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This paper investigates the sectoral impacts of FDI on growth in Egypt between 1990 and 2007 based upon a unique data set. It highlights the aggregation bias inherent in many empirical studies that focus solely on the economy-wide effects of foreign investment. Aggregate inflows of FDI are shown to be detrimental to the country’s economic growth performance, possibly as a result of the ‘crowding-out’ of more productive domestic investment. Some positive sector-specific effects however, are found for investment in Manufacturing & Petroleum, which also has beneficial spillovers into other sectors. FDI in the Finance & Retail and Telecommunications & Information Technology sectors are found to generate significantly negative growth effects while those in Services and Tourism are negative but generally insignificant. These findings suggest that ‘market-seeking’ FDI in certain sectors has conspicuous ‘crowding-out’ effects, possibly owing to insufficient domestic absorptive capacity. The results of this study further demonstrate the importance of potential sectoral heterogeneity of own sector and inter-sectoral economic growth effects of FDI. It therefore highlights the critical need for policy makers to take a more disaggregated sectoral-level evaluation of the benefits of foreign investment, particularly in developing economies such as Egypt.

This paper analyses the cross-country impacts of the 2008 global financial crisis and the subsequent recovery process, with a specific focus on small economies. Key growth volatility variables highlight the critical exposure of small economies to the transmission of exogenous shocks owing to their high degrees of trade openness and inherent output and export specialisation, notably in financial services and tourism. These factors also constrain the mitigation of exogenous shocks giving rise to greater growth volatility. The paper demonstrates systematic asymmetries between countries with respect to the impact of the crisis and its persistence according to their size and patterns of sectoral specialisation. Small tourism-dependent economies and nonsovereign entities were particularly adversely affected although an offshore financial sector partly mitigated the impacts. The robustness of the findings is examined further in the appendix with regard to truncation problems arising from the use of international datasets.

This paper analyses the economic and geographic characteristics of the world’s principal non-sovereign territories in the context of the growth challenges facing small economies. These territories enjoy high degrees of policy autonomy within a complex array of relationships with their metropolitan countries. Seven of the ten metropolitan powers are European and account for 38 of the 49 inhabited non-sovereign territories. The territories’ distinct economic and geographic characteristics, notably small size and remoteness, have led to their adopting similar niche sectoral growth strategies to those of small sovereign states and a reliance upon tourism and financial services. In spite of the growth challenges faced, most of these territories have attained high levels of per capita gross national income, placing them in the World Bank High Income category. Global heating, economic crises and regional environmental shocks, along with growing international protectionist sentiments, however, raise critical questions regarding the continued viability of their traditional growth strategies, particularly their heavy reliance upon environmentally harmful long-haul air travel and cruise tourism. This paper bridges the gap between large-scale growth studies, which generally overlook non-sovereign entities, and single case studies to examine the determinants of the growth success of non-sovereign territories and their future growth challenges given the pressing need for both economic and environmental sustainability.

This paper investigates the domestic productivity and spillover effects of foreign technology and embodied R&D on Egyptian manufacturing industries, 2006 to 2009. It also analyses the heterogeneous sectoral effects of technology transfer by focusing specifically on the productivity effects on highly internationalized and technology-intensive industries. These are expected to have greater absorptive capacity with respect to foreign technology and therefore larger productivity effects because of their greater exposure to foreign competition and greater technological capacity respectively. This study is the first to analyse the efficiency effects of foreign technology by classifying industries in this manner. It finds that foreign technology and embodied R&D have positive and significant industry-specific effects on domestic productivity and TFP in technology-intensive industries but that these are weaker in internationally oriented industries. The study suggests that only technological-intensive industries in Egypt have sufficient absorptive capacity to assimilate foreign technology effectively. The paper’s findings highlight the key role of foreign technology in domestic productivity growth, subject to the absorptive capacity of the domestic labour force, and the need for improved policies to promote the domestic benefits of technology transfer through the accumulation of local technological competences.

Eric Lord has observed: “In nature, helical structures arise when identical structural subunits combine sequentially, the orientational and translational relation between each unit and its predecessor remaining constant.” This paper proves Lord’s Observation. Constant-time algorithms are given for the segmented helix generated from the intrinsic properties of a stacked object and its conjoining rule. Standard results from screw theory and previous work are combined with corollaries of Lord’s observation to allow calculations of segmented helices from either transformation matrices or four known consecutive points. The construction of these from the intrinsic properties of the rule for conjoining repeated subunits of arbitrary shape is provided, allowing the complete parameters describing the unique segmented helix generated by arbitrary stackings to be easily calculated. Free-libre open-source interactive software and a website is provided which performs this computation for arbitrary prisms along with interactive 3D visualization . We prove that any subunit can produce a toroid-like helix or a maximally-extended helix, forming a continuous spectrum based on joint-face normal twist. This software, website and paper, taken together, compute, render, and catalog an exhaustive “zoo” of 28 uniquely-shaped platonic helices, such as the Boerdijk-Coxeter tetrahelix and various species of helices formed from dodecahedra.

The world’s 49 inhabited non-sovereign overseas territories (NSTs) – 13 of which are UK overseas territories (OTs) or Crown Dependencies (CDs)1 – are neither fully independent nor integrated sub-na...

Highly accurate and precise heave decay tests on a sphere with a diameter of 300 mm were completed in a meticulously designed test setup in the wave basin in the Ocean and Coastal Engineering Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark. The tests were dedicated to providing a rigorous benchmark dataset for numerical model validation. The sphere was ballasted to half submergence, thereby floating with the waterline at the equator when at rest in calm water. Heave decay tests were conducted, wherein the sphere was held stationary and dropped from three drop heights: a small drop height, which can be considered a linear case, a moderately nonlinear case, and a highly nonlinear case with a drop height from a position where the whole sphere was initially abovethe water. The precision of the heave decay time series was calculated from random and systematic standard uncertainties. At a 95% confidence level, uncertainties were found to be very low — on average only about 0.3% of the respective drop heights. Physical parameters of the test setup and associated uncertainties were quantified. A test case was formulated that closely represents the physical tests, enabling the reader to do his/her own numerical tests. The paper includes a comparison of the physical test results to the results from several independent numerical models based on linear potential flow, fully nonlinear potential flow, and the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. A high correlation between physical and numerical test results is shown. The physical test results are very suitable for numerical model validation and are public as a benchmark dataset. Highly accurate and precise heave decay tests on a sphere with a diameter of 300 mm were completed in a meticulously designed test setup in the wave basin in the Ocean and Coastal Engineering Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark. The tests were dedicated to providing a rigorous benchmark dataset for numerical model validation. The sphere was ballasted to half submergence, thereby floating with the waterline at the equator when at rest in calm water. Heave decay tests were conducted, wherein the sphere was held stationary and dropped from three drop heights: a small drop height, which can be considered a linear case, a moderately nonlinear case, and a highly nonlinear case with a drop height from a position where the whole sphere was initially above the water. The precision of the heave decay time series was calculated from random and systematic standard uncertainties. At a 95% confidence level, uncertainties were found to be very low—on average only about 0.3% of the respective drop heights. Physical parameters of the test setup and associated uncertainties were quantified. A test case was formulated that closely represents the physical tests, enabling the reader to do his/her own numerical tests. The paper includes a comparison of the physical test results to the results from several independent numerical models based on linear potential flow, fully nonlinear potential flow, and the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. A high correlation between physical and numerical test results is shown. The physical test results are very suitable for numerical model validation and are public as a benchmark dataset.

Here we investigate the performance of an experimentally tested model-scale oscillating water column (OWC) device, modified to only exploit half of the wave cycle. To do this we integrate a passive valve system into the OWC chamber which ensures a free connection to the atmosphere either on the up- or the down-stroke, but sends the flow through the orifice plate representing the full-scale air turbine, on the other half-cycle. The performance of the experimental model is evaluated from the absorbed power of the OWC chamber. The absorbed power is computed from the measured pressure drop across an orifice plate and the internal surface elevation inside the chamber. Perhaps surprisingly, the device can absorb more energy near resonance when exploiting only half of the cycle than when the full cycle is exploited. Since a one-way turbine is typically much more efficient than a Wells, impulse, bi-radial, or other self-rectifying turbine, this suggests a significant potential gain in overall efficiency from wave to wire. The obtained performance characteristics of the model-scale device are extrapolated to a proposed full-scale device size, and its performance is evaluated in Faroese waters. The performance of the proposed full-scale device is presented in terms of the annual absorbed power

Stokvels (globally known as credit unions) as an investment alternative has been one of the most profitable informal investment products. Yet, it is not recognised as a formal investment product due to the large risk attached to its informal investment process. For this reason, it is pertinent to analyse the propensity to take risk of investors who choose to invest in stokvels compared to other investment products. Therefore, to profile stock investors, this paper aimed to analyse the risk tolerance levels of investors investing in stokvels based on their demographical factors. In terms of the demographics of the investors, the results of this study were similar to those of previous studies indicating a higher risk tolerance level for male investors, younger individual investors and those in high-income brackets. In aggregate, it was found that the majority of participants were willing to take average financial and investment risk with the expectation of earning average returns, therefore can be classified as risk-averse or conservative. Furthermore, it was found that investors investing in stokvels had the highest propensity to take on financial risk compared to all other investment product choices, especially those investing in government bonds. This will aid in the creation of investment offerings that investment companies offer to stokvel members, in range with their risk tolerance levels and possible investment objectives. This will be a step in the right direction of making stokvels safer for members and more profitable for investment companies.

The estimation of extreme loads from waves is an essential part of the design of an offshore wind turbine. Standard design codes suggest to either use simplified methods based on regular waves, or to perform fully nonlinear computations. The former might not provide an accurate representation of the extreme waves, while the latter is computationally too intensive for design iterations. We address these limitations by using the fully nonlinear solver OceanWave3D to establish the DeRisk database, a large dataset of extreme waves kinematics in a two-dimensional domain. From the database, which is open and freely available, a designer can extract fully-nonlinear wave kinematics for a wave condition and water depth of interest by identifying a suitable computation in the database and, if needed, by Froude-scaling the kinematics. The nonlinear solver is validated against the DeRisk model experiments at two different water depths, $33.0 [m]$ and $20.0 [m]$, and an excellent agreement is found for the analyzed cases. The experiments are used to calibrate OceanWave3D's numerical breaking filter constant, and the best agreement is found for $\beta=0.5$. We compare the experimental static force with predictions by the DeRisk database and the Rainey force model, and with state-of-the-art industrial practices. For milder storms, we find a good agreement in the predicted extreme force between the present methodology and the standard methodologies. At the deep location and for stronger storms, the largest loads are given by slamming loads due to breaking waves. In this condition, the database methodology is less accurate than the embedded stream function method and more accurate than the WiFi JIP methodology, providing generally nonconservative estimates. For strong storms at the shallower location, where wave breaking is less dominating, the database methodology is the most accurate overall., Comment: Submitted to Marine Structures (Elsevier), 46 pages, 16 figures, 6 tables. The database associated with the publication is available at https://data.dtu.dk/articles/dataset/The_DeRisk_Database/10322033

This chapter provides a critique of the contribution of tourism to the sustainable growth and prosperity of small economies in the context of the challenges posed by climate change. These economies generally face unique challenges because of their small size and exposure to global shocks and extreme climatic conditions. As major source of income and employment, tourism is a key element in the growth strategies of small economies. The principal determinants of growth of small economies are reviewed and the impacts of the tourism sector are analysed in terms of employment, multiplier effects and local linkages as well as its social and environmental impacts. The critical dependence of tourism upon long-haul air travel and large cruise ships represents a major, and possibly insuperable, challenge to the future viability of the sector in many small island economies.

This paper investigates the impact of the global 2008 crisis on the Caribbean region, with particular focus on its many small tourism-dependent economies. Specialization in tourism and, in some cases, offshore financial services has been a successful specialization strategy for many small economies but has made them highly susceptible to exogenous economic shocks. The paper utilizes cluster analysis to identify five distinct pre-crisis patterns of sectoral specialization in Caribbean economies generally. The 2008 crisis is shown to have had very distinct cluster-specific effects, with small economies specializing in tourism and financial services being the worst affected. These findings raise important questions regarding the future sustainability of this sectoral growth template, previously adopted by many successful small economies.

The International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme for Ocean Energy Systems (OES) initiated the OES Wave Energy Conversion Modelling Task, which focused on the verification and validation of numerical models for simulating wave energy converters (WECs). The long-term goal is to assess the accuracy of and establish confidence in the use of numerical models used in design as well as power performance assessment of WECs. To establish this confidence, the authors used different existing computational modelling tools to simulate given tasks to identify uncertainties related to simulation methodologies: (i) linear potential flow methods; (ii) weakly nonlinear Froude–Krylov methods; and (iii) fully nonlinear methods (fully nonlinear potential flow and Navier–Stokes models). This article summarizes the code-to-code task and code-to-experiment task that have been performed so far in this project, with a focus on investigating the impact of different levels of nonlinearities in the numerical models. Two different WECs were studied and simulated. The first was a heaving semi-submerged sphere, where free-decay tests and both regular and irregular wave cases were investigated in a code-to-code comparison. The second case was a heaving float corresponding to a physical model tested in a wave tank. We considered radiation, diffraction, and regular wave cases and compared quantities, such as the WEC motion, power output and hydrodynamic loading. The Danish partners acknowledge the support from the Danish Energy Agency through project 374 64017-05197. The Swedish partners were supported by the Swedish Energy Agency under Grants P44423-1 and 375 P44432-1. J.V.R. and G.G. acknowledge the support by Science Foundation Ireland under Grant 13/IA/1886. This research was made possible by support from U.S. the Department of Energy’s EERE Water Power Technologies Office. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This work was authored (in part) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledge that the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.

Humanitarian engineers responded to the pandemic ventilator shortage of March, 2020 by beginning over 100 open source ventilator projects [Robert L. Read et al. COVID-19 Vent List. Oct. 2020. url: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1inYw5H4RiL0AC_J9vPWzJxXCdlkMLPBRdPgEVKF8DZw/edit#gid=0 , Joshua M. Pearce. A review of open source ventilators for COVID-19 and future pandemics. In: F1000Research 9 (2020).]. By ventilator, we mean both an invasive ventilator (requiring intubation of the patient) and non-invasive ventilator (generally supporting spontaneously breathing). Inexpensive ventilator test equipment can facilitate projects forced to be geographically distributed by lockdowns. The VentMon is a modular, open source, IoT-enabled tester that plugs into a standard 22 mm airway between a ventilator and a physical test lung to test any ventilator. The VentMon measures flow, pressure, fractional oxygen, humidity, and temperature. Data is stored and graphed at a data lake accessible to all devlopment team members, and, eventually, clinicians. The open source design of the VentMon, its firmware, and cloud-based software may allow it to be used as a component of modular ventilators to provide a clinical readout. The software system surrounding VentMon has been designed to be as modular and composable as possible. By combining new, openly published standards for data with composable and modifiable hardware, the VentMon forms the beginning of an open system or eco-system of ventilation devices and data. Thanks to grants, 20 VentMons have been given away free of charge to pandemic response teams building open source ventilators.

This paper reports on an ongoing international effort to establish guidelines for numerical modeling of wave energy converters, initiated by the International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Program for Ocean Energy Systems. Initial results for point absorbers were presented in previous work, and here we present results for a breakwater-mounted Oscillating Water Column (OWC) device. The experimental model is at scale 1:4 relative to a full-scale installation in a water depth of 12.8 m. The power-extracting air turbine is modeled by an orifice plate of 1–2% of the internal chamber surface area. Measurements of chamber surface elevation, air flow through the orifice, and pressure difference across the orifice are compared with numerical calculations using both weakly-nonlinear potential flow theory and computational fluid dynamics. Both compressible- and incompressible-flow models are considered, and the effects of air compressibility are found to have a significant influence on the motion of the internal chamber surface. Recommendations are made for reducing uncertainties in future experimental campaigns, which are critical to enable firm conclusions to be drawn about the relative accuracy of the numerical models. It is well-known that boundary element method solutions of the linear potential flow problem (e.g., WAMIT) are singular at infinite frequency when panels are placed directly on the free surface. This is problematic for time-domain solutions where the value of the added mass matrix at infinite frequency is critical, especially for OWC chambers, which are modeled by zero-mass elements on the free surface. A straightforward rational procedure is described to replace ad-hoc solutions to this problem that have been proposed in the literature.

This paper investigates the optimization of second-order control signals required to produce stable non-linear, deep-water waves using a wedge-shaped, plunger-type wave generator. Both numerical and experimental methods are utilized. A fully non-linear and dispersive potential flow (FNPF) solver developed at DTU is used for the numerical work, following improvements that reduce reflection to 1%. The numerical solver is validated against theoretical and experimental data. A defect correction optimization scheme is employed, resulting in optimized control signals for non-dimensional wave numbers of 2.04-8.17 and steepness of 3-7%. These control signals produce waves that are within 2% of stream function theory solutions for the fundamental harmonic component, and within 10% for the second-order harmonic component. The results demonstrate both the applicability of this optimization procedure and the suitability of a heaving wedge for generating stable non-linear deep-water waves.

This study investigates the role of human capital, political development in determining the magnitude of the effects of FDI on growth for a panel of 61 transition and developing countries for the period 1989 to 2013. A baseline growth model incorporating these variables is tested and then extended to include FDI interaction effects with human capital (measured using secondary school enrolment data) and political development (based upon EIU Democracy Index scores). These growth interaction effects between FDI and human capital vary according to regime type. Political development in conjunction with FDI appears to suppress the effects of FDI on growth in authoritarian countries while enhancing them in hybrid democracies. For more democratic countries, domestic investment is a more important driver of growth. The effects of FDI on growth in the ten Transition economies included in the sample dataset are found to be insignificant. Although this result might seem to differ from a priori expectations, it is in line with the findings of most earlier studies which cover the period up until 2004. The paper also provides no strong evidence that a critical threshold of human capital is required to generate beneficial spillover growth effects from inflows of FDI. The paper provides new and more detailed insights into the effects of FDI on growth with particular respect to human capital and political regime covering a large number of transition and developing countries based upon an up to date dataset covering a twenty-five year period to 2013.

In this paper, a coupled numerical model in the time domain has been developed to study the interaction between interior liquid sloshing and the motion of a cylindrical closed fish cage when the cage is exposed to regular waves. The single-dominant nonlinear multimodal theory for sloshing in a cylindrical cage presented in [1] was implemented to simulate the liquid responses in the cage. A time-domain simulator based on the Cummins formulation of the equations of motion [2] is used to solve for the cage motion, while WAMIT is used to provide all required frequency-domain hydrodynamic coefficients for the external diffraction/radiation problems. Details of the coupling between cage motion and sloshing will be presented. The coupled solver is verified against the linear frequency-domain solution from WAMIT for the very small wave steepness, where linear theory is valid. The results show that the sloshing effect is a vital factor in the coupling process, which means that the liquid in the closed cage cannot be treated as a solid mass. This is particularly true close to the resonant frequencies of the liquid in the tank. Furthermore, the importance of nonlinearity due to sloshing responses is investigated by applying incident waves with different steepness. When the cage is exposed to regular waves, if certain criteria are met, nonlinear swirling waves are observed in the closed cage. The nonlinear swirling waves are due to the interactions between different sloshing modes, which can only be explained by a proper nonlinear theory, such as the multimodal theory applied in this study. The influence of the swirling waves on the cage motions will also be discussed in the paper. How this effect will impact the design of a closed fish cage and its mooring system can only be answered by studying the cage responses in irregular waves, which is the subject of ongoing research.

This paper investigates the use of optimization for numerical-physical wave generation in wave tanks. Control signals for a wedge-shaped plunger-type wave generator are developed to produce stable non-linear, deep-water waves in both numerical and physical wave tanks. A fully non-linear potential flow solver developed at DTU is used for the numerical work. Numerical optimization proceeds by a defect correction scheme, resulting in optimized control signals for wavelengths of 0.7–2 m (corresponding to non-dimensional wave numbers kh = 2–5.5) and steepnesses of 3–11%.

This experimental study investigates the influence of fuel distribution on ignition outcome during high-altitude relight of a gas turbine. Planar laser-induced fluorescence is used to image fuel inside a lean direct-injection combustor under realistic conditions. A novel apparatus is developed to permit planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging, in which large quantities of poorly atomized fuel impinges on the internal surfaces of the combustor. Results reveal high variability in atomization quality. In the absence of flame, small droplets are confined to areas of recirculating flow, whereas large droplets impact on the walls. All fuel is introduced through a pilot air-blast atomizer close to the injector centerline. However, comparatively little fuel is apparent near the igniter tip because the outside swirlers of the fuel injector create a fast-moving stream of fuel-free air that flows directly below the upper combustor wall. The droplet size and fuel concentration in the main recirculation zone do not ...

International audience; Sewage sludge, a waste material commonly known as biosolids, has good potential as a valuable agricultural resource, providing that its nutrient imbalances could be overcome. Sewage sludge is rich in phosphorus but low in nitrogen and potassium. Technology exists to supplement sewage sludge with mineral fertilizers, such as urea and muriate of potash as sources of nitrogen and potassium, respectively, to produce an organo-mineral fertilizer with balanced crop nutrient requirements. Here, an experimental plot trial set up in 2008 was established at Broxton, Cheshire, UK, to compare crop yield response for typical crop varieties. Crops included wheat, oilseed rape, barley, beans and forage maize, treated with conventional fertilizer and organo-mineral fertilizer. The organo-mineral fertilizer is a nutrient-balanced sludge-based product produced by drying digested sewage sludge cake at 80 °C in a tumbling evaporator, which produces sludge granules of 3–6 mm in diameter. Analysis was carried out on soil NPK and crop yield. N use efficiency was measured to assess N uptake. Results show that there is no significant difference in crop yield between treatments over the three trial years, with the exception of one crop. This finding demonstrates that the new organo-fertilizer is as efficient as conventional fertilizers. Moreover, levels of heavy metal in soil did not exceed permissible levels. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that it is the first field scale trial of a modified sewage sludge product that has the potential to transform a hitherto waste product into a practical fertilizer product. We conclude that the organo-mineral fertilizer is a promising alternative product for sustainable agriculture.

High-altitude relight inside a lean-direct-injection gas-turbine combustor is investigated experimentally by highspeed imaging. Realistic operating conditions are simulated in a ground-based test facility, with two conditions being studied: one inside and one outside the combustor ignition loop. The motion of hot gases during the early stages of relight is recorded using a high-speed camera. An algorithm is developed to track the flame movement and breakup, revealing important characteristics of the flame development process, including stabilization timescales, spatial trajectories, and typical velocities of hot gas motion. Although the observed patterns of ignition failure are in broad agreement with results from laboratory-scale studies, other aspects of relight behavior are not reproduced in laboratory experiments employing simplified flow geometries and operating conditions. For example, when the spark discharge occurs, the air velocity below the igniter in a real combustor is much less strongly correlated to ignition outcome than laboratory studies would suggest. Nevertheless, later flame development and stabilization are largely controlled by the cold flowfield, implying that the location of the igniter may, in the first instance, be selected based on the combustor cold flow. Copyright © 2010.

The role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in small island developing states (SIDS) is an issue that has been neglected until relatively recently. The reasons for this lack of interest are unsurprising, given both the low absolute volume of capital flows

In the field of water waves, there has been recent interest in a process known as cloaking. Accordingto this concept, the waves scattered by a fixed body are manipulated in the region immediately surrounding the object to eliminate scattering at large distances from the body. Cloaking of a bottom-mounted vertical monopile was first proposed by Porter (2011), who manipulated the bathymetry in the surrounding region to minimise the scattered energy to values approaching zero. Newman (2013) investigated cloaking of a surface-piercing cylinder of finite draft by introducing an array of bodies or an axisymmetric structure around the central object. In this case, a multivariate optimiser was successfully coupled with the boundary-integral equation software WAMIT to identify geometric arrangements resulting in minimal far-field wave scattering at a specified wavelength. The existence of arrays of bodies capable of cloaking has more recently been confirmed numerically by Kashiwagi et al.(2015) using the theory of Kagemoto and Yue (1986) in conjunction with a higher-order, boundary-element method. Kashiwagi et al have furthermore presented experimental results supporting the numerical findings for array-type cloaking. From a practical perspective, the elimination of the meandrift force on a surface-piercing structure associated with the cloaking process may find application in the reduction of second-order mooring loads in large offshore structures.This paper describes a further experimental investigation into the cloaking of a circular cylinder of finite draft using a circumferential array of eight surrounding cylinders. The aims of the work were:to identify a cloaking geometry suitable for investigation in the facilities available at DTUto design and build an apparatus to investigate wave scattering by this and other geometries,to confirm cloaking at one wavelength by measuring the mean drift force and far-field scattering.

After creating >4650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes, we screened them by high-throughput phenotyping and found that cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1) KO mice had the same lean phenotype published by others. We asked if our KOs of DAG lipase a or b (Dagla or Daglb), which catalyze biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid (EC) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), or Napepld, which catalyzes biosynthesis of the EC anandamide, shared the lean phenotype of Cnr1 KO mice. We found that Dagla KO mice, but not Daglb or Napepld KO mice, were among the leanest of 3651 chow-fed KO lines screened. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high fat diet-fed Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice were leaner than wild type (WT) littermates; when data from multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 47% and 45% lower in Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice, respectively, relative to WT values. In contrast, neither Daglb nor Napepld KO mice were lean. Weanling Dagla KO mice ate less than WT mice and had body weight similar to pair-fed WT mice, and adult Dagla KO mice had normal activity and VO2 levels, similar to Cnr1 KO mice. Our Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice also had low fasting insulin, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, and after a glucose challenge had normal glucose but very low insulin levels. Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice also showed similar responses to a battery of behavioral tests. These data suggest: 1) the lean phenotype of young Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice is mainly due to hypophagia; 2) in pathways where ECs signal through Cnr1 to regulate food intake and other metabolic and behavioral phenotypes observed in Cnr1 KO mice, Dagla alone provides the 2-AG that serves as the EC signal; and 3) small molecule Dagla inhibitors with a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of Cnr1 inverse agonists are likely to mirror the ability of these Cnr1 inverse agonists to lower body weight and improve glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, but may also induce undesirable neuropsychiatric side-effects.

Research on the economic performance of small states has concentrated on the implications of small size and thin local markets. An interesting feature of many of the world's smallest states, of which the Pacific region has many, is that they face additional challenges than just small size. Many are remote from global markets for their products. In addition, a large number are also islands, many of which are also mountainous. Many of the smaller states are not just islands, but are also archipelagos. Hence in addition to small size, many of the world's small states also exhibit four other characteristics that may affect their economic performance: insularity, remoteness, being archipelagos and being highly mountainous entities. This paper examines the nature of the challenges posed by these four characteristics and seeks to produce empirical evidence of how difficult it has been to overcome these challenges. The paper draws on empirical evidence for 126 very small global states, dependent territories and highly autonomous regions. The paper then turns to the position of the Pacific small states and dependent territories.

This paper is concerned with the sustainable management of the Western Pacific tuna fishery given its critical contribution to the economies of many small island developing states in the region. The paper focuses on contrasting the operation, regulation and management of the tuna fisheries in two Pacific island states, Fiji and Samoa, in the light of progress in regional fishery co-operation, and is based upon research undertaken in 2003. The analysis identifies critical shortcomings in implementation and enforcement of sustainable management policies in Fiji, which compare unfavourably with Samoa's attempts to ensure the long-term sustainability of a crucial economic sector. The principal differences in the effectiveness of these policies can be ascribed to the quality of governance as well as the general coherence of national economic policies. The paper attempts to highlight some of the problems faced by small developing states in ensuring the long-term sustainability of an important migratory marine resource. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Small nation-states and subnational regions share many similarities in terms of the challenges faced in implementing successful industrial policies. Globalization and the emergence of supranational organizations such as the European Union are also making the two sets of entities much more similar over time. This article argues that recent research advances are revealing that policy makers in small nations and regions can share important policy lessons. In particular, extensive recent research on industrial clusters, the determinants of economic growth, and new regional governance structures is generating a number of important policy lessons. The mutual lessons being exposed by this research suggest strategic policy stances for smaller nation-states and regions that significantly differ from those of larger countries and industrial giant regions.

This paper provides a critical survey of the principal theoretical issues and empirical findings relating to the analysis of the economic growth of small states. This analysis provides a brief critique of the inapplicability of the Lewis model of industrialization to small states. It draws upon insights derived from endogenous growth theory to demonstrate that growth in small states can be explained by the key 'conditioning' variables, notably openness to trade, human capital accumulation and location. Further, the impact of small size and 'islandness' are argued to play less significant roles than that generally ascribed to them in the literature. The findings provide useful policy lessons for other small states and developing countries.

A 40-chamber I-Beam attenuator-type, oscillating water column, wave energy converter is analyzed numerically based on linearized potential flow theory, and experimentally via model test experiments. The high-order panel method WAMIT by Newman and Lee (WAMIT; a radiation–diffraction panel program for wave-body interactions, 2014, http://www.wamit.com ) is used for the basic wave-structure interaction analysis. The damping applied to each chamber by the power take off is modeled in the experiment by forcing the air through a hole with an area of about 1 % of the chamber water surface area. In the numerical model, this damping is modeled by an equivalent linearized damping coefficient which extracts the same amount of energy over one cycle as the experimentally measured quadratic damping coefficient. The pressure in each chamber in regular waves of three different height-to-length ratios is measured in the experiments and compared to calculations. The model is considered in both fixed and freely floating, slack-moored conditions. Comparisons are also made to experimental measurements on a single fixed chamber. The capture width ratio in each case is predicted based on the pressures in the chambers. Good agreement is found between the calculations and the experiments.