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Despite the BNT162b2 vaccination coverage, rapid transmission of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 has occurred, which is suspected to be due to the immune escape of the variant or waning vaccine efficacy of multiple BNT162b2 vaccination doses. Our study aims to compare immunogenicity against Omicron prior to and post a booster dose of BNT162b2 in healthy adolescents, and to evaluate their attitudes toward booster dose vaccination. A cross sectional study was conducted among healthy adolescents aged 12-17 who received two doses of BNT162b2 more than 5 months ago. Participants and their guardians performed self-reported questionnaires regarding reasons for receiving the booster. A 30 ug booster dose of BNT162b2 was offered. Immunogenicity was evaluated by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) against the Omicron variant, and anti-spike-receptor-binding-domain IgG (anti-S-RBD IgG) taken pre-booster and 14-days post-booster. From March to April 2022, 120 healthy Thai adolescents with a median age of 15 years (IQR 14-16) were enrolled. sVNT against Omicron pre- and post-booster had 11.9 (95%CI 0-23.9) and 94.3 (90.6-97.4) % inhibition. Geometric means (GMs) of anti-S-RBD IgG increased from 837 (728, 953) to 3041 (2893, 3229) BAU/mL. Major reasons to receive the booster vaccination were perceived as vaccine efficacy, reduced risk of spreading infection to family, and safe resumption of social activities. A booster dose of BNT162b2 elicits high immunogenicity against the Omicron variant. Motivation for receiving booster doses is to reduce risk of infection.

Introduction: To assess the burden of depression, anxiety and suicidality; and to determine the impact of integrated mental health and HIV services on treatment outcomes among Thai adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYHIV)., Methods: A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted among AYHIV (15 to 25 years), and age- and sex-matched HIV-uninfected adolescents and young adults (HUAY). The Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scales (GAD-7) were used as screening tools for depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively. History of lifetime and recent suicidal ideations/attempts were ascertained. Elevated mental health screening scores were defined as having either significant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥9), significant anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥10) or suicidality (lifetime; and recent [within two weeks]). Participants meeting these criteria were referred to psychiatrists for confirmatory diagnosis and mental health services. Follow-up assessment with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 was performed one year after psychiatric referral., Results: From February to April 2018, 150 AYHIV and 150 HUAY were enrolled, median age was 19.0 (IQR:16.8 to 21.8) years and 56% lived in urban areas. Among AYHIV, 73% had HIV RNA <50 copies/mL, and median CD4 count was 580 (IQR:376 to 744) cells/mm 3 . At enrolment, 31 AYHIV (21%; 95%CI:14% to 28%) had elevated mental health screening scores; 17 (11%) significant depressive symptoms, 11 (7%) significant anxiety symptoms and 21 (14%) suicidality. Seven AYHIV (5%) had all three co-existing conditions. These prevalences were not substantially different from HUAY. Urban living increased risk, whereas older age decreased risk of elevated mental health screening scores (p < 0.05). All AYHIV with elevated mental health screening scores were referred to study psychiatrists, and 19 (13%; 95%CI: 8% to 19%) had psychiatrist-confirmed mental health disorders (MHDs), including adjustment disorder (n = 5), major depression (n = 4), anxiety disorders (n = 2), post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 1) and mixed MHDs (n = 4). One year after psychiatric referral, 42% of AYHIV who received mental health services demonstrated an absence of significant mental health symptoms from the reassessments, and 26% had an improved score., Conclusions: With the significant burden of MHDs among AYHIV, an integration of mental health services, including mental health screenings, and psychiatric consultation and referral, is critically needed and should be scaled up in HIV healthcare facilities., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International AIDS Society.)

Neurocognitive outcome is an essential aspect of treatment for HIV-infected children. This study is aimed at assessing cognitive functioning in school-aged HIV-infected children and the change after receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We conducted a prospective cohort study of HIV-infected Thai children from 6-12 years of age compared with HIV-affected (children of HIV-positive mothers who were not infected with HIV), and normal control groups. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) was administered at enrollment and 30 months of follow-up. Semistructured interviews of primary caregivers were performed. From April to October 2003, 121 children were enrolled; 39 HIV-infected, 40 HIV-affected, and 42 control children with a median age of 9.3 years. The HIV-infected group had a mean (standard deviation [SD]) CD4 percentage of 13.8% (5.3), 87% of whom had been receiving ART for a median of 35 weeks. At the first cognitive assessment, the mean (SD) of full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) was 79 (13) and 88 (10) among HIV-infected and HIV-affected children, which was statistically lower than that of the control group at 96 (13; p < 0.01). The proportion of children with average intelligence level (FSIQ > 90) among 3 groups were 21%, 49%, and 76%, respectively (p < 0.01). At 30 months of follow-up, the HIV-infected group had a mean (SD) CD4 percentage of 25.6% (5.6); 77% had undetectable viral load. The mean (SD) FSIQ of children among three groups were 75 (12), 85 (12), and 91 (12), respectively. Compared with the baseline assessment, the verbal scale score significantly decreased in all groups, including the controls, whereas the performance scales did not change. In conclusion, school-aged HIV-infected children have lower cognitive function than HIV-affected and normal children. Cognitive function was not improved after receiving ART. Further study to address whether early ART can preserve cognitive functioning among HIV-infected children should be explored.