, P. Fulda, V. Dattilo, Edwin J. Son, Archana Pai, Tjonnie G. F. Li, F. Paoletti, R. Taylor, Stefan Hild, Y. Ma, Eric Howell, S. Leavey, M. Schilman, Adam A. Libson, Jon M. Miller, A. Brillet, G. Billingsley, Matthew West, L. Bosi, Travis Horrom, P. Ruggi, M. Jacobson, M. G. Beker, Dmitry S. Svinkin, T. P. Bodiya, Qi Fang, Robinjeet Singh, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Malik Rakhmanov, M. Yvert, J. Worden, Peter Wessels, J. Tao, Kieran Craig, L. Williams, A. Rüdiger, A. Le Roux, A. Gennai, Curt Cutler, V. Lockett, William Yam, L. Wallace, J. Poeld, A. Królak, R. Frey, Mark S. Meyer, Duncan Meacher, V. Predoi, R. Riesen, Roland Schilling, J. O'Dell, T. Dayanga, P. J. King, B. Shapiro, Virginio Sannibale, David E. McClelland, Xi-Long Fan, A. G. Wiseman, Y. Ji, S. P. Tarabrin, Samuel Deléglise, Benjamin Canuel, J. C. Barayoga, D. C. Coyne, K. Grover, K. Izumi, P. M. Meyers, Paul J. Groot, John Veitch, M. MacInnis, P. Rapagnani, C. C. Arceneaux, J. Karlen, T. Huynh-Dinh, J. S. Kissel, Marc Favata, L. E. Wade, Roger Jones, D. D. Brown, S. S. Premachandra, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, Michael W. Coughlin, M. Mageswaran, V. Malvezzi, Timothy MacDonald, Giuseppe Castaldi, E. Rhoades, Carl-Johan Haster, N. Morgado, L. Rolland, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, N. Man, H. J. Jang, K. Haughian, Nam-Gyu Kim, D. Talukder, C. V. Torres, I. W. Harry, T. L. Cline, R. Gouaty, Fausto Acernese, C. Gray, M. Mantovani, Vaibhav Tiwari, S. Omar, H. Zhu, David H. Shoemaker, D. Verkindt, Albert Lazzarini, M. T. Hartman, V. Kringel, S. Goßler, Tomasz Bulik, Richard J. Oram, François Bondu, K. Kokeyama, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, J. Calderón Bustillo, J. Birch, D. J. Hosken, E. Coccia, K. E. Ramirez, M. E. Zucker, B. A. Weaver, J. G. Rollins, L.-W. Wei, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Simon Stevenson, E. A. Quintero, Joseph Gleason, Hartmut Grote, V. Fafone, Farhan Feroz, T. Denker, G. Losurdo, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, F. Magaña-Sandoval, Neil J. Cornish, Peter Aufmuth, Jiayi Qin, A. Singer, J. N. Marx, R. Chakraborty, B. E. Aylott, C. Celerier, V. Re, Bruce Gendre, Saps Buchman, J. H. Clayton, Vuk Mandic, Th. S. Bauer, M. Neri, J. A. Giaime, S. G. Crowder, Satya Mohapatra, Yu-Ning Wu, Y. M. Kim, J. R. Sanders, E. Cesarini, F. Mezzani, S. Márka, Kenneth A. Strain, Fabio Marchesoni, P. Hello, Kyungmin Kim, B. O'Reilly, Eric Oelker, Yi Pan, Jong H. Chow, A. Pasqualetti, M. Tse, D. M. Macleod, M. Barbet, M. Meinders, B. L. Swinkels, Timothy A Welborn, Grant David Meadors, W. Katzman, Ettore Majorana, P. Ehrens, J. B. Lewis, Z. Shao, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, K. Wette, John J. Oh, Timothy Evans, Rory Smith, C. Adams, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, P. Campsie, Michelle E. Walker, G. Moreno, D. Rosińska, Fan Zhang, D. Nanda Kumar, Ruth A. Anderson, Jessica Steinlechner, M. Heurs, Reed Essick, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, A. Kutynia, Andrea Chincarini, T. Z. Summerscales, B. Behnke, G. M. Harry, K. Venkateswara, Yuri Levin, (Astro)-Particles Physics, APC - Cosmologie, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - Gravitation (APC-Gravitation), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Aasi, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T., Abernathy, M. R., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Ajith, P., Alemic, A., Allen, B., Allocca, A., Amariutei, D., Andersen, M., Anderson, R. A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Arceneaux, C., Areeda, J. S., Ast, S., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aufmuth, P., Augustus, H., Aulbert, C., Aylott, B. E., Babak, S., Baker, P. T., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Barayoga, J. C., Barbet, M., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barton, M. A., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. C., Bauchrowitz, J., Bauer, T. h. S., Baune, C., Bavigadda, V., Behnke, B., Bejger, M., Beker, M. G., Belczynski, C., Bell, A. S., Bell, C., Bergmann, G., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Biscans, S., Bitossi, M., Biwer, C., Bizouard, M. A., Black, E., Blackburn, J. K., Blackburn, L., Blair, D., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Bodiya, T. P., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bogan, C., Bond, C., Bondu, F., Bonelli, L., Bonnand, R., Bork, R., Born, M., Boschi, V., Sukanta, Bose, Bosi, L., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Braginsky, V. B., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Bridges, D. O., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. A., Brown, D. D., Brckner, F., Buchman, S., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Burman, R., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Caldern Bustillo, J., Calloni, Enrico, Camp, J. B., Campsie, P., Cannon, K. C., Canuel, B., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Carbognani, F., Carbone, L., Caride, S., Castaldi, G., Caudill, S., Cavagli, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Celerier, C., Cella, G., Cepeda, C., Cesarini, E., Chakraborty, R., Chalermsongsak, T., Chamberlin, S. J., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chassande Mottin, E., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Chow, J. H., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, S. S. Y., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Clara, F., Clark, D. E., Clark, J. A., Clayton, J. H., Cleva, F., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. F., Colla, A., Collette, C., Colombini, M., Cominsky, L., Constancio, M., Conte, A., Cook, D., Corbitt, T. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, M. W., Coulon, J. P., Countryman, S., Couvares, P., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Craig, K., Creighton, J. D. E., Croce, R. P., Crowder, S. G., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Cutler, C., Dahl, K., Dal Canton, T., Damjanic, M., Danilishin, S. L., Dantonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dattilo, V., Daveloza, H., Davier, M., Davies, G. S., Daw, E. J., Day, R., Dayanga, T., Debra, D., Debreczeni, G., Degallaix, J., Delglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Denker, T., Dent, T., Dereli, H., Dergachev, V., DE ROSA, Rosario, Derosa, R. T., Desalvo, R., Dhurandhar, S., Daz, M., Dickson, J., Di Fiore, L., Di Lieto, A., Di Palma, I., Di Virgilio, A., Dolique, V., Dominguez, E., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Douglas, R., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Drever, R. W. P., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Dwyer, S., Eberle, T., Edo, T., Edwards, M., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H. B., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Endrczi, G., Essick, R., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Fang, Q., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Favata, M., Fazi, D., Fehrmann, H., Fejer, M. M., Feldbaum, D., Feroz, F., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Finn, L. S., Fiori, I., Fisher, R. P., Flaminio, R., Fournier, J. D., Franco, S., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frede, M., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Fricke, T. T., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Gaonkar, S., Garufi, Fabio, Gehrels, N., Gemme, G., Gendre, B., Genin, E., Gennai, A., Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gleason, J., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gondan, L., Gonzlez, G., Gordon, N., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S., Goler, S., Gouaty, R., Grf, C., Graff, P. B., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greenhalgh, R. J. S., Gretarsson, A. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grover, K., Grunewald, S., Guidi, G. M., Guido, C. J., Gushwa, K., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Ha, J., Hall, E. D., Hamilton, W., Hammer, D., Hammond, G., Hanke, M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannam, M. D., Hanson, J., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Harstad, E. D., Hart, M., Hartman, M. T., Haster, C. J., Haughian, K., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Heptonstall, A. W., Heurs, M., Hewitson, M., Hild, S., Hoak, D., Hodge, K. A., Hofman, D., Holt, K., Hopkins, P., Horrom, T., Hoske, D., Hosken, D. J., Hough, J., Howell, E. J., Hu, Y., Huerta, E., Hughey, B., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh, M., Huynh Dinh, T., Idrisy, A., Ingram, D. R., Inta, R., Islas, G., Isogai, T., Ivanov, A., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacobson, M., Jang, H., Jaranowski, P., Ji, Y., Jimnez Forteza, F., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Haris, K., Kalmus, P., Kalogera, V., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Karlen, J., Kasprzack, M., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, H., Kaufer, S., Kaur, T., Kawabe, K., Kawazoe, F., Kflian, F., Keiser, G. M., Keitel, D., Kelley, D. B., Kells, W., Keppel, D. G., Khalaidovski, A., Khalili, F. Y., Khazanov, E. A., Kim, C., Kim, K., Kim, N. G., Kim, N., Kim, S., Kim, Y. M., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kinzel, D. L., Kissel, J. S., Klimenko, S., Kline, J., Koehlenbeck, S., Kokeyama, K., Kondrashov, V., Koranda, S., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Kringel, V., Krishnan, B., Krlak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, A., Nanda Kumar, D., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Lam, P. K., Landry, M., Lantz, B., Larson, S., Lasky, P. D., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lebigot, E. O., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, J., Lee, P. J., Leonardi, M., Leong, J. R., Leonor, I., Le Roux, A., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Levine, B., Lewis, J., T. G. F., Li, Libbrecht, K., Libson, A., Lin, A. C., Littenberg, T. B., Lockerbie, N. A., Lockett, V., Lodhia, D., Loew, K., Logue, J., Lombardi, A. L., Lopez, E., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J., Lubinski, M. J., Lck, H., Lundgren, A. P., Ma, Y., Macdonald, E. P., Macdonald, T., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Magaa Sandoval, F., Magee, R., Mageswaran, M., Maglione, C., Mailand, K., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Malvezzi, V., Man, N., Manca, G. M., Mandel, I., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mangini, N. M., Mansell, G., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Mrka, S., Mrka, Z., Markosyan, A., Maros, E., Marque, J., Martelli, F., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martinelli, L., Martynov, D., Marx, J. N., Mason, K., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., May, G., Mazumder, N., Mazzolo, G., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mcguire, S. C., Mcintyre, G., Mciver, J., Mclin, K., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Meidam, J., Meinders, M., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Meyer, M. S., Meyers, P. M., Mezzani, F., Miao, H., Michel, C., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, Leopoldo, Miller, J., Minenkov, Y., Mingarelli, C. M. F., Mishra, C., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Moe, B., Moggi, A., Mohan, M., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morgado, N., Morriss, S. R., Mossavi, K., Mours, B., Mow Lowry, C. M., Mueller, C. L., Mueller, G., Mukherjee, S., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Murphy, D., Murray, P. G., Mytidis, A., Nagy, M. F., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Necula, V., Nelemans, G., Neri, I., Neri, M., Newton, G., Nguyen, T., Nielsen, A. B., Nissanke, S., Nitz, A. H., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., Normandin, M. E. N., Nuttall, L. K., Ochsner, E., Odell, J., Oelker, E., J. J., Oh, S. H., Oh, Ohme, F., Omar, S., Oppermann, P., Oram, R., Oreilly, B., Ortega, W., Oshaughnessy, R., Osthelder, C., Ottaway, D. J., Ottens, R. S., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Padilla, C., Pai, A., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pan, H., Pan, Y., Pankow, C., Paoletti, F., Papa, M. A., Paris, H., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Pedraza, M., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perreca, A., Phelps, M., Pichot, M., Pickenpack, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pitkin, M., Poeld, J., Poggiani, R., Poteomkin, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Predoi, V., Premachandra, S., Prestegard, T., Price, L. R., Prijatelj, M., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Prrer, M., Qin, J., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E., Quitzow James, R., Raab, F. J., Rabeling, D. S., Rcz, I., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajalakshmi, G., Rakhmanov, M., Ramet, C., Ramirez, K., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Re, V., Recchia, S., Reed, C. M., Regimbau, T., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Reula, O., Rhoades, E., Ricci, F., Riesen, R., Riles, K., Robertson, N. A., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Roddy, S. B., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Romano, R., Romanov, G., Romie, J. H., Rosiska, D., Rowan, S., Rdiger, A., Ruggi, P., Ryan, K., Salemi, F., Sammut, L., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Sankar, S., Sannibale, V., Santiago Prieto, I., Saracco, E., Sassolas, B., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Saulson, P. R., Savage, R., Scheuer, J., Schilling, R., Schilman, M., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schreiber, E., Schuette, D., Schutz, B. F., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Shaddock, D. A., Shah, S., Shahriar, M. S., Shaltev, M., Shao, Z., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Shoemaker, D. H., Sidery, T. L., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sigg, D., Simakov, D., Singer, A., Singer, L., Singh, R., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Slutsky, J., Smith, J. R., Smith, M. R., Smith, R. J. E., Smith Lefebvre, N. D., Son, E. J., Sorazu, B., Souradeep, T., Staley, A., Stebbins, J., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Stephens, B. C., Steplewski, S., Stevenson, S., Stone, R., Stops, D., Strain, K. A., Straniero, N., Strigin, S., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Summerscales, T. Z., Susmithan, S., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B., Tacca, M., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. B., Tao, J., Tarabrin, S. P., Taylor, R., Tellez, G., Thirugnanasambandam, M. P., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Thorne, K. S., Thrane, E., Tiwari, V., Tokmakov, K. V., Tomlinson, C., Tonelli, M., Torres, C. V., Torrie, C. I., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Tse, M., Tshilumba, D., Tuennermann, H., Ugolini, D., Unnikrishnan, C. S., Urban, A. L., Usman, S. A., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., Vallisneri, M., van Beuzekom, M., van den Brand, J. F. J., Van Den Broeck, C., van der Sluys, M. V., van Heijningen, J., van Veggel, A. A., Vass, S., Vasth, M., Vaulin, R., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. J., Venkateswara, K., Verkindt, D., Vetrano, F., Vicer, A., Vincent Finley, R., Vinet, J. Y., Vitale, S., Vo, T., Vocca, H., Vorvick, C., Vousden, W. D., Vyachanin, S. P., Wade, A. R., Wade, L., Wade, M., Walker, M., Wallace, L., Walsh, S., Wang, M., Wang, X., Ward, R. L., Was, M., Weaver, B., Wei, L. W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Welborn, T., Wen, L., Wessels, P., West, M., Westphal, T., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., White, D. J., Whiting, B. F., Wiesner, K., Wilkinson, C., Williams, K., Williams, L., Williams, R., Williams, T. D., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wiseman, A. G., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Wolovick, N., Worden, J., Wu, Y., Yablon, J., Yakushin, I., Yam, W., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. C., Yang, H., Yoshida, S., Yvert, M., Zadrony, A., Zanolin, M., Zendri, J. P., Fan, Zhang, Zhang, L., Zhao, C., Zhu, H., Zhu, X. J., Zucker, M. E., Zuraw, S., Zweizig, J., Aptekar, R. L., Atteia, J. L., Cline, T., Connaughton, V., Frederiks, D. D., Golenetskii, S. V., Hurley, K., Krimm, H. A., Marisaldi, M., Palshin, V. D., Palmer, D., Svinkin, D. S., Terada, Y., von Kienlin, A., Pinto, Innocenzo, Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France ( PCC ), Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -AstroParticule et Cosmologie ( APC - UMR 7164 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - 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Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 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Subjects: Gamma ray burst, Astronomy, Interplanetary network, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Pacs number: 04.80.Nn, Pacs number: 07.05.Kf, gravitational wave, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, LIGO Scientific Collaboration, REPEATER, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, education.field_of_study, ORIGIN, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, gravitational waves, GRB, Interferometers, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, 3. Good health, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, GIANT FLARE, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, Population, REDSHIFT, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Gravitational waves, [ PHYS.GRQC ] Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Physics and Astronomy (all), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, 0103 physical sciences, Binary star, education, SHORT-DURATION, UNUSUAL SUPERNOVA, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, 5TH, [ PHYS.ASTR.HE ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Redshift, LIGO, Neutron star, [ SDU.ASTR.HE ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Gamma-ray burst, GRB 051103
Abstract: We present the results of a search for gravitational waves associated with 223 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the InterPlanetary Network (IPN) in 2005-2010 during LIGO's fifth and sixth science runs and Virgo's first, second and third science runs. The IPN satellites provide accurate times of the bursts and sky localizations that vary significantly from degree scale to hundreds of square degrees. We search for both a well-modeled binary coalescence signal, the favored progenitor model for short GRBs, and for generic, unmodeled gravitational wave bursts. Both searches use the event time and sky localization to improve the gravitational-wave search sensitivity as compared to corresponding all-time, all-sky searches. We find no evidence of a gravitational-wave signal associated with any of the IPN GRBs in the sample, nor do we find evidence for a population of weak gravitational-wave signals associated with the GRBs. For all IPN-detected GRBs, for which a sufficient duration of quality gravitational-wave data is available, we place lower bounds on the distance to the source in accordance with an optimistic assumption of gravitational-wave emission energy of $10^{-2}M_{\odot}c^2$ at 150 Hz, and find a median of 13 Mpc. For the 27 short-hard GRBs we place 90% confidence exclusion distances to two source models: a binary neutron star coalescence, with a median distance of 12Mpc, or the coalescence of a neutron star and black hole, with a median distance of 22 Mpc. Finally, we combine this search with previously published results to provide a population statement for GRB searches in first-generation LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave detectors, and a resulting examination of prospects for the advanced gravitational-wave detectors., 15 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables; for the science summary, see http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-IPNS56VSR123grb/index.php
Published: 2014

11. Search for gravitational wave ringdowns from perturbed intermediate mass black holes in LIGO-Virgo data from 2005?2010

Author: Li-Wei Wei, Kenneth A. Strain, Fabio Marchesoni, Kyungmin Kim, G. Quiroga, Yi Pan, K. E. Ramirez, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Michaela Pickenpack, Simon Stevenson, David Hammer, Joseph O'Dell, Hartmut Grote, G. Losurdo, Albrecht Ruediger, Neil J. Cornish, Peter Aufmuth, Jiayi Qin, Sammanani S. Premachandra, Jamie Scott, V. Re, Bruce Gendre, Robinjeet Singh, M. Yvert, T. D. Abbott, Jong H. Chow, Ludovico Carbone, P. Couvares, Benno Willke, J. Bauchrowitz, F. Garufi, Cristina Torres, Denis Martynov, S. G. Crowder, Federico Ferrini, Marco Colombini, A. F. Brooks, Q. Chu, Szymon Steplewski, Gerardo Moreno, Chunnong Zhao, J. Macarthur, Karen Roland, G. Vajente, David H. Shoemaker, M. Tse, D. M. Macleod, M. Meinders, W. D. Vousden, Gianpietro Cagnoli, L. Wallace, J. Poeld, R. Frey, Christophe Collette, Zhixing Yang, Evan Ochsner, Vicky Kalogera, Larry R. Price, Elaine Rhoades, Adrien Le Roux, Ajay Kumar, M. Leonardi, Carl Adams, C. Belczynski, M. A. Barton, Alessandra Buonanno, Brian O'Reilly, D. B. Kelley, Matteo Lorenzini, Linqing Wen, S. E. Zuraw, C. Palomba, R. Chakraborty, B. L. Swinkels, D. Verkindt, G. Kang, Christelle Buy, César A. Costa, Xing Zhu, S. Privitera, F. Vetrano, M. K. Haris, T. Vo, C. Bradaschia, P. Oppermann, Michele Vallisneri, M. S. Shahriar, Joris van Heijningen, Sascha Husa, Sonali Mohapatra, P. T. Beyersdorf, Andrew Lundgren, Eliu Huerta, Szabolcs Marka, Timothy A Welborn, M. T. Hartman, V. Kringel, Marica Branchesi, N. Straniero, Alessio Rocchi, D. R. Ingram, Ryan Fisher, Ivan Maksimovic, K. Siellez, A. Conte, Steffen Kaufer, Jo van den Brand, Daniel Amariutei, Saps Buchman, L. Sammut, A. Ain, D. Bersanetti, K. Mailand, K. A. Hodge, Marilyne Andersen, Mauro Tonelli, Kip S. Thorne, T. Chalermsongsak, Alessandro Bertolini, Duncan Meacher, B. Shapiro, Jonathan F. Stebbins, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, Zhihui Du, V. P. Mitrofanov, Sanjit Mitra, R. Mittleman, Sharad Gaonkar, Ik Siong Heng, Cyrus Reed, T. Z. Summerscales, Nelson Christensen, Sunil Susmithan, Oliver Puncken, Tyson Littenberg, D. Lodhia, Neil Gehrels, R. Lynch, V. Boschi, Hee Cho, Kasem Mossavi, Deepak Nanda Kumar, Grant David Meadors, R. Coyne, Haixing Miao, S. L. Danilishin, G. Bogaert, M. Shaltev, D. C. Coyne, J. Aasi, Jade Powell, David H. Reitze, Yi-Ming Hu, Sweta Shah, K. Izumi, D. Passuello, Nicolas Leroy, M. Barsuglia, E. O. Lebigot, Vuk Mandic, Alberto Di Lieto, Ignacio Santiago-Prieto, G. Vedovato, W. Katzman, S. E. Dwyer, David Keitel, Richard Gustafson, Suvadeep Bose, Z. Márka, Tomasz Bulik, Alexander Ivanov, C. Affeldt, P. Thomas, Jean-Pierre Zendri, Trevor Sidery, H. Heitmann, Ryan DeRosa, V. Loriette, Francesco Salemi, Pierre-François Cohadon, V. Litvine, Gurumurthy Rajalakshmi, O. Bock, István Rácz, K. L. Dooley, Sabrina D'Antonio, Joshua Yablon, Warren Anderson, Eric K. Gustafson, Sina Koehlenbeck, Jocelyn Read, F. Carbognani, J. Logue, H. J. Bulten, S. Gossler, David Kinzel, Almir Alemic, P. J. Veitch, Amber Stuver, Sanichiro Yoshida, Badri Krishnan, T. P. Bodiya, C. Vorvick, Marc Normandin, Ettore Majorana, Gary McIntyre, M. Edwards, Peter Wessels, Rosa Poggiani, Erik Katsavounidis, Namjun Kim, François Bondu, P. Leaci, A. Colla, Sean Morriss, M. Factourovich, P. Astone, J. Betzwieser, V. Kondrashov, Lisa Barsotti, Bala R. Iyer, Kieran Craig, Shaun Hooper, Valeria Malvezzi, Warren W. Johnson, Jay Marx, Antoine Heidmann, Piotr Jaranowski, Florent Robinet, P. Raffai, Kyle Ryan, Mark Barbet, Samuel Franco, Eric Thrane, Eric W. James, Manasadevi Thirugnanasamba, Sarah Caudill, E. Goetz, Scott Koranda, T. t. Fricke, J. B. Kanner, A. R. Wade, Rainer Weiss, Xu Chen, G. Bergmann, L. Matone, T. Dayanga, Martin van Beuzekom, Les Wade, Irene Di Palma, Young-Min Kim, Albert Lazzarini, Anthony Kremin, Fausto Acernese, Rajesh Kumar, R. J. G. Jonker, H. Overmier, Robert M. S. Schofield, Jessica McIver, Sang Oh, G. Mazzolo, G. Kuehn, D. Barker, K. Wette, F. Ricci, N. Mazumder, R. Quitzow-James, R. Day, Vladimir B. Braginsky, Maik Frede, C. C. Yancey, Giacomo Ciani, A. Mullavey, John J. Oh, D. Sellers, Alastair Grant, N. Morgado, H. Vahlbruch, A. Cumming, C. M. Mow-Lowry, H. Fehrmann, J. Meidam, Lisa M. Goggin, K. Riles, F. Ohme, S. J. Chamberlin, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, Calum Torrie, J. Hanks, J. Y. Vinet, Archana Pai, E. J. King, Hyun Lee, B. P. Abbott, Andrea Moggi, Jean-Daniel Fournier, Rory Smith, Hernan Daveloza, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, Edwin J. Son, D. Ugolini, S. Vass, F. Paoletti, P. Ruggi, J. Eichholz, M. J. Cowart, Keiko Kokeyama, Riccardo Sturani, Andrzej Królak, Laurent Pinard, Fumiko Kawazoe, Tristan Briant, Benjamin William Allen, Stefan Hild, Y. Ma, E. Genin, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, Graham Woan, Stuart Reid, Steven D. Penn, Yuri Minenkov, Laura Cadonati, Mohana Mageswaran, Veronica Lockett, N. Letendre, Karsten Danzmann, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, Scott Dossa, H. Wittel, Walter Del Pozzo, Riccardo DeSalvo, C. Messenger, Bastian Schulz, R. Vincent-Finley, Jeffery Kline, H. Radkins, J. D. Lough, S. T. Countryman, S. H. Huttner, Fabrice Matichard, W. Kells, Jacob Scheuer, M. Jacobson, M. Weinert, P. Campsie, Michelle E. Walker, J. Birch, Katrin Dahl, A. Libson, M. Punturo, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, Patrick Brady, Leopoldo Milano, Slawomir Gras, F. Fidecaro, S. Biscans, Fred Raab, Valentina D. Mangano, P. Baker, M. Mantovani, Andrew Melatos, E. Saracco, A. Brillet, Gary Hemming, Michail Agathos, A. Masserot, Santiago Caride, C. L. Mueller, B. Behnke, Matthew Heintze, Richard L. Savage, Alberto Vecchio, G. M. Harry, E. Oelker, K. Venkateswara, Benjamin Aylott, Daniel Kozak, Martina Neri, A. S. Bell, John Miller, T. Prestegard, Charles Celerier, Craig Lawrie, Lee Samuel Finn, Fafhan Feroz, Soma Mukherjee, R. L. McCarthy, Yuri Levin, Thanh Vinh Nguyen, David Blair, Vincenzo Dattilo, E. Coccia, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, Dmitry Simakov, M. Brinkmann, L. Prokhorov, Will M. Farr, Elisabetta Cesarini, Troy Williams, Neil Gordon, Patrice Hello, Nancy Aggarwal, Robert Stone, Jordan Camp, James S. Clark, M. J. Hart, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Malik Rakhmanov, A. Pasqualetti, Roman Schnabel, J. G. Rollins, F. Y. Khalili, F. Travasso, Michał Bejger, Timo Denker, Luke Williams, J. C. Driggers, L. Austin, A. M. Gretarsson, A. R. Williamson, D. Feldbaum, S. Verma, A. Mytidis, J. E. Brau, L. Martinelli, Susan M. Scott, F. Marion, Efim A. Khazanov, Michael Thomas, A. Effler, Xiaoge Wang, Irene Fiori, G. Ballardin, Moritz Mehmet, David Stops, David Coward, Li Ju, Oleg Palashov, Daniel A. Shaddock, Adam Mercer, A. Basti, Philipp Moesta, Michael Rodruck, A. Allocca, Vincent Dolique, G. Valdes, Walter Winkler, Huan Yang, A. Perreca, M. Drago, B. Hughey, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Sheon Chua, M. Phelps, C. J. Guido, Paul Hopkins, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, A. S. Markosyan, J. Hanson, Robert Taylor, B. C. Stephens, Mátyás Vasúth, Koji Arai, P. G. 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Kwee, Jeffrey Lewis, Fabrizio Barone, Jesper Munch, Leo Singer, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, T. J. Massinger, R. Inta, R. W. P. Drever, C. Padilla, I. Ferrante, C. Mishra, J. K. Blackburn, Stephen S. Eikenberry, Innocenzo M. Pinto, J. Marque, Kat Grover, H. J. Jang, K. Haughian, S. Klimenko, Charlotte Bond, I. Kowalska, R. L. Ward, A. L. Lombardi, Corey Gray, M. Heurs, M. Boer, J. Steinlechner, A. S. Sengupta, P. Charlton, Gianluca Gemme, S. C. McGuire, Zsolt Frei, Marine Ducrot, G. D. Hammond, Anatoly Poteomkin, Angie Lin, M. Lormand, Máté Nagy, Sarah Recchia, R. Essick, D. Rosińska, S. P. Tarabrin, P. Puppo, D. Talukder, Nam Gyu Kim, M. Prijatelj, Jan Harms, R. Passaquieti, Marie-Anne Bizouard, G. Manca, Richard A. Matzner, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, Eric Quintero, J. C. Barayoga, R. Gouaty, Alexander Khalaidovski, E. Macdonald, Anthony Castiglia, Rosario DeRosa, H. Yamamoto, H. R. Paris, G. A. Prodi, John Worden, Alessandra Corsi, Viswanath Bavigadda, Nergis Mavalvala, Francisco Jimenez-Forteza, M. H. Wimmer, J. Greenhalgh, Chris Pankow, Junghyun Lee, F. Piergiovanni, Jerome Degallaix, Chang-Hwan Lee, Giancarlo Cella, A. Kutynia, C. Bogan, Tarun Souradeep, B. Mours, E. J. Daw, A. Gennai, A. Chiummo, F. Nocera, D. J. White, Alicia M. Sintes, Mark Lubinski, Igor Yakushin, M. Davier, J. Prasad, S. Grunewald, Kevin M. McLin, Nary-Catherine Man, Luca Gammaitoni, Andrea Chincarini, Steven Bloemen, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, M. Razzano, M. Born, D. Buskulic, Virginio Sannibale, David E. McClelland, C. Gill, Angela Di Virgilio, Jonathan R. Gair, Chris Van Den Broeck, N. A. Lockerbie, M. Damjanic, F. Martelli, Michael Smith, Kenneth G. Libbrecht, Husne Dereli, Harald Lueck, F. Cleva, S. Meshkov, S. Farinon, Tjonnie G. F. Li, Eric Howell, Huang-Wei Pan, Gijs Nelemans, T. B. Edo, Thomas Dent, Vladimir Dergachev, Eric D. Black, Jolien D. E. Creighton, Lindy Blackburn, S. Frasca, Michael Landry, James Whelan, P. Ajith, M. Cordier, N. A. Robertson, C. Lazzaro, K. Holt, Alan J. Weinstein, Chunglee Kim, I. A. Bilenko, S. Leavey, Stephen Fairhurst, Juan Calderón Bustillo, M. R. Abernathy, Kema Williams, Peter Fritschel, David J. Ottaway, G. Billingsley, David Hosken, L. Bosi, Peter Kalmus, B. Lantz, J. R. Leong, M. C. Díaz, Philip Graff, Tania Regimbau, Y. Ji, M. M. Hanke, C. Maglione, Ruslan Vaulin, Dirk Schuette, David B. Tanner, Stuart Anderson, T. P. Downes, M. Pedraza, K. Loew, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, M. Pichot, Collin Capano, Matthew Benacquista, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, Gabor Endroczi, Benjamin J. Owen, Gareth S. Davies, W. Z. Korth, Martin Hendry, Christopher Wipf, K. V. Tokmakov, Martin Hewitson, Junwei Cao, Alexander Corpuz, Bernard F. Whiting, Tobias Westphal, David Jones, Stan Whitcomb, Joseph A. Giaime, Marco Cavaglia, Patrick J. Sutton, F. Frasconi, C. R. Ramet, R. Flaminio, Odylio D. Aguiar, Abraham Singer, I. W. Martin, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, László Gondán, R. Abbott, Erik Luijten, David Nolting, M. C. Araya, Marie Huynh, V. Brisson, Emelie Harstad, Rana X. Adhikari, B. Machenschalk, F. Donovan, Phil Ehrens, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, Ryan Goetz, A. L. Urban, Nick Mangini, C. J. Bell, K. Mason, Clive Tomlinson, Anna-Maria A. van Veggel, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, T. Huynh-Dinh, J. S. Kissel, Marc Favata, Roger Jones, R. M. Martin, D. D. Brown, Peter Shawhan, Xavier Siemens, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, F. Brückner, Michael W. Coughlin, Romain Bonnand, A. Viceré, T. Etzel, Yi Chen, Peter King, L. Bonelli, J. Slutsky, C. S. Unnikrishnan, Hyung-Mok Lee, Dan Moraru, Samuel Deléglise, Karoline Wiesner, Benjamin Canuel, P. M. Meyers, Sourav Ghosh, Scott Coughlin, J. H. Romie, Imre Bartos, Tom M. Evans, Barry C. Barish, Paul J. Groot, Marc van der Sluys, L. Cunningham, R. Douglas, John Veitch, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, Martin M. Fejer, J. R. Smith, R. Bork, L. R. Cominsky, Axel Donath, Tobias Eberle, M. MacInnis, Gianluca Guidi, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, Bruce Levine, G. M. Keiser, Benjamin Farr, Christian Cepeda, P. Rapagnani, Andreas Freise, Vincenzo Pierro, Alexander Sergeev, Paul D. Lasky, John Karlen, Joshua L. Willis, J. Zweizig, Carol Wilkinson, Laura Nuttall, G. Mendell, Matthew Pitkin, Liyuan Zhang, M. Wade, Sebastian Steinlechner, C. Osthelder, Karel E. Urbanek, D. O. Bridges, M. Granata, Prayush Kumar, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, I. W. Harry, Shiuh Chao, Gleb Romanov, Jim Batch, Adam Zadrozny, M. G. Beker, Qi Fang, V. Necula, Luciano Di Fiore, V. V. Frolov, V. Sandberg, K. A. Thorne, Benoit Sassolas, Stanislav Babak, M. Constancio, Duncan A. Brown, M. Wang, APC - Cosmologie, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - Gravitation (APC-Gravitation), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), IVC Lab, Lenovo Research, Lenovo, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France ( PCC ), Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -AstroParticule et Cosmologie ( APC - UMR 7164 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux ( ARTEMIS ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Physique de Rennes ( IPR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés ( LMA ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules ( LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), AstroParticule et Cosmologie ( APC - UMR 7164 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), APC - Gravitation ( APC-Gravitation ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Max-Planck-Institut-Max-Planck-Institut, ESPCI ParisTech, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( ESRF ), Aasi, J., Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T., Abernathy, M. R., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Alemic, A., Allen, B., Allocca, A., Amariutei, D., Andersen, M., Anderson, R., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Arceneaux, C., Areeda, J., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Austin, L., Aylott, B. E., Babak, S., Baker, P. T., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Barayoga, J. C., Barbet, M., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barton, M. A., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. C., Bauchrowitz, J., Bauer, T. h. S., Bavigadda, V., Behnke, B., Bejger, M., Beker, M. G., Belczynski, C., Bell, A. S., Bell, C., Benacquista, M., Bergmann, G., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Beyersdorf, P. T., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Biscans, S., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Black, E., Blackburn, J. K., Blackburn, L., Blair, D., Bloemen, S., Bock, O., Bodiya, T. P., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bogan, C., Bond, C., Bondu, F., Bonelli, L., Bonnand, R., Bork, R., Born, M., Boschi, V., Sukanta, Bose, Bosi, L., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Braginsky, V. B., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Bridges, D. O., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. A., Brown, D. D., Brckner, F., Buchman, S., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Burman, R., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Caldern Bustillo, J., Calloni, Enrico, Camp, J. B., Campsie, P., Cannon, K. C., Canuel, B., Cao, J., Capano, C. D., Carbognani, F., Carbone, L., Caride, S., Castiglia, A., Caudill, S., Cavagli, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Celerier, C., Cella, G., Cepeda, C., Cesarini, E., Chakraborty, R., Chalermsongsak, T., Chamberlin, S. J., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chassande Mottin, E., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Cho, H. S., Chow, J., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, S. S. Y., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Cleva, F., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. F., Colla, A., Collette, C., Colombini, M., Cominsky, L., Constancio, M., Conte, A., Cook, D., Corbitt, T. R., Cordier, M., Cornish, N., Corpuz, A., Corsi, A., Costa, C. A., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S., Coulon, J. P., Countryman, S., Couvares, P., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Craig, K., Creighton, J. D. E., Crowder, S. G., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Dahl, K., Dal Canton, T., Damjanic, M., Danilishin, S. L., Dantonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dattilo, V., Daveloza, H., Davier, M., Davies, G. S., Daw, E. J., Day, R., Dayanga, T., Debreczeni, G., Degallaix, J., Delglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Denker, T., Dent, T., Dereli, H., Dergachev, V., DE ROSA, Rosario, Derosa, R. T., Desalvo, R., Dhurandhar, S., Daz, M., Di Fiore, L., Di Lieto, A., Di Palma, I., Di Virgilio, A., Dolique, V., Donath, A., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dossa, S., Douglas, R., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Drever, R. W. P., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducrot, M., Dwyer, S., Eberle, T., Edo, T., Edwards, M., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Endrczi, G., Essick, R., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fairhurst, S., Fang, Q., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Favata, M., Fehrmann, H., Fejer, M. M., Feldbaum, D., Feroz, F., Ferrante, I., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Finn, L. S., Fiori, I., Fisher, R. P., Flaminio, R., Fournier, J. D., Franco, S., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frede, M., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Fricke, T. T., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gair, J., Gammaitoni, L., Gaonkar, S., Garufi, Fabio, Gehrels, N., Gemme, G., Gendre, B., Genin, E., Gennai, A., Ghosh, S., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, C., Gleason, J., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Goggin, L. M., Gondan, L., Gonzlez, G., Gordon, N., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S., Goler, S., Gouaty, R., Grf, C., Graff, P. B., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Gray, C., Greenhalgh, R. J. S., Gretarsson, A. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grover, K., Grunewald, S., Guidi, G. M., Guido, C., Gushwa, K., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Hammer, D., Hammond, G., Hanke, M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hanson, J., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Harstad, E. D., Hart, M., Hartman, M. T., Haster, C. J., Haughian, K., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Heptonstall, A. W., Heurs, M., Hewitson, M., Hild, S., Hoak, D., Hodge, K. A., Holt, K., Hooper, S., Hopkins, P., Hosken, D. J., Hough, J., Howell, E. J., Hu, Y., Huerta, E., Hughey, B., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh, M., Huynh Dinh, T., Ingram, D. R., Inta, R., Isogai, T., Ivanov, A., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacobson, M., James, E., Jang, H., Jaranowski, P., Ji, Y., Jimnez Forteza, F., Johnson, W. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Haris, K, Kalmus, P., Kalogera, V., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Karlen, J., Kasprzack, M., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, H., Kawabe, K., Kawazoe, F., Kflian, F., Keiser, G. M., Keitel, D., Kelley, D. B., Kells, W., Khalaidovski, A., Khalili, F. Y., Khazanov, E. A., Kim, C., Kim, K., Kim, N., Kim, N. G., Kim, Y. M., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kinzel, D. L., Kissel, J. S., Klimenko, S., Kline, J., Koehlenbeck, S., Kokeyama, K., Kondrashov, V., Koranda, S., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Kremin, A., Kringel, V., Krishnan, B., Krlak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, A., Nanda Kumar, D., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwee, P., Landry, M., Lantz, B., Larson, S., Lasky, P. D., Lawrie, C., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lebigot, E. O., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, J., Leonardi, M., Leong, J. R., Le Roux, A., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Levine, B., Lewis, J., T. G. F., Li, Libbrecht, K., Libson, A., Lin, A. C., Littenberg, T. B., Litvine, V., Lockerbie, N. A., Lockett, V., Lodhia, D., Loew, K., Logue, J., Lombardi, A. L., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J., Lubinski, M. J., Lck, H., Luijten, E., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macarthur, J., Macdonald, E. P., Macdonald, T., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Magana Sandoval, F., Mageswaran, M., Maglione, C., Mailand, K., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Malvezzi, V., Man, N., Manca, G. M., Mandel, I., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mangini, N., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Mrka, S., Mrka, Z., Markosyan, A., Maros, E., Marque, J., Martelli, F., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martinelli, L., Martynov, D., Marx, J. N., Mason, K., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Matzner, R. A., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mazzolo, G., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mcguire, S. C., Mcintyre, G., Mciver, J., Mclin, K., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Meidam, J., Meinders, M., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Meyers, P., Miao, H., Michel, C., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, Leopoldo, Milde, S., Miller, J., Minenkov, Y., Mingarelli, C. M. F., Mishra, C., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Moe, B., Moesta, P., Moggi, A., Mohan, M., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morgado, N., Morriss, S. R., Mossavi, K., Mours, B., Mow Lowry, C. M., Mueller, C. L., Mueller, G., Mukherjee, S., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Murphy, D., Murray, P. G., Mytidis, A., Nagy, M. F., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Necula, V., Nelemans, G., Neri, I., Neri, M., Newton, G., Nguyen, T., Nitz, A., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., Normandin, M. E. N., Nuttall, L. K., Ochsner, E., Odell, J., Oelker, E., J. J., Oh, S. H., Oh, Ohme, F., Oppermann, P., Oreilly, B., Oshaughnessy, R., Osthelder, C., Ottaway, D. J., Ottens, R. S., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Padilla, C., Pai, A., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pan, H., Pan, Y., Pankow, C., Paoletti, F., Papa, M. A., Paris, H., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Pedraza, M., Penn, S., Perreca, A., Phelps, M., Pichot, M., Pickenpack, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pitkin, M., Poeld, J., Poggiani, R., Poteomkin, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Premachandra, S., Prestegard, T., Price, L. R., Prijatelj, M., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Qin, J., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E., Quiroga, G., Quitzow James, R., Raab, F. J., Rabeling, D. S., Rcz, I., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajalakshmi, G., Rakhmanov, M., Ramet, C., Ramirez, K., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Re, V., Read, J., Recchia, S., Reed, C. M., Regimbau, T., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Rhoades, E., Ricci, F., Riles, K., Robertson, N. A., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rodruck, M., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Romano, R., Romanov, G., Romie, J. H., Rosiska, D., Rowan, S., Rdiger, A., Ruggi, P., Ryan, K., Salemi, F., Sammut, L., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Sannibale, V., Santiago Prieto, I., Saracco, E., Sassolas, B., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Saulson, P. R., Savage, R., Scheuer, J., Schilling, R., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schreiber, E., Schuette, D., Schutz, B. F., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Shaddock, D., Shah, S., Shahriar, M. S., Shaltev, M., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Shoemaker, D. H., Sidery, T. L., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sigg, D., Simakov, D., Singer, A., Singer, L., Singh, R., Sintes, A. M., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Slutsky, J., Smith, J. R., Smith, M., Smith, R. J. E., Smith Lefebvre, N. D., Son, E. J., Sorazu, B., Souradeep, T., Staley, A., Stebbins, J., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Stephens, B. C., Steplewski, S., Stevenson, S., Stone, R., Stops, D., Strain, K. 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P., Wade, A., Wade, L., Wade, M., Walker, M., Wallace, L., Wang, M., Wang, X., Ward, R. L., Was, M., Weaver, B., Wei, L. W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Welborn, T., Wen, L., Wessels, P., West, M., Westphal, T., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., Whitcomb, S. E., White, D. J., Whiting, B. F., Wiesner, K., Wilkinson, C., Williams, K., Williams, L., Williams, R., Williams, T., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wiseman, A. G., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Worden, J., Yablon, J., Yakushin, I., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. C., Yang, H., Yang, Z., Yoshida, S., Yvert, M., Zadrony, A., Zanolin, M., Zendri, J. P., Fan, Zhang, Zhang, L., Zhao, C., Zhu, X. J., Zucker, M. 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Subjects: SPACE-TELESCOPE EVIDENCE, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Astronomy, Pacs number: 04.70.-s, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Pacs number: 04.80.Nn, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitation, GLOBULAR-CLUSTER M15, Gravitational waves, black holes, interferometer, CORE, Quantum Cosmology, gravitational wave, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, EQUATIONS, QC, QB, Physics, Pacs number: 07.05.Kf, Oscillation, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, CANDIDATE, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, PERTURBATIONS, Pacs number: 95.85.Sz, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Gravitational wave, General Relativity, Stellar mass, General relativity, MERGERS, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, [ PHYS.GRQC ] Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, 0103 physical sciences, FIELD, COLLAPSE, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, BINARY, Mass ratio, LIGO, 13. Climate action, Globular cluster, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: We report results from a search for gravitational waves produced by perturbed intermediate mass black holes (IMBH) in data collected by LIGO and Virgo between 2005 and 2010. The search was sensitive to astrophysical sources that produced damped sinusoid gravitational wave signals, also known as ringdowns, with frequency $50\le f_{0}/\mathrm{Hz} \le 2000$ and decay timescale $0.0001\lesssim \tau/\mathrm{s} \lesssim 0.1$ characteristic of those produced in mergers of IMBH pairs. No significant gravitational wave candidate was detected. We report upper limits on the astrophysical coalescence rates of IMBHs with total binary mass $50 \le M/\mathrm{M}_\odot \le 450$ and component mass ratios of either 1:1 or 4:1. For systems with total mass $100 \le M/\mathrm{M}_\odot \le 150$, we report a 90%-confidence upper limit on the rate of binary IMBH mergers with non-spinning and equal mass components of $6.9\times10^{-8}\,$Mpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$. We also report a rate upper limit for ringdown waveforms from perturbed IMBHs, radiating 1% of their mass as gravitational waves in the fundamental, $\ell=m=2$, oscillation mode, that is nearly three orders of magnitude more stringent than previous results., Comment: for the science summary, see http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-S5S6RD/index.php
Published: 2014

12. Improved Upper Limits on the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from 2009-2010 LIGO and Virgo Data

Author: Joseph Gleason, V. Fafone, B. Behnke, Riccardo Sturani, G. M. Harry, K. Venkateswara, M. Factourovich, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, Archana Pai, F. Magaña-Sandoval, G. Vedovato, D. B. Kozak, T. B. Edo, Yuri Levin, C. Vorvick, J. Steinlechner, F. Garufi, J. Betzwieser, L. Pinard, Antoine Heidmann, F. Paoletti, P. Ruggi, Robert Stone, A. Di Virgilio, E. Cesarini, R. Chakraborty, B. E. Aylott, H. Overmier, M. Jacobson, Saps Buchman, Maik Frede, Peter Fritschel, A. R. Williamson, Vuk Mandic, W. Katzman, M. Branchesi, J. C. Batch, Albert Lazzarini, R. De Rosa, Th. S. Bauer, M. Neri, K. Kokeyama, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, J. Calderón Bustillo, S. Márka, J. A. Giaime, Y. M. Kim, J. Birch, D. J. Hosken, E. Coccia, B. A. Weaver, J. G. Rollins, L.-W. Wei, N. Mazumder, E. A. Quintero, Shaun Hooper, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, Malik Rakhmanov, J. Worden, Ettore Majorana, P. Ehrens, J. B. Lewis, L. Williams, A. Rüdiger, A. Le Roux, D. S. Rabeling, Sunil Susmithan, T. Accadia, Tyson Littenberg, Pierre-François Cohadon, Saranya Ghosh, K. Loew, D. Sellers, J. Meidam, A. Corpuz, K. A. Hodge, R. Coyne, Xing-Jiang Zhu, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Hee-Suk Cho, I. Nardecchia, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, Riccardo Bassiri, Kenneth A. Strain, A. Kremin, C. C. Yancey, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, T. Vo, C. Bradaschia, P. Oppermann, Michele Vallisneri, Ik Siong Heng, D. Passuello, G. Mendell, V. Malvezzi, Timothy MacDonald, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, H. R. Paris, J. Prasad, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, S. Steplewski, Roland Schilling, Hyun Lee, M. Pichot, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, C. A. Costa, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, Giacomo Ciani, A. Mullavey, B. P. Abbott, E. K. Gustafson, K. E. Gushwa, Rocco Romano, Markus A. Wimmer, John D. Scott, Jordan Camp, E. Rhoades, Carlos Cepeda, Robert J. McCarthy, Linqing Wen, H. Kaufer, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, D. Feldbaum, M. Bitossi, N. Letendre, C. J. Bell, G. Bergmann, Fabio Marchesoni, P. Hello, Kyungmin Kim, B. O'Reilly, G. Quiroga, Yi Pan, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, Patrick Brady, V. Litvine, S. Chung, M. E. Normandin, K. Wette, E. Maros, Steven Bloemen, I. Di Palma, D. Lodhia, Neil Gehrels, S. Vass, R. Vincent-Finley, W. Z. Korth, John J. Oh, Fabrice Matichard, R. Lynch, D. Rosińska, Timothy Evans, C. Osthelder, Carl-Johan Haster, N. Morgado, L. Rolland, Tobias Westphal, D. L. Kinzel, Rana X. Adhikari, W. Kells, K. Williams, A. Basti, Ludovico Carbone, P. Couvares, Benno Willke, Z. Frei, B. F. Whiting, Jonathan R. Gair, N. A. Lockerbie, Karel E. Urbanek, D. O. Bridges, Rebecca Fisher, K. E. Ramirez, P. Astone, A. K. Zadrożny, Rory Smith, C. Adams, V. Boschi, Joseph D. Romano, E. Oelker, R. A. Mercer, S. P. Tarabrin, J. C. Barayoga, David Jones, Fabrizio Barone, M. Mohan, N. Man, H. J. Jang, K. Haughian, L. K. Nuttall, K. Mason, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, M. Blom, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, B. Machenschalk, F. Donovan, Marco Cavaglia, Denis Martynov, V. Sequino, J.-D. Fournier, Prayush Kumar, J. Lee, Philip F. Hopkins, Michael L. Gorodetsky, Piotr Jaranowski, Florent Robinet, Roy Williams, Alessandra Buonanno, Nam-Gyu Kim, Alessandra Corsi, D. Barker, C. Van Den Broeck, Matthew Abernathy, P. Campsie, Michelle E. Walker, G. Moreno, Jong H. Chow, A. Pasqualetti, A. Conte, Elizabeth Harstad, Walter Winkler, A. S. Markosyan, Harald Lück, D. Verkindt, Kasem Mossavi, I. Fiori, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, J. Macarthur, M. Tse, D. M. Macleod, Simon Stevenson, Xin Chen, R. M. Martin, S. B. Coughlin, Thomas Dent, Vladimir Dergachev, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, D. Talukder, C. V. Torres, C. Messenger, R. Gouaty, A. F. Brooks, E. A. Huerta, A. W. Heptonstall, Vivien Raymond, Peter R. Saulson, P. T. Baker, M. Barbet, M. Meinders, W. D. Vousden, C. I. Torrie, B. L. Swinkels, N. Straniero, Gabriela Gonzalez, I. W. Harry, Timothy A Welborn, C. Lawrie, S. C. McGuire, J. F. Read, I. Kowalska, Michael E Zucker, H. Dereli, K. Siellez, Howard Pan, Hartmut Grote, Farhan Feroz, N. Mangini, A. L. Stuver, T. Denker, James Whelan, P. Ajith, F. Y. Khalili, G. Mazzolo, M. Cordier, J. Aasi, Jade Powell, V. Mangano, Xavier Siemens, L. Naticchioni, R. Abbott, Salvatore Vitale, S. H. Huttner, D. R. Ingram, G. Losurdo, G. Manca, Ilya Mandel, C. Belczynski, M. A. Barton, E. J. King, B. M. Levine, A. L. Urban, M. J. Cowart, S. Dossa, A. Di Lieto, E. J. Daw, A. Allocca, G. Valdes, N. Leroy, David H. Shoemaker, Ajay Kumar, David H. Reitze, A. Ain, Yi-Ming Hu, Grant David Meadors, M. T. Hartman, V. Kringel, A. Viceré, S. Gras, D. Simakov, Yi Chen, M. A. Bizouard, Sweta Shah, Sascha Husa, I. Yakushin, F. Brückner, D. B. Kelley, D. Bersanetti, F. Marion, Zhihui Du, J. V. van Heijningen, L. Sammut, Neil J. Cornish, Jonathan F. Stebbins, T. Etzel, Stephen S. Eikenberry, Nergis Mavalvala, I. Maksimovic, J. Marque, Jerome Degallaix, A. Staley, F. Cleva, R. L. Ward, G. Hemming, Kipp Cannon, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, Meng Wang, F. Frasconi, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, Federico Ferrini, G. Vajente, S. Goßler, M. Kasprzack, Tristan Briant, Paolo Addesso, K. D. Giardina, C. R. Ramet, R. Flaminio, J.-P. Coulon, H. P. Daveloza, V. Loriette, G. Debreczeni, Peter Aufmuth, Francesco Salemi, L. Bonelli, J. Slutsky, S. Mitra, Jiayi Qin, A. Singer, B. C. Barish, V. Kondrashov, R. S. Ottens, Marilyne Andersen, J. N. Marx, C. Gill, Tomasz Bulik, T. T. Fricke, François Bondu, J. Logue, M. Was, P. Kwee, K. A. Thorne, Eric Thrane, Eric W. James, C. Michel, Rosa Poggiani, E. Schreiber, Ryan DeRosa, C. L. Mueller, Karoline Wiesner, A. Alemic, Y. Minenkov, S. M. Koehlenbeck, Richard A. Matzner, Jeffery Kline, Xuan Wang, Matthew Evans, B. C. Stephens, J. P. Zendri, T. Isogai, Fausto Acernese, J. D. Lough, P. J. Sutton, Fan Zhang, J. H. Romie, N. A. Gordon, Sarah Caudill, R. Quitzow-James, R. Day, F. Ohme, G. Kang, C. Celerier, V. Re, B. Moe, H. Wittel, S. Farinon, Odylio D. Aguiar, Kevin M. Ryan, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, Gavin Davies, L. Cunningham, R. Douglas, F. J. Raab, P. Leaci, A. Colla, D. Nolting, A. M. Sintes, R. Essick, P. Puppo, E. Goetz, S. Penn, R. Inta, S. Klimenko, P. J. Veitch, C. Gray, M. Mantovani, A. Giazotto, L. R. Cominsky, R. Gustafson, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam, Laura Cadonati, M. Born, K. Mailand, P. Shawhan, Jessica McIver, I. Ferrante, C. Mishra, S. D'Antonio, Alexander Khalaidovski, Chris Pankow, A. Chiummo, Matthew Heintze, S. Verma, A. Mytidis, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, T. M. C. Abbott, J. C. Driggers, L. Austin, Michael Thomas, Marco Aurelio Diaz, P. Charlton, Anton B. Ivanov, J. Bauchrowitz, M. Tonelli, Larry R. Price, N. A. Robertson, Susan M. Scott, P. Raffai, M. Pickenpack, J. Hanks, László Gondán, S. Van Der Putten, Huan Yang, Koji Arai, Katrin Dahl, S. G. Crowder, Satya Mohapatra, M. Leonardi, J. R. Sanders, V. Dattilo, R. Mittleman, R. Goetz, C. Bogan, Tarun Souradeep, A. Donath, Edwin J. Son, Lee Samuel Finn, F. 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Matone, Soma Mukherjee, T. Z. Summerscales, G. Gemme, M. Drago, Guenakh Mitselmakher, S. Frasca, Sebastian Steinlechner, A. M. Sergeev, D. Schuette, Peter Kalmus, D. Buskulic, P. G. Murray, Ron Burman, Rainer Weiss, F. Ricci, R. W. P. Drever, G. McIntyre, Stephen Fairhurst, Leo Singer, S. Grunewald, Fabien Kéfélian, W. W. Johnson, J. H. Hough, J. Eichholz, C. Affeldt, S. Doravari, Douglas R. Cook, J. R. Leong, S. T. Countryman, Michele Zanolin, T. J. Massinger, R. Taylor, V. Kalogera, C. Padilla, Máté Nagy, Igor Neri, Charlotte Bond, G. D. Hammond, Thanh Vinh Nguyen, David Blair, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Matthew West, M. Rodruck, Kenneth G. Libbrecht, V. Necula, I. Santiago-Prieto, T. P. Bodiya, C. Buy, V. P. Mitrofanov, D. Ugolini, A. K. Poteomkin, Peter Wessels, Robinjeet Singh, M. Lormand, Tania Regimbau, M. M. Hanke, M. Yvert, V. V. Frolov, Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein, Kieran Craig, D. J. Stops, M. Prijatelj, S. B. Anderson, T. Dal Canton, C. Maglione, R. Passaquieti, M. 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Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - 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Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - 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Paris 7 (UPD7)-Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Louisiana State University, CNRS/IN2P3, Complesso Universitario di Monte sant'Angelo, Università di Salerno, University of Florida, LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Cardiff University, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Science Park, LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 12227-010 São José Dos Campos, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Syracuse University, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Sezione di Pisa, Università di Siena, Stanford University, University of Mississippi, California State University Fullerton, Sezione di Roma, University of Birmingham, Montana State University, European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), LIGO - Hanford Observatory, University of Glasgow, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Columbia University, Università di Pisa, CAMK-PAN, Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, Sezione di Genova, Università Degli Studi di Genova, San Jose State University, Lomonosov Moscow State University, IN2P3/CNRS, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Western Australia, Radboud University Nijmegen, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Washington State University, Sezione di Perugia, Sezione di Firenze, Università Degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', University of Oregon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, VU University Amsterdam, University of Maryland, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Universitat de les Illes Balears, University of Toronto, Tsinghua University, University of Michigan, Rochester Institute of Technology, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, National Tsing Hua University, Charles Sturt University, Caltech-CaRT, Pusan National University, Australian National University, Carleton College, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', University of Brussels, Sonoma State University, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, George Washington University, University of Cambridge, Northwestern University, University of Minnesota, University of Texas at Brownsville, University of Sheffield, RMKI, University of Sannio at Benevento, Gruppo Collegato di Trento, Università di Trento, Montclair State University, Pennsylvania State University, 'Lendulet' Astrophysics Research Group, Università di Perugia, HSIC, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, American University, University of Adelaide, Raman Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Biał Ystok University, University of Southampton, CET Campus, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Hanyang University, IM-PAN, NCBJ, Institute for Plasma Research, University of Melbourne, Sezione di Padova, Monash University, University of Strathclyde, Cordoba, Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Texas at Austin, Southern University and AandM College, College of William and Mary, IISER-Kolkata, National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Madhya Pradesh, University of the West of Scotland, Institute of Astronomy, Gujarat, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Andrews University, Trinity University, University of Washington, Southeastern Louisiana University, Abilene Christian University, Aasi, J., Abbott, B. ?. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T., Abernathy, M. ?. R., Accadia, T., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. ?. X., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. ?. D., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Alemic, A., Allen, B., Allocca, A., Amariutei, D., Andersen, M., Anderson, R., Anderson, S. ?. B., Anderson, W. ?. G., Arai, K., Araya, M. ?. C., Arceneaux, C., Areeda, J., Aston, S. ?. M., Astone, P., Aufmuth, P., Aulbert, C., Austin, L., Aylott, B. ?. E., Babak, S., Baker, P. ?. T., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. ?. W., Barayoga, J. ?. C., Barbet, M., Barish, B. ?. C., Barker, D., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barton, M. ?. A., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Batch, J. ?. C., Bauchrowitz, J., Bauer, T. h. S., Behnke, B., Bejger, M., Beker, M. ?. G., Belczynski, C., Bell, A. ?. S., Bell, C., Bergmann, G., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Beyersdorf, P. ?. T., Bilenko, I. ?. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Biscans, S., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. ?. A., Black, E., Blackburn, J. ?. K., Blackburn, L., Blair, D., Bloemen, S., Blom, M., Bock, O., Bodiya, T. ?. P., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Bogan, C., Bond, C., Bondu, F., Bonelli, L., Bonnand, R., Bork, R., Born, M., Boschi, V., Sukanta, Bose, Bosi, L., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. ?. R., Braginsky, V. ?. B., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. ?. E., Briant, T., Bridges, D. ?. O., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brooks, A. ?. F., Brown, D. ?. A., Brown, D. ?. D., Br?ckner, F., Buchman, S., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. ?. J., Buonanno, A., Burman, R., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Bustillo, J. Calder?n., Calloni, Enrico, Camp, J. ?. B., Campsie, P., Cannon, K. ?. C., Canuel, B., Cao, J., Capano, C. ?. D., Carbognani, F., Carbone, L., Caride, S., Castiglia, A., Caudill, S., Cavagli?, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Celerier, C., Cella, G., Cepeda, C., Cesarini, E., Chakraborty, R., Chalermsongsak, T., Chamberlin, S. ?. J., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chassande Mottin, E., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Cho, H. ?. S., Chow, J., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, S. ?. S. ?. Y., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Clara, F., Clark, J. ?. A., Cleva, F., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. F., Colla, A., Collette, C., Colombini, M., Cominsky, L., Constancio, M., Conte, A., Cook, D., Corbitt, T. ?. R., Cordier, M., Cornish, N., Corpuz, A., Corsi, A., Costa, C. ?. A., Coughlin, M. ?. W., Coughlin, S., Coulon, J. P., Countryman, S., Couvares, P., Coward, D. ?. M., Cowart, M., Coyne, D. ?. C., Coyne, R., Craig, K., Creighton, J. ?. D. ?. E., Crowder, S. ?. G., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Dahl, K., Dal Canton, T., Damjanic, M., Danilishin, S. ?. L., D?antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dattilo, V., Daveloza, H., Davier, M., Davies, G. ?. S., Daw, E. ?. J., Day, R., Dayanga, T., Debreczeni, G., Degallaix, J., Del?glise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Denker, T., Dent, T., Dereli, H., Dergachev, V., DE ROSA, Rosario, Derosa, R. ?. T., Desalvo, R., Dhurandhar, S., D?az, M., Di Fiore, L., Di Lieto, A., Di Palma, I., Di Virgilio, A., Donath, A., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. ?. L., Doravari, S., Dossa, S., Douglas, R., Downes, T. ?. P., Drago, M., Drever, R. ?. W. ?. P., Driggers, J. ?. C., Du, Z., Dwyer, S., Eberle, T., Edo, T., Edwards, M., Effler, A., Eggenstein, H., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. ?. S., Endr?czi, G., Essick, R., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T., Factourovich, M., Fafone, V., Fairhurst, S., Fang, Q., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. ?. M., Favata, M., Fehrmann, H., Fejer, M. ?. M., Feldbaum, D., Feroz, F., Ferrante, I., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Finn, L. ?. S., Fiori, I., Fisher, R. ?. P., Flaminio, R., Fournier, J. 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S., Heptonstall, A. ?. W., Heurs, M., Hewitson, M., Hild, S., Hoak, D., Hodge, K. ?. A., Holt, K., Hooper, S., Hopkins, P., Hosken, D. ?. J., Hough, J., Howell, E. ?. J., Hu, Y., Huerta, E., Hughey, B., Husa, S., Huttner, S. ?. H., Huynh, M., Huynh Dinh, T., Ingram, D. ?. R., Inta, R., Isogai, T., Ivanov, A., Iyer, B. ?. R., Izumi, K., Jacobson, M., James, E., Jang, H., Jaranowski, P., Ji, Y., Jim?nez Forteza, F., Johnson, W. ?. W., Jones, D. ?. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. ?. J. ?. G., Ju, L., Haris, K., Kalmus, P., Kalogera, V., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. ?. B., Karlen, J., Kasprzack, M., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, H., Kawabe, K., Kawazoe, F., K?f?lian, F., Keiser, G. ?. M., Keitel, D., Kelley, D. ?. B., Kells, W., Khalaidovski, A., Khalili, F. ?. Y., Khazanov, E. ?. A., Kim, C., Kim, K., Kim, N., Kim, N. ?. G., Kim, Y. M., King, E. ?. J., King, P. ?. J., Kinzel, D. ?. L., Kissel, J. ?. S., Klimenko, S., Kline, J., Koehlenbeck, S., Kokeyama, K., Kondrashov, V., Koranda, S., Korth, W. ?. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. ?. B., Kremin, A., Kringel, V., Kr?lak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwee, P., Landry, M., Lantz, B., Larson, S., Lasky, P. ?. D., Lawrie, C., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lebigot, E. ?. O., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. ?. K., Lee, H. ?. M., Lee, J., Leonardi, M., Leong, J. ?. R., Le Roux, A., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Levine, B., Lewis, J., T. ?. G. ?. F., Li, Libbrecht, K., Libson, A., Lin, A. ?. C., Littenberg, T. ?. B., Litvine, V., Lockerbie, N. ?. A., Lockett, V., Lodhia, D., Loew, K., Logue, J., Lombardi, A. ?. L., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J., Lubinski, M. ?. J., L?ck, H., Luijten, E., Lundgren, A. ?. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macarthur, J., Macdonald, E. ?. P., Macdonald, T., Machenschalk, B., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. ?. M., Magana Sandoval, F., Mageswaran, M., Maglione, C., Mailand, K., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Malvezzi, V., Man, N., Manca, G. ?. M., Mandel, I., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mangini, N., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., M?rka, S., M?rka, Z., Markosyan, A., Maros, E., Marque, J., Martelli, F., Martin, I. ?. W., Martin, R. ?. M., Martinelli, L., Martynov, D., Marx, J. ?. N., Mason, K., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. ?. J., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Matzner, R. ?. A., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mazzolo, G., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. ?. E., Mcguire, S. ?. C., Mcintyre, G., Mciver, J., Mclin, K., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. ?. D., Mehmet, M., Meidam, J., Meinders, M., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. ?. A., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Meyers, P., Miao, H., Michel, C., Mikhailov, E. ?. E., Milano, Leopoldo, Milde, S., Miller, J., Minenkov, Y., Mingarelli, C. ?. M. ?. F., Mishra, C., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. ?. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Moe, B., Moesta, P., Mohan, M., Mohapatra, S. ?. R. ?. P., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morgado, N., Morriss, S. ?. R., Mossavi, K., Mours, B., Mow Lowry, C. ?. M., Mueller, C. ?. L., Mueller, G., Mukherjee, S., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Murphy, D., Murray, P. ?. G., Mytidis, A., Nagy, M. ?. F., Nanda Kumar, D., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. ?. K., Necula, V., Nelemans, G., Neri, I., Neri, M., Newton, G., Nguyen, T., Nitz, A., Nocera, F., Nolting, D., Normandin, M. ?. E. ?. N., Nuttall, L. ?. K., Ochsner, E., O?dell, J., Oelker, E., J. ?. J., Oh, S. ?. H., Oh, Ohme, F., Oppermann, P., O?reilly, B., O?shaughnessy, R., Osthelder, C., Ottaway, D. ?. J., Ottens, R. ?. S., Overmier, H., Owen, B. ?. J., Padilla, C., Pai, A., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pan, H., Pan, Y., Pankow, C., Paoletti, F., Paoletti, R., Paris, H., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Pedraza, M., Penn, S., Perreca, A., Phelps, M., Pichot, M., Pickenpack, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierro, V., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. ?. M., Pitkin, M., Poeld, J., Poggiani, R., Poteomkin, A., Powell, J., Prasad, J., Premachandra, S., Prestegard, T., Price, L. ?. R., Prijatelj, M., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. ?. A., Prokhorov, L., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Qin, J., Quetschke, V., Quintero, E., Quiroga, G., Quitzow James, R., Raab, F. ?. J., Rabeling, D. ?. S., R?cz, I., Radkins, H., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajalakshmi, G., Rakhmanov, M., Ramet, C., Ramirez, K., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Re, V., Read, J., Reed, C. ?. M., Regimbau, T., Reid, S., Reitze, D. ?. H., Rhoades, E., Ricci, F., Riles, K., Robertson, N. ?. A., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rodruck, M., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. ?. G., Romano, J. ?. D., Romano, R., Romanov, G., Romie, J. ?. H., Rosi?ska, D., Rowan, S., R?diger, A., Ruggi, P., Ryan, K., Salemi, F., Sammut, L., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. ?. R., Sannibale, V., Santiago Prieto, I., Saracco, E., Sassolas, B., Sathyaprakash, B. ?. S., Saulson, P. ?. R., Savage, R., Scheuer, J., Schilling, R., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. ?. M. ?. S., Schreiber, E., Schuette, D., Schutz, B. ?. F., Scott, J., Scott, S. ?. M., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. ?. S., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Shaddock, D., Shah, S., Shahriar, M. ?. S., Shaltev, M., Shapiro, B., Shawhan, P., Shoemaker, D. ?. H., Sidery, T. ?. L., Siellez, K., Siemens, X., Sigg, D., Simakov, D., Singer, A., Singer, L., Singh, R., Sintes, A. ?. M., Slagmolen, B. ?. J. ?. J., Slutsky, J., Smith, J. ?. R., Smith, M., Smith, R. ?. J. ?. E., Smith Lefebvre, N. ?. D., Son, E. ?. J., Sorazu, B., Souradeep, T., Sperandio, L., Staley, A., Stebbins, J., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Stephens, B. ?. C., Steplewski, S., Stevenson, S., Stone, R., Stops, D., Strain, K. ?. A., Straniero, N., Strigin, S., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. ?. L., Summerscales, T. ?. Z., Susmithan, S., Sutton, P. ?. J., Swinkels, B., Tacca, M., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. ?. B., Tarabrin, S. ?. P., Taylor, R., ter Braack, A. ?. P. ?. M., Thirugnanasambandam, M. ?. P., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. ?. A., Thorne, K. ?. S., Thrane, E., Tiwari, V., Tokmakov, K. ?. V., Tomlinson, C., Toncelli, A., Tonelli, M., Torre, O., Torres, C. ?. V., Torrie, C. ?. I., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Tse, M., Ugolini, D., Unnikrishnan, C. ?. S., Urban, A. ?. L., Urbanek, K., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., Vallisneri, M., van den Brand, J. ?. F. ?. J., Van Den Broeck, C., van der Putten, S., van der Sluys, M. ?. V., van Heijningen, J., van Veggel, A. ?. A., Vass, S., Vas?th, M., Vaulin, R., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. ?. J., Venkateswara, K., Verkindt, D., Verma, S. ?. S., Vetrano, F., Vicer?, A., Vincent Finley, R., Vinet, J. Y., Vitale, S., Vo, T., Vocca, H., Vorvick, C., Vousden, W. ?. D., Vyachanin, S. ?. P., Wade, A., Wade, L., Wade, M., Walker, M., Wallace, L., Wang, M., Wang, X., Ward, R. ?. L., Was, M., Weaver, B., Wei, L. W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. ?. J., Weiss, R., Welborn, T., Wen, L., Wessels, P., West, M., Westphal, T., Wette, K., Whelan, J. ?. T., White, D. ?. J., Whiting, B. ?. F., Wiesner, K., Wilkinson, C., Williams, K., Williams, L., Williams, R., Williams, T., Williamson, A. ?. R., Willis, J. ?. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. ?. C., Wiseman, A. ?. G., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Worden, J., Yablon, J., Yakushin, I., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. ?. C., Yang, H., Yang, Z., Yoshida, S., Yvert, M., Zadro?ny, A., Zanolin, M., Zendri, J. P., Fan, Zhang, Zhang, L., Zhao, C., Zhu, X. ?. J., Zucker, M. ?. E., Zuraw, S., Zweizig, J., and Pinto, Innocenzo
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], media_common.quotation_subject, Astronomy, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, LIGO data, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), [ PHYS.ASTR.CO ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Omega, 04.80.Cc, Cosmology, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, [ PHYS.GRQC ] Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Gravitational wave background, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Detection of gravitational wave, 95.85.Sz, 04.30.-w, 04.80.Nn, Physics and Astronomy (all), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, INFLATION, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, media_common, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Spectral index, Gravitational wave, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Gravitational-Wave, Spectral density, Stochastic background, [ PHYS.ASTR.HE ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Universe, LIGO, Virgo data, [ SDU.ASTR.CO ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], RADIATION, [ SDU.ASTR.HE ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Gravitational waves from a variety of sources are predicted to superpose to create a stochastic background. This background is expected to contain unique information from throughout the history of the universe that is unavailable through standard electromagnetic observations, making its study of fundamental importance to understanding the evolution of the universe. We carry out a search for the stochastic background with the latest data from LIGO and Virgo. Consistent with predictions from most stochastic gravitational-wave background models, the data display no evidence of a stochastic gravitational-wave signal. Assuming a gravitational-wave spectrum of Omega_GW(f)=Omega_alpha*(f/f_ref)^alpha, we place 95% confidence level upper limits on the energy density of the background in each of four frequency bands spanning 41.5-1726 Hz. In the frequency band of 41.5-169.25 Hz for a spectral index of alpha=0, we constrain the energy density of the stochastic background to be Omega_GW(f), 11 pages, 2 figures, 1 table
Published: 2014
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13. Gyroscopes and charge control for the Relativity Mission Gravity Probe B

Author: Y. M. Xiao, G. M. Keiser, Bradford W. Parkinson, J. P. Turneaure, Robert W. Brumley, D. Gill, C. W. F. Everitt, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Inertial frame of reference, Rotor (electric), Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Gyroscope, Charge (physics), Electron, law.invention, Computational physics, Geophysics, Theory of relativity, Space and Planetary Science, law, Quantum mechanics, Charge control, Orbit (dynamics), General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract: The most demanding goal of the Gravity Probe B Relativity Mission (GP-B) is the measurement of the parametrized post-Newtonian parameter γ to one part in 105. This goal requires a total experimental accuracy of ≤ 0.044 marcsec/yr. Analysis of and results from 100,000 hours of gyroscope operation on the ground show that the residual Newtonian drift will be < 0.17 marcsec/yr for a supported gyroscope in 10−9 m/s2, and < 0.020 marcsec/yr for an unsupported gyroscope in a fully inertial orbit. The expected error due to gyroscope drift is thus consistent with the measurement goal. The main gyroscope disturbance caused by cosmic radiation is charging of the rotor. A force modulation technique allows measurement of the charge of the gyroscope rotor to about 5 pC, while bipolar charge control to 10 pC is achieved using electrons generated by UV photoemission.
Published: 2000

14. A space-based superconducting microwave oscillator clock

Author: W. A. Moeur, J. P. Turneaure, John A. Lipa, M. Dong, S. Wang, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Flywheel, Atomic clock, Computational physics, Vibration, Acceleration, Gravitational potential, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Quantum mechanics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Allan variance, Anisotropy, Gravitational redshift
Abstract: Superconducting Cavity Stabilized Oscillators, SCSO, have produced the most stable clocks to date, achieving an Allen variance of 3×10−16 for integration times between 102 and 103 seconds. Cavity frequency variations are mainly caused by acceleration effects due to gravity and vibrations, temperature variations, and fluctuations in the energy stored in the cavity. We describe the status of a project aimed at building an improved cavity system suitable for use on the International Space Station, ISS. Primary experimental applications include the measurement, in conjunction with other types of clocks, of the dependence of fundamental constants on the gravitational potential, gravitational redshift measurements, and the measurement of the anisotropy of the velocity of light. A major secondary application is as a flywheel for the atomic clocks co-located on the ISS.
Published: 2000

15. The Gravity Probe B Relativity Mission

Author: D. Bardas, Gregory M. Gutt, D. Gill, Y. M. Xiao, Robert W. Brumley, J. P. Turneaure, G. M. Keiser, M. Taber, Barry Muhlfelder, John A. Lipa, John Mester, D. H. Gwo, Saps Buchman, C. W. F. Everitt, William J. Bencze, P. Zhou, D.B. DeBra, Bradford W. Parkinson, J.M. Lockhart, and S. Wang
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Gravitoelectromagnetism, Polar orbit, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Frame-dragging, Mechanics, Geodesy, Geophysics, Theory of relativity, Space and Planetary Science, Tests of general relativity, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Satellite, Tests of special relativity, Geodetic effect
Abstract: The NASA/Stanford Relativity Mission Gravity Probe B (GP-B) experiment will provide two extremely precise tests of General Relativity based on observations of electrically suspended gyroscopes in a satellite in a 650 km circular polar orbit around the Earth. The project is now nearing completion. Final assembly of the instrument will take place later this year and launch is scheduled for October 2000. GP-B will provide a very accurate measurement of the frame-dragging effect, with its subtle connections to gravitomagnetism and Mach's principle. In addition to measuring frame dragging to 0.3%, it will measure the geodetic effect to approximately 1 part in 105. GP-B is a controlled physics experiment where error terms such as the Newtonian drifts of gyroscopes are reduced to negligible values, and where the apparatus is under the experimenters' control.
Published: 2000

16. Experimental techniques for gyroscope performance enhancement for the Gravity Probe B relativity mission

Author: Saps Buchman, Mac Keiser, Gregory M. Gutt, J. P. Turneaure, Doron Bardas, Francis Everitt, Y. M. Xiao, J. M. Lockhart, M. Taber, Barry Muhlfelder, D. Gill, Robert W. Brumley, John Mester, Brian DiDonna, and B. W. Parkinson
Subjects: Physics, Gravity (chemistry), Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Magnetometer, business.industry, Polar orbit, Gyroscope, Frame-dragging, Noise figure, law.invention, Theory of relativity, Optics, law, Electromagnetic shielding, business
Abstract: The Gravity Probe B relativity mission experiment is designed to measure the frame dragging and geodetic relativistic precessions in a 650 km polar orbit. We describe some of the advanced experimental techniques used to achieve the required gyroscope accuracy of between 0.05 and . The subjects discussed are: (i) the development of high-precision gyroscopes with drift rates of less than , (ii) a low-temperature bake-out procedure resulting in a helium pressure of less than at 2.5 K, (iii) a read-out system using DC SQUID magnetometers with a noise figure of at 5 mHz and (iv) AC and DC magnetic shielding techniques which produce an AC attenuation factor in excess of and a residual DC field of less than .
Published: 1996

17. Multilayer films of TiC, Ti and Cu for the gravity probe B relativity mission gyroscopes

Author: Saps Buchman, K. Davis, J. P. Turneaure, C. Gray, and P. Zhou
Subjects: Fused quartz, Auger electron spectroscopy, Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Analytical chemistry, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, Field electron emission, law, Sputtering, Physical vapor deposition, Materials Chemistry, Thin film
Abstract: Single-component and multilayer films of TiC, Ti and Cu have been produced by sputtering on fused quartz substrates and have been investigated for suitability as electrodes for the electrostatically suspended gyroscopes of Gravity Probe B. The main requirements for these films are low electron field emission in fields of 3 x 10 7 V m −1 , low film stress, and good thermal and electrical conductivity in the temperature range 2 K–400 K. The films have been studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and four-point resistivity techniques. SEM measurements indicate that the TiC films have very smooth surfaces and that multilayer films of TiC, Ti and Cu have reduced roughness as compared with the Ti-Cu multilayer films. Seven-layer 2.5 μm thick Ti-Cu films have been successfully used in the Gravity Probe B gyroscopes, meeting all requirements. Multilayer films of TiC Ti and Cu are at present being tested with the expectation that they will further improve gyroscope performance.
Published: 1995

18. Charge measurement and control for the Gravity Probe B gyroscopes

Author: G. M. Keiser, Theodore Quinn, D. Gill, Saps Buchman, and T. J. Sumner
Subjects: Physics, Photon, business.industry, Gyroscope, Charge (physics), Electron, Electric charge, Computational physics, law.invention, Optics, law, Charge control, Orbit (dynamics), Stochastic drift, business, Instrumentation
Abstract: We describe a technique based on photoemission for controlling the charge of the Gravity Probe B electrostatically suspended gyroscopes, and three methods for measuring this charge. Charging is caused by cosmic radiation in orbit and by enhanced field emission in ground testing. Errors induced by disturbing torques require the potential of the gyroscope to be smaller than 15 mV (15 pC) during the space experiment. The disturbing drift rate produced by measuring and controlling the charge in orbit is smaller than 10−13 deg/h, as compared with the 10−11 deg/h systematic drift rate of the gyroscope. The charge control technique is based on ultraviolet photoemission of electrons from both the gyroscope and a charge control electrode on the gyroscope housing. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in ground testing and therefore its suitability for the space experiment. Calculations indicate that heating by absorbed photons is, in the worst case, smaller than 1 nW and thus not a problem for the experi...
Published: 1995

19. Gravity Probe B: final results of a space experiment to test general relativity

Author: M. Taber, P W Worden, John A. Lipa, Badr Alsuwaidan, Alexander S. Silbergleit, John Mester, J. M. Lockhart, M. I. Heifetz, A. Aljadaan, M Al-Meshari, B. Clarke, J. P. Turneaure, Saps Buchman, D.B. DeBra, H Al-Jibreen, J. Kolodziejczak, V G Solomonik, G. M. Keiser, K. Stahl, Thomas J. Holmes, John Conklin, Barry Muhlfelder, William J. Bencze, S. Wang, C. W. F. Everitt, Bradford W. Parkinson, and Jie Li
Subjects: Physics, Combinatorics, Space experiment, General relativity, Quantum mechanics, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Stochastic drift, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract: Gravity Probe B, launched 20 April 2004, is a space experiment testing two fundamental predictions of Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR), the geodetic and frame-dragging effects, by means of cryogenic gyroscopes in Earth orbit. Data collection started 28 August 2004 and ended 14 August 2005. Analysis of the data from all four gyroscopes results in a geodetic drift rate of $\ensuremath{-}6601.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}18.3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mas}/\mathrm{yr}$ and a frame-dragging drift rate of $\ensuremath{-}37.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mas}/\mathrm{yr}$, to be compared with the GR predictions of $\ensuremath{-}6606.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mas}/\mathrm{yr}$ and $\ensuremath{-}39.2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mas}/\mathrm{yr}$, respectively (``mas'' is milliarcsecond; $1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mas}=4.848\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{rad}$).
Published: 2011

20. Nuclear relaxation during the formation ofH2from spin-polarized hydrogen

Author: Daniel Kleppner, Lois Pollack, Y. M. Xiao, Saps Buchman, and Thomas J. Greytak
Subjects: NMR spectra database, Materials science, Hydrogen, chemistry, Spin polarization, Condensed matter physics, Excited state, Phase (matter), Relaxation (NMR), chemistry.chemical_element, Atomic physics, Spin (physics), Spectral line
Abstract: We report an NMR study of solid H[sub 2] formed by the recombination of doubly polarized atomic hydrogen at a temperature of [similar to]0.3 K. The molecules are formed in a highly excited ortho state with [ital M][sub [ital I]]=[minus]1, thermalize through collisions with the [sup 4]He-coated walls of the containment chamber, and form a solid. The solid is essentially pure ortho H[sub 2] in the fcc phase, as expected. However, the nuclear polarization is close to zero, in contrast to the value of [minus]1 if there was no relaxation, and +0.034 if the spin temperature was in equilibrium with the surface of the cell. Possible mechanisms for depolarization are discussed, though no plausible explanation for the loss has yet been found.
Published: 1993

21. Multilayer Ti-Cu sputter films for the Gravity Probe B gyroscope housings

Author: C. Gray, K. Davis, P. Zhou, J. P. Turneaure, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Fused quartz, Materials science, business.industry, Scanning electron microscope, Analytical chemistry, Gyroscope, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, Field electron emission, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Sputtering, law, Electrode, Materials Chemistry, Optoelectronics, Thin film, business
Abstract: Multilayer Ti-Cu films with three, five, and seven individual layers have been prepared by sputtering on fused quartz substrates. The multilayer films have been studied by electron field emission, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Trilayer Ti-Cu-Ti electrode films exhibit reduced electron field emission. Ti-Cu-Ti trilayer films have been applied to the Gravity Probe B gyroscope housings. The thin films have been deposited by sputtering onto the fused quartz housings to form suspension electrodes and lands. The gyroscopes have been successfully spun to 170 Hz.
Published: 1992

22. Gravity Probe B: Countdown to Launch

Author: J. M. Lockhart, C. W. F. Everitt, Barry Muhlfelder, J. P. Turneaure, D.B. DeBra, G. M. Keiser, Gravity Probe B team, B. W. Parkinson, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Physics, Gravity (chemistry), business.industry, Payload, General relativity, Polar orbit, Gyroscope, Mechanics, law.invention, law, Countdown, Satellite, Guide star, Aerospace engineering, business
Abstract: NASA’s Gravity Probe B Mission is a test of two predictions of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity based on observations on very precise cryogenic gyroscopes in a satellite in a 650 km polar orbit about the Earth. Construction and the first round of testing of the flight payload was completed in December 1999. Of the 32 planned qualification tests 28 were passed with complete success, meeting or in several instances surpassing the program requirements. However, one test very unexpectedly revealed a problem in the thermal performance of the Dewar/Probe system which has required a significant redesigin and rework, now successfully completed. Gravity Probe B is scheduled for launch on April 1, 2002. This article reviews from the physicist's viewpoint the experience of living through a space flight program.
Published: 2007

23. gLISA: geosynchronous laser interferometer space antenna concepts with off-the-shelf satellites

Author: D.B. DeBra, Scott Tilley, Saps Buchman, and Massimo Tinto
Subjects: Computer science, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Geosynchronous orbit, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Modular design, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Cost reduction, Geostationary orbit, Off the shelf, Satellite, Aerospace engineering, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Aerospace, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation
Abstract: We discuss two geosynchronous gravitational wave mission concepts, which we generically name gLISA. One relies on the science instrument hosting program onboard geostationary commercial satellites, while the other takes advantage of recent developments in the aerospace industry that result in dramatic satellite and launching vehicle cost reductions for a dedicated geosynchronous mission. To achieve the required level of disturbance free-fall onboard these large and heavy platforms we propose a "two-stage" drag-free system, which incorporates the Modular Gravitational Reference Sensor (MGRS) (developed at Stanford University) and does not rely on the use of micro-Newton thrusters. Although both mission concepts are characterized by different technical and programmatic challenges, individually they could be flown and operated at a cost significantly lower than those of previously envisioned gravitational wave missions. We estimate both mission concepts to cost less than 500M US$ each, and in the year 2015 we will perform at JPL a detailed selecting mission cost analysis., Paper submitted for publication to the journal: "Review of Scientific Instruments". It is 13 pages long and contains 2 figures
Published: 2015

24. Spectral and Power Stability Tests of Deep UV LEDs for AC Charge Management

Author: Saps Buchman, Robert L. Byer, Ke-Xun Sun, Brett Allard, D. Gill, Sei Higuchi, and Allex Goh
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, medicine.disease_cause, Electric charge, law.invention, Optics, Operating temperature, law, Charge control, medicine, Optoelectronics, Electric current, Proof mass, business, Frequency modulation, Ultraviolet, Light-emitting diode
Abstract: Deep ultraviolet (UV) LEDs have recently been used in AC charge management experiments to support gravitational reference sensors for future space missions. The UV LED based charge management system offers compact size, light weight, and low power consumption compared to plasma sources. The AC charge management technique, which is enabled by easy modulation of UV LED output, achieves higher dynamic range for charge control. Further, the high modulation frequency, which is out of the gravitational wave detection band, reduces disturbances to the proof mass. However, there is a need to test and possibly improve the lifetime of UV LEDs, which were developed only a year ago. We have initiated a series of spectral and power stability tests for UV LEDs and designed experiments according to the requirements of AC charge management. We operate UV LEDs with a modulated current drive and maintain the operating temperature at 22 °C,28 similar to the LISA spacecraft working condition. The testing procedures involve measuring the baseline spectral shape and output power level prior to the beginning of the tests and then re‐measuring the same quantities periodically. As of the date of submission (August 28th, 2006), we have operated a UV LED for more than 2,700 hours.
Published: 2006

25. Progress in Developing the Modular Gravitational Reference Sensor

Author: N. A. Robertson, Sei Higuchi, Robert L. Byer, D.B. DeBra, Saps Buchman, D. Gill, Ke-Xun Sun, Graham Allen, Aaron Swank, John Conklin, Allex Goh, and Patrick Lu
Subjects: Physics, Interferometry, Optics, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Picometre, Optical power, Heterodyne detection, Modular design, Grating, Proof mass, business, Diffraction grating
Abstract: Modular Gravitational Reference Sensor (modular GRS) was proposed by the Stanford Team in 2004. In a modular GRS, the laser beam from the remote the sensor does not illuminate the proof mass directly. The internal measurement from the housing to proof mass is separated from the external interferometry. A double‐sided grating further simplifies the structure and may better preserve the measurement precision. We review the recent progress in developing the modular GRS at Stanford. We are developing optical sensors with picometer resolution, capable of operating with a large gap for high precision readout. We have conducted an initial experiment incorporating RF heterodyne detection and thus lowered the optical power compared with direct detection. We have demonstrated sub‐nanoradian sensitivity of a grating angular sensor. We have successfully demonstrated fabrication of localized grating patterns on dielectric and gold surfaces. We have made critical progress in optical measurement of the mass center (MC) ...
Published: 2006

26. GRAVITY PROBE B: LAUNCH AND INITIALIZATION

Author: Alexander S. Silbergleit, D. N. Hipkins, B. W. Parkinson, David I. Santiago, D.B. DeBra, D Murray, M. Taber, G. Green, M. Salomon, John Mester, C. W. F. Everitt, P. Shestople, Jie Li, Barry Muhlfelder, Y. Ohshima, M. I. Heifetz, G. M. Keiser, Thomas J. Holmes, B. Clarke, Saps Buchman, Robert W. Brumley, William J. Bencze, V G Solomonik, and J. P. Turneaure
Subjects: Gravity (chemistry), Initialization, Geodesy, Geology, Remote sensing
Published: 2005

27. SPACE DETECTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES (LISA)

Author: M. Hueller, A. Cavalleri, J. Turneaure, Karsten Danzmann, R. Doles, Giorgio Fontana, W. Webe, C. Ungarell, S. Sigurdsso, Saps Buchman, S. Vital, A. Vecchi, J. C. Neves de Araujo, and J. Hanso
Subjects: Physics, Atom interferometer, Gravitational-wave observatory, Gravitational wave, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space (mathematics), Gravitational redshift
Published: 2002

28. Observation of nonstatistical ortho–para ratio in hydrogen recombination at low temperatures

Author: Daniel Kleppner, Y. M. Xiao, Lois Pollack, Thomas J. Greytak, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Hydrogen, Chemistry, Excited state, Phase (matter), Relaxation (NMR), Vibrational energy relaxation, General Physics and Astronomy, Molecule, chemistry.chemical_element, Physical chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Spin isomers of hydrogen, Recombination
Abstract: We have demonstrated that the molecular hydrogen obtained from atomic recombination at 300 mK has nonstatistic ortho–para ratio. The ortho para conversion is less than 3% in the vibrational relaxation phase. We suggest that it is possible to carry out detailed comparison between calculations and measurements at conditions similar to our experiments.
Published: 1992

29. The expected performance of Gravity Probe B electrically suspended gyroscopes as differential accelerometers

Author: Saps Buchman, D.B. DeBra, G. M. Keiser, and William J. Bencze
Subjects: Physics, Physics::General Physics, Inertial frame of reference, Spacecraft, business.industry, Inertial reference unit, Gyroscope, Physics::Classical Physics, Accelerometer, law.invention, Computer Science::Robotics, Physics::Popular Physics, Acceleration, Optics, law, Inertial measurement unit, Physics::Space Physics, Precession, business
Abstract: Four cryogenic gyroscopes on the Gravity Probe B satellite will be used to measure the precession of the local inertial reference frame with respect to a distant inertial reference frame. One of these four gyroscopes will serve as the drag-free sensor for the satellite. The other three gyroscopes, which are separated from each other by 8.25 cm, will be electrostatically supported by a digital control system. Although the gyroscopes and the electrostatic suspension system are designed to measure a precession as small as 0.1 mas/yr, any pair of these gyroscopes may also be used as a differential accelerometer. This paper analyzes the expected performance of these gyroscopes as differential accelerometers for accelerations in the frequency band from 2×10−3 to 2×10−2 Hz. The three contributions to the specific force on any one of the gyroscopes are the residual acceleration of the spacecraft, the specific forces acting between the gyroscope and the satellite, and the noise in the capacitance bridge which sens...
Published: 1998

30. The design and testing of the Gravity Probe B suspension and charge control systems

Author: Bruce Clarke, Saps Buchman, G. M. Keiser, William J. Bencze, and Robert W. Brumley
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, Magnetometer, Gyroscope, Charge (physics), Electron, law.invention, Gravitation, Optics, law, Drag, Charge control, business, Suspension (vehicle)
Abstract: The Relativity Mission Gravity Probe B (GP-B), is designed to verify two rotational effects predicted by gravitational theory. The GP-B gyroscopes (which also double as drag free sensors) are suspended electrostatically, their position is determined by capacitative sensing, and their charge is controlled using electrons generated by ultraviolet photoemission. The main suspension system is digitally controlled, with an analog backup system. Its functional range is 10 m/s2 to 10−7 m/s2. The suspension system design is optimized to be compatible with gyroscope Newtonian drift rates of less than 0.1 marcsec/year (3×10−12 deg/hr), as well as being compatible with the functioning of an ultra low noise dc SQUID magnetometer. Testing of the suspension and charge management systems is performed on the ground using flight gyroscopes, as well as a gyroscope simulator designed to verify performance over the entire functional range. We describe the design and performance of the suspension, charge management, and gyros...
Published: 1998

31. Stress and its Effect on Surface Morphology in Multi-Layer Ti-Cu Films

Author: P. Zhou, J. P. Turneaure, Chris Gray, James E. Turlo, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Stress (mechanics), Materials science, Morphology (linguistics), Residual stress, Scanning electron microscope, Electrode, Surface roughness, Thin film, Composite material, Layer (electronics)
Abstract: We have characterized the stress and its effects on surface morphology for multi-layer thin films of about 3μm total thickness, consisting of three or seven layers of Ti and Cu. These films constitute the electrostatic suspension electrodes for the gyroscope housings of the Relativity Mission Gravity Probe B. Full understanding of surface morphology is critical for meeting the complex requirements of this application.The residual stresses have been measured using a laser curvature technique, while the surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We find that the surface morphology depends strongly on the stress, which evolves with the Ti-Cu multi-layer period. Average stress and the resulting surface roughness decrease for thinner Cu layers (increased total number of layers). Seven layer Ti-Cu films with low stress and very smooth surface have been successfully used for the electrodes of the gyroscope housings.
Published: 1996

32. Surface studies of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen

Author: Saps Buchman, Thomas J. Greytak, and Lois Pollack
Subjects: Orientation (vector space), Helium-4, Materials science, Hydrogen, chemistry, Spin wave, Atom, chemistry.chemical_element, Physics::Atomic Physics, Sticking probability, Atomic physics, Hyperfine structure, Isotopes of helium
Abstract: We present the results of a series of experiments on spin-polarized atomic hydrogen in an environment with a large amount of surface area. Both nuclear-magnetic-resonance and pressure-transducer techniques were used. The NMR measurements yield a value for the hyperfine wall shift of {minus}22.4(5) kHz at 7.62 T. The results were consistent with a sticking probability of (0.33(2)){ital T} for atomic hydrogen on a superfluid {sup 4}He surface for atom temperatures near 0.15 K. Using the pressure transducer, we have measured the decay of the polarized gas due to dipole-dipole interactions between adsorbed hydrogen atoms. At 7.62 T, with the surface normal at right angles to the applied field, we measure {ital G}{sub {ital s}}=(2.5(3)){times}10{sup {minus}14} cm{sup 2}/sec. We have also observed a small increase in {ital G}{sub {ital s}} as a function of decreasing magnetic field.
Published: 1992

33. Cryogenic gyroscopes for the relativity mission

Author: J. P. Turneaure, C. W. F. Everitt, Saps Buchman, G. M. Keiser, and B. W. Parkinson
Subjects: Physics, Inertial frame of reference, Rate integrating gyroscope, Polar orbit, Gyroscope, London moment, Condensed Matter Physics, Frame of reference, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Classical mechanics, Theory of relativity, law, Quantum electrodynamics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Orbit (control theory)
Abstract: The relativity mission, also known as gravity probe B (GP-B), uses high-precision electrostatically suspended cryogenic gyroscopes for measuring the relativistic precessions of the frame of reference in a 650 km polar orbit. A 2 K environment is used to ensure the thermal stability and to implement the readout technique based on the magnetic dipole moment generated by a rotating superconductor. Analysis and results from more than 100 000 h of gyroscope operation show that the residual Newtonian drift is less than 0.17 marcsec/yr for a supported gyroscope in 10 −9 m/s 2 , and less than 0.020 marcsec/yr for a gyroscope in a fully inertial orbit.
Published: 2000

34. Design of a highly stable and uniform thermal test facility for MGRS development

Author: Robert L. Byer, Ke-Xun Sun, Sei Higuchi, D.B. DeBra, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: History, Engineering, Temperature control, Spacecraft, business.industry, Computer Science Applications, Education, Temperature gradient, Heat generation, Thermal, Electronic engineering, Electronics, Aerospace engineering, Proof mass, business, Optical path length
Abstract: We have designed combined passive and active thermal control system to achieve sub microkelvin temperature stability and uniformity over an optics bench size enclosure, which has an analogous structure to the LISA spacecraft. For the passive control, we have constructed a new thermal enclosure that has a multilayer structure with alternative conducting and insulating layers, which enables the temperature uniformity and ease the burden of the active control. The thermal enclosure becomes an important test facility for Modular Gravitational Reference Sensor (MGRS) development. For the active control, we have developed a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm, which will regulate temperature variations of the proof-mass (PM) down to sub-microkelvin over the LISA science band. The LISA mission requires extremely tight temperature control, which is as low as 30 μK/ over 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. Both temporal stability and spatial uniformity in temperature must be achieved. Optical path length variations on optical bench must be kept below 40 pm/ over 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz. Temperature gradient across the proof mass housing also must be controlled to reduce differential thermal pressure. Thermal disturbances due to, for example, solar radiation and heat generation from electronics, are expected to be significant disturbance source to the LISA sensitivity requirements. The MGRS will alleviate the thermal requirement due to its wider gap between the proof-mass and the housing wall. However, a thermally stable and uniform environment is highly desirable to achieve more precise science measurement for future space science missions.
Published: 2009

35. Modular gravitational reference sensor development

Author: John Conklin, Martin Trittler, John H. Goebel, Patrick Lu, Graham Allen, Aaron Swank, Robert L. Byer, Saps Buchman, Sei Higuchi, Domenico Gerardi, D.B. DeBra, Nick Leindecker, Ke-Xun Sun, and Edgar Torres
Subjects: Physics, History, Signal processing, business.industry, Gravitational wave, Moment of inertia, Modular design, Computer Science Applications, Education, Interferometry, Optics, Component (UML), Electronic engineering, Differential (infinitesimal), Proof mass, business
Abstract: The Modular Gravitational Reference Sensor (MGRS) is targeted as a next generation core instrument for both space gravitational wave detection and an array of other precision gravitational experiments in space. The objectives of the NASA funded program are to gain a system perspective of the MGRS, to develop key component technologies, and to establish important test platforms. Our original program was very aggressive in proposing ten areas of research and development. Significant advancements have been made in these areas, and we have met or exceeded the goals for the program set in 2007-2008. Additionally, we have initiated research projects for innovative technologies beyond the original plan. In this paper we will give a balanced overview of progress in MGRS technologies: the two layer sensing and control scheme, trade-off studies of GRS configurations, multiple optical sensor signal processing, optical displacement and angular sensors, differential optical shadow sensing, diffractive optics, proof mass center of mass and moment of inertia measurement, UV LED charge management, proof mass fabrication, thermal control and sensor development, characterization for various proof mass shapes, and alternative charge manage techniques.
Published: 2009

36. Applications of superconductivity to space-based gravitational experiments

Author: B. W. Parkinson, Saps Buchman, C. W. F. Everitt, Barry Muhlfelder, M. Taber, J. M. Lockhart, and J. P. Turneaure
Subjects: Superconductivity, Physics, General Physics and Astronomy, Shields, Gyroscope, Space (mathematics), law.invention, Computational physics, Magnetic field, Gravitation, Theory of relativity, law, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Quantum mechanics, Magnetic dipole
Abstract: Techniques based on superconductivity are crucial in providing the means of achieving the high accuracy and low noise required by experimental tests of gravitational theories. We discuss applications of superconductivity to two space-based experiments: the Gravity Probe B Relativity Mission (GP-B), and the Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP). Superconducting shields attenuate the dc magnetic field to less than 10−11 T and provide an ac shielding factor in excess of 1012. The readout of the GP-B gyroscopes is based on the London magnetic dipole generated by a rotating superconductor and detected with state-of-the-art dc SQUIDs, which are also used in STEP.
Published: 1996

37. Magnetic flux distribution on a spherical superconducting shell

Author: Barry Muhlfelder, Saps Buchman, J. P. Turneaure, G. M. Keiser, Y. M. Xiao, and Chang-Huei Wu
Subjects: Superconductivity, Physics, Gravity (chemistry), Flux pinning, Condensed matter physics, Shell (structure), Flux, Superconducting magnetic energy storage, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic flux, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract: We report measurements of flux distributions on superconducting spherical shells in an ambient magnetic field of 0.2±0.1 μG. The aim of these experiments is to minimize the number of flux lines trapped in the superconducting shells, an important requirement for the Gravity Probe B gyroscopes.
Published: 1994

38. The recombination of atomic hydrogen below 1K

Author: Saps Buchman, Daniel Kleppner, Thomas J. Greytak, Lois Pollak, and Y. M. Xiao
Subjects: Materials science, Hydrogen, Ortho hydrogen, Time constant, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric temperature range, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Physics::Atomic Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Atomic physics, Recombination
Abstract: We have conducted an NMR study of the hydrogen recombination process in the temperature range 0.2K – 0.6K. Starting with a gas of doubly polarized atomic hydrogen we produce molecular ortho hydrogen. The nuclear spin polarization is quickly lost after the recombination process. The time constant for the de-polarization is less than 0.1 s, and the initial nuclear spin temperature of the solid is larger than 4K.
Published: 1990

39. An ultra high vacuum low temperature gyroscope clock

Author: G. M. Keiser, J. P. Turneaure, C. W. F. Everitt, Todd Walter, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Physics, Earth's orbit, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Ultra-high vacuum, Gyroscope, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic clock, Redshift, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Theory of relativity, Optics, law, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Eccentricity (behavior), business, media_common, Gravitational redshift
Abstract: We propose to perform a null-gravitational redshift experiment by comparing a mechanical gyroscope clock with atomic clocks. The Gravity-Probe-B Relativity Gyroscope Experiment provides the opportunity for this co-experiment. The goal is to measure the effect to an accuracy of 0.01% of the gravitational redshift due to the eccentricity of the orbit of the earth about the sun. This corresponds to an integrated frequency measurement over one year of Av/v=3∗10−14. A major disturbance torque on the gyroscope is due to fluctuations in the molecular drag of the residual gas caused by temperature variations. We propose to use a low temperature bake-out technique in order to achieve the required vacuum of 10−17torr.
Published: 1990

40. LED deep UV source for charge management of gravitational reference sensorsPresented at ‘Amaldi6’, Poster 73, Space Detector, 6th Edoardo Almadi Conference on Gravitational Waves, 20–24 June 2005.

Author: Xun Sun, Brett Allard, Saps Buchman, Scott Williams, and Robert L Byer
Published: 2006

41. Gravity Probe B Gyroscope charge control using field-emission cathodes

Author: Theodore Quinn, D. Gill, G. M. Keiser, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Physics, business.industry, General relativity, General Engineering, Gyroscope, Electron, Electric charge, Cathode, law.invention, Computational physics, Field electron emission, Optics, law, Charge control, business, Geodetic effect
Abstract: We propose and test a method for controlling the charging of the Gravity Probe B(GP‐B) electrostatically suspended gyroscopes using electrons generated by field emission cathodes. The GP‐B Gyroscope Experiment is designed to measure for the first time the geodetic and the frame‐dragging effects predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. The expected accuracy of ∼0.3 marcsec/yr (10−11 deg/h) will allow for a 0.01% measurement of the geodetic effect and a 1% measurement of the frame‐dragging effect. Gyroscope charging is caused by cosmic radiation, by field emission, and by the separation of dissimilar metals. The expected charging rate for the gyroscopes is ∼1 nC/yr and consequently above the 50 pC limit dictated by disturbing torque considerations. The present charge control technique is based on ultraviolet photoemission of electrons from both the gyroscope and an auxiliary electrode. Experiments have shown this method to be effective at room temperature in ground testing, and calculations ind...
Published: 1993

42. NMR study of tunneling states in solid CD4

Author: R. V. Pound, Donald Candela, W. T. Vetterling, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Nuclear magnetic resonance, Materials science, Small-angle neutron scattering, Molecular physics, Quantum tunnelling
Published: 1982

43. The gravity-probe-b relativity gyroscope experiment: Development of the prototype flight instrument

Author: R. A. van Patten, William M. Fairbank, D. Bardas, D. E. Davidson, R. T. Parmley, P. Zhou, J. P. Turneaure, C. W. F. Everitt, Bradford W. Parkinson, Y. M. Xiao, Barry Muhlfelder, Saps Buchman, M. Taber, John V. Breakwell, W. S. Cheung, G. M. Keiser, S. Feteih, Xinhua Qin, D. Gill, R. Hacker, D.B. DeBra, and J.M. Lockhart
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, business.industry, General relativity, Measure (physics), Polar orbit, Aerospace Engineering, Geodetic datum, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Gyroscope, Physics::Geophysics, law.invention, Geophysics, Classical mechanics, Theory of relativity, Space and Planetary Science, law, Physics::Space Physics, Electromagnetic shielding, Precession, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Aerospace engineering, business
Abstract: The Gravity-Probe-B relativity gyroscope experiment (GP-B) will measure the geodetic and frame-dragging precession rates of gyroscopes in a 650 km high polar orbit about the earth. The goal is to measure these two effects, which are predicted by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, to 0.01 percent (geodetic) and 1 percent (frame-dragging). This paper presents the development progress for full-size prototype flight hardware including the gyroscopes, gyro readout and magnetic shielding system, and an integrated ground test instrument.
Published: 1989

44. NMR study of rotational tunneling in the partially deuterated methanes

Author: R. V. Pound, Saps Buchman, Donald Candela, and W. T. Vetterling
Subjects: Coupling constant, Physics, Deuterium, Absorption spectroscopy, Quadrupole, Atmospheric temperature range, Atomic physics, Neutron scattering, Spectral line, Line (formation)
Abstract: We have observed the deuteron NMR absorption line at 46 MHz in phase III of the partially deuterated methanes in the temperature range 40 mK to 4 K. For CH${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ the line shape depends strongly on the temperature up to 700 mK. A model is developed for the tunneling states of CH${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ which reproduces both the derivative NMR line shape and the temperature dependence of the line area. We find that the line shape is determined by the interaction of the deuteron quadrupole moment with the gradient of the electric field of the molecular carbon-deuteron bond. The coupling constant for this interaction, $\frac{{e}^{2}\mathrm{qQ}}{h}$, is measured to be 158\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 kHz, and the broadening of the NMR line is found to be consistent with the strength of the intramolecular dipole-dipole interactions. The data imply an absence of spin-species conversion in CH${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ on a time scale of 10 h. Our tunneling-level model for CH${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ is also compared with thermodynamic measurements. For C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ in the temperature range 40 to 60 mK, the NMR line is compared with the predictions of an energy-level scheme deduced from neutron scattering and thermodynamic measurements. We conclude that the tunneling of the deuterons around the ${C}_{3}$ symmetry axis in CH${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$, and around the ${C}_{2}$ symmetry axis in C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, proceeds at a rate fast compared with $\frac{{e}^{2}\mathrm{qQ}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}$. No absorption lines of satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio were observed for C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$D.
Published: 1983

45. NMR spin-lattice relaxation in the deuterium quadrupolar glass

Author: W. T. Vetterling, R. V. Pound, Donald Candela, and Saps Buchman
Subjects: Materials science, Deuterium, Condensed matter physics, Spin–lattice relaxation, Relaxation (physics), Cross relaxation
Abstract: We present measurements of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in solid ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ for para concentrations $0.24lXl0.31$ and temperatures $40lTl700$ mK. No evidence is seen for a well-defined transition into the quadrupolar glass state. A model of para-ortho cross relaxation is presented which allows our ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ data to be compared with previous ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ relaxation data.
Published: 1983

46. Spin-species conversion rate in solid CH4in the temperature range 4-23 K

Author: R. V. Pound, Saps Buchman, Donald Candela, and W. T. Vetterling
Subjects: Nuclear magnetic resonance, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, Atmospheric temperature range, Spin (physics), Magnetic susceptibility
Abstract: By monitoring the time dependence of the nuclear magnetic susceptibility we have measured the spin-species conversion rate in solid C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ for temperatures of 4-23 K. We discuss the relation to previous measurements and to the available theory of spin-species conversion.
Published: 1982

47. Relaxation and recombination in spin-polarized atomic hydrogen

Author: David A. Bell, Y. M. Xiao, Daniel Kleppner, Lois Pollack, Saps Buchman, Gregory P. Kochanski, Thomas J. Greytak, and Harald F. Hess
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear relaxation, Angular momentum, Dipole, Condensed matter physics, Hydrogen, chemistry, Relaxation rate, chemistry.chemical_element, Angular dependence, Atomic physics, Hyperfine structure, Recombination
Abstract: We have studied relaxation and recombination processes in compressed, doubly polarized atomic hydrogen at temperatures from 0.13 to 0.60 K and magnetic fields from 3 to 9 T. The gas and surface dipole three-body recombination rate constants at a field of 7.6 T are measured to be, respectively, ${L}_{g}$=8.9(8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}39}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and ${L}_{s}$=1.2(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. They decrease slowly with field and ${L}_{s}$ exhibits no significant angular dependence. The three-body recombination rate due to hyperfine mixing has also been measured. Electronic and nuclear relaxation rates have been measured; the b-c electronic relaxation rate constant in the gas is ${G}^{\mathrm{bc}}$=1.03(7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$exp(-${E}_{\mathrm{bc}}$/${k}_{B}$T). The temperature and field dependence of the nuclear relaxation rate in the gas are observed to be in excellent agreement with recent theoretical calculations. Three-body surface recombination-rate measurements using $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He surfaces indicate that as little as one monolayer of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ on the liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ surface appreciably decreases the adsorption energy of atomic hydrogen. Densities achieved include 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ atoms${\mathrm{?}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ at 0.55 K (pure $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ walls), and 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ atoms${\mathrm{?}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ at 0.19 K (8 at. ? sup 3---He).
Published: 1986

48. Direct observation of a two-dimensional gas of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen

Author: Y. M. Xiao, Lois Pollack, Harald F. Hess, Gregory P. Kochanski, Saps Buchman, and Thomas J. Greytak
Subjects: Superfluidity, Materials science, Spin polarization, Hydrogen, chemistry, Two-dimensional gas, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), Atomic physics, Spin (physics), Line (formation), Magnetic field
Abstract: We have used NMR to observe the two-dimensional gas of atomic hydrogen adsorbed on a fritted glass "sponge" covered with superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. Measurements were made at a magnetic field of 7 T and at temperatures down to 0.080 K for a $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ surface and to 0.060 K for a $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ substrate. The temperature dependence of the resonant frequency agrees with Anderson's multiple-residency model. On the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ surface the adsorbed hydrogen is first detected at 0.095 K and has a frequency shift of -21.64(40) kHz with respect to the bulk adsorption line, corresponding to a zero-field wall shift of -43.0(8) kHz.
Published: 1986

49. Spin-lattice relaxation in deuterium at reduced para concentration

Author: Saps Buchman, D. Candela, R. V. Pound, and W. T. Vetterling
Subjects: NMR spectra database, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Deuterium, Isotope, Hydrogen, Chemistry, Spin–lattice relaxation, Relaxation (physics), Resonance, chemistry.chemical_element, Spectral line
Abstract: We have measured NMR spin‐lattice relaxation times in solid D2 for para‐D2 concentration 0.24
Published: 1983

50. NMR lineshapes of the solid hydrogen quadrupolar glass

Author: Saps Buchman, Donald Candela, W. T. Vetterling, and R.V. Pound
Subjects: Materials science, Specific heat, Condensed matter physics, Distribution (number theory), Solid hydrogen, General Engineering, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics
Abstract: It is proposed that the low-lying excitations of solid hydrogen in the quadrupolar glass state may be described in terms of a distribution of “effective spin-one quadrupoles”. This model provides a qualitative explanation for the temperature dependence of NMR lineshapes, and of the low temperature specific heat.
Published: 1981

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