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Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To describe screen time levels and determine their association with socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among preschool-aged First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children. Method: Data were taken from the Aboriginal Children's Survey, a nationally representative survey of 2–5-year-old Indigenous children in Canada. Socioemotional and behavioural difficulties were defined using parent/guardian reports on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted separately for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit participants, and statistically adjusted for child age, child sex, and parent/guardian education. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.002 to adjust for multiple comparisons. Results: Of these 2–5-year-old children (mean [ M ] = 3.57 years) 3,085 were First Nations (53.5%), 2,430 Métis (39.2%), and 990 Inuit (7.3%). Screen time exposure was high among First Nations (M = 2 h and 58 min/day, standard deviation [ SD ] = 1.89), Métis (M = 2 h and 50 min [ SD = 1.83]), and Inuit children (M = 3 h and 25 min [ SD = 2.20]), with 79.7% exceeding recommended guidelines (>1 h/day). After adjusting for confounders, screen time was associated with more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among First Nations (total difficulties β = 0.15 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.19]) and Métis (β = 0.16 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.20]) but not Inuit children (β = 0.12 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.23]). Conclusions: Screen time exposure is high among Indigenous children in Canada, and is associated with more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among First Nations and Métis children. Contributing factors could include enduring colonialism that resulted in family dissolution, lack of positive parental role models, and disproportionate socioeconomic disadvantage. Predictors of poor well-being should continue to be identified to develop targets for intervention to optimize the health and development of Indigenous children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the sub-sample of First Nations adults from the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey and non-Indigenous adults from the 2017 Canadian Community Health Survey (N = 35,390), we examined inequalities in self-reported general and mental health, diagnosed asthma, and diagnosed diabetes between non-Indigenous people and First Nations adults living off-reserve in Canada. The Blinder–Oaxaca approach was used to decompose the inequalities of each health outcome into the differences in characteristics and differences in returns. We found that First Nations adults experienced health outcomes 5–10 percent worse than those of non-Indigenous populations, with non–Status First Nations adults reporting poorer health than Status First Nations adults, with the exception of diabetes. Our findings also revealed that observable characteristics accounted for 20–45 percent of the inequalities in general health, mental health, and diabetes. Socio-economic factors, such as employment status, income, and educational attainment, explained 10–25 percent of the differences in self-rated general health, mental health, and diagnosed diabetes for both Status and non–Status First Nations peoples compared with the non-Indigenous population. Although we were unable to assess other critical pathways through which various aspects of colonialism continue to affect First Nations peoples, our findings suggest that improving the socio-economic status of off-reserve First Nations peoples could potentially narrow the health inequalities between them and the non-Indigenous population in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of British Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the founding and financing of national Indigenous organizations during the shift in Canadian politics towards the ideal of participatory democracy during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It investigates the emergence of two separate organizations, the National Indian Brotherhood (nib) for "status Indians" and the Native Council of Canada (ncc) for "non-status Indians" and Métis, following the collapse of the pan-Indigenous National Indian Council (nic) in 1968. It highlights the key role that funding played in the structuring of national-level Indigenous politics but argues that accepting federal funding did not simply equate to government control. Instead, both the nib and ncc successfully resisted and – in limited ways – shaped federal policies towards Indigenous peoples. The issue of federal funding opened questions regarding Indigenous rights and self-determination, concepts that were employed in differing ways by the leaders of these organizations and federal officials. While marking a stark shift away from the earlier suppression of Indigenous political movements, federal funding was used to integrate different Indigenous groups as citizens into the Canadian settler state. Nevertheless, federal funding served not only to limit, but also to expand, the practical possibilities of Indigenous organizing, with political leaders recasting government money as the right of Indigenous peoples and a tool for self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Si les études autochtones sont marquées par la visibilité grandissante de certain.e.s poètes et écrivain.e.s des Premières Nations au Canada, il est possible de repérer des innovations esthétiques qui, au-delà de la poésie et du roman, intègrent de manière plus forte le point de vue des destinataires. C’est le cas du dialogue initié par Natasha Kanapé Fontaine et de Deni Ellis Béchard évoquant le racisme et l’ignorance de l’histoire des Premières Nations dont celle de la nation innue. En s’inscrivant dans une tradition épistolaire classique, Natasha Kanapé Fontaine et Deni Ellis Béchard s’adressent à un destinataire québécois en lui proposant de reconsidérer l’histoire du Québec et du Canada en prenant en compte l’héritage de la nation innue. Cet échange de lettres prend l’allure d’une conversation vivante et est utilisée comme une forme de didactisation des débats de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada sur les abus systématiquement commis dans les pensionnats. Cette Commission a rendu son rapport en 2015 peu avant la parution de Kuei, je te salue en pointant les racines d’un racisme institutionnalisé. Si la littérature autochtone s’affirme sans aucun doute comme un acte de ”survivance” culturelle, il semble que ce dialogue soit davantage habité par la création d’une empathie. En ayant recours aux méthodes de la communication non violente, nous aimerions analyser la manière dont cette œuvre travaille sur la relation intercommunautaire au Québec dans une perspective de pédagogie interculturelle Nous nous intéresserons au péritexte éditorial, à la musicalité du dialogue fait de reprises, de refrains et de commentaires avec la découverte des dernières lettres. Quel est le contrat proposé au lecteur par les deux protagonistes pour l’emmener dans ces vingt-six lettres ? Puis, nous nous intéresserons à l’apprentissage des mots-clés de la langue innue pour correspondre et enfin aux métaphores utilisées par les deux auteurs pour frayer ce chemin de la reconnaissance. L’hypothèse que nous émettons est celle d’une remembrance qui n’est pas une mémoire accusatrice, mais une mémoire réincorporant l’oubli de ces communautés. Cette réincorporation nous semble dessiner la voie d’une empathie nécessaire pour aborder la question de la réconciliation des mémoires.

Cet article propose une mise en récit réflexive et analytique du projet doctoral de recherche-création Des histoires à raconter : d'Ani Kuni à Kiuna déposé à l'Université Concordia en 2021, afin de proposer une rencontre avec la posture réflexive que nous sommes tous invités à déployer au sein du processus de rencontre entre les peuples autochtones et allochtones du territoire. Le bricolage méthodologique proposé s'inscrit ainsi au sein du courant émergent des comics-based research. Il s'inspire plus spécifiquement de la praxis de bédéistes autochtones et allochtones dont la production vise à pallier le manque éducationnel en matière d'histoire culturelle et coloniale. À travers le processus de construction d'une bande dessinée conversationnelle et relationnelle cocréée par une cinquantaine de contributeurs et contributrices autochtones et allochtones (également publiée par les Éditions Écosociété sous le titre de « C'est le Québec qui est né dans mon pays! » : Carnet de rencontres, d'Ani Kuni à Kiuna), il vise à explorer deux questions principales : 1. De quelles façons la production de mémoires graphiques (ou de BD) peut-elle s'inscrire en tant qu'outil de recherche au service de la rencontre avec les peuples autochtones et allochtones ? 2. Comment l'intégration de méthodes associées à la recherche-création au sein de la recherche qualitative permet-elle de rejoindre les principes et valeurs associés aux méthodologies autochtones ? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of British Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of British Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alternative Francophone is the property of Alternative Francophone and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although present in Aboriginal communities since the early 1930s, Jehovism among Indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States has not yet been the subject of any published ethnographic, sociological, or historical study. This article presents the result of the first ethnographic study with Jehovah's Witnesses among Aboriginal peoples in Canada. From an online field of research spanning over a period of 10 months with Anishinabe (Algonquin) Witnesses from Kitigan Zibi (Outaouais, Quebec), I explore the motivations behind the decision to become a Jehovah's Witness for the latter. I also show that the first conversions in Kitigan Zibi are mainly due to a dual historical context that created a fertile ground for conversion. Finally, I propose the concept of 'small-scale conversion' as another way to conceive the intergenerational transmission of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Film Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most Indigenous women in Canada (61%) experience intimate partner violence (IPV), which is significantly worse than the high rate of 44 percent for other women in Canada. Despite the great risk for IPV, only three unfunded second-stage shelters for more than 600 First Nation reserves exist in Canada to provide First Nation women and their children a safe home. Second-stage housing offers IPV survivors transitional homes for an extended period that provide safety and renewal after their initial emergency shelter stays. This article documents the need for safe, nurturing, and culturally appropriate second-stage shelters for Indigenous women and their families to heal and rebuild. The authors provide two second-stage prototype designs based on domestic environmental analysis and concepts of houselessness, home, and co-housing. We discuss how these designs are one step in an action plan to protect Indigenous women and stop the genocide of Indigenous Peoples by supporting cultural, economic, health, and social development. The literature review and design concepts form an agenda to have design goals for housing IPV survivors that answers the "Calls to Justice for Murdered and Missing Women" and expands this needed service to every reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mino Bimaadiziwin Homebuilders postsecondary education pilot project built Indigenous youth capacity and houses in two remote Anishinini reserves--Garden Hill and Wasagamack. To evaluate this community-led project, a sustainable livelihood assessment holistically measured the impact on 45 of the 70 (64%) Homebuilder students and the community. The community benefited by gaining three culturally appropriate houses built from local lumber and employment opportunities for Anishinini instructors. A longitudinal survey found five of the six livelihood assets improved statistically and significantly, including satisfaction with social relationships, cultural awareness, income and ability to pay bills, housing safety, and human development. Students reported better relations with their families and neighbourhood. Most (85%) of the 70 Homebuilder students earned postsecondary certificates either in forestry, homebuilding, or both while obtaining a training stipend, which elevated their incomes. These positive outcomes occurred despite project underfunding, COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, climate change events, and inequitable housing policies under the Indian Act. Based on this project's success, we recommend investing in Indigenous-led postsecondary education in community homebuilding projects. However, to attain equitable housing and human rights, a plan is needed to overturn the Indian Act keeping Indigenous people "wards of the state" and their land in trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue de Psychoéducation is the property of La revue canadienne de psycho-education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le Centre de collaboration nationale de la santé autochtone (CCNSA) est unique parmi les centres de collaboration nationale, car il est le seul centre axé sur la santé d’une population. Dans ce cinquième article de la série du Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada sur les Centres de collaboration nationale et leur contribution à la réaction de la santé publique du Canada à la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), nous décrivons le travail du CCNSA. Nous commençons par un aperçu du mandat et des domaines prioritaires du CCNSA, en décrivant son mode de fonctionnement, les personnes qu’il sert et la manière dont il est resté souple et s’est adapté à l’évolution des besoins en matière de santé publique autochtone. Les principales activités d’application et d’échange de connaissances entreprises par le CCNSA pour lutter contre la désinformation liée à la COVID-19 et pour favoriser l’utilisation opportune des données et des connaissances autochtones dans la prise de décisions en matière de santé publique pendant la pandémie sont également abordées, en mettant l’accent sur l’application des leçons apprises à l’avenir.

Contexte : Le système intégré de surveillance biocomportementale de l’Agence de la santé publique du Canada — Enquêtes Tracks — évalue le fardeau du VIH, de l’hépatite C et des risques associés dans les populations clés au Canada. De 2018 à 2020, les enquêtes Tracks ont été mises en œuvre avec succès par les organisations de services de santé dirigées par les Premières Nations en Alberta et en Saskatchewan. Méthodes : Les équipes responsables des enquêtes dirigées par les Premières Nations ont invité les membres de la collectivité qui s’identifiaient comme membres des Premières Nations, des Inuits ou des Métis à participer aux enquêtes Tracks et au dépistage du VIH, de l’hépatite C et de la syphilis. Des informations ont été recueillies sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé, le recours aux services de prévention, la consommation de substances, les comportements sexuels et les soins du VIH et de l’hépatite C. Des statistiques descriptives sont présentées. Résultats : Parmi les 1 828 participants, 97,4 % se sont identifiés comme membres des Premières Nations et 91,4 % vivaient dans une collectivité située dans une réserve. Plus de la moitié (52,2 %) étaient des femmes cisgenres, l’âge moyen était de 36,3 ans, 82,5 % vivaient dans un logement stable, 82 % avaient accès à des soins de santé primaires et 73,8 % ont déclaré avoir une bonne ou excellente santé mentale. La plupart des participants (97 %) avaient un membre de leur famille qui avait été placé dans un pensionnat. Des proportions élevées ont été victimes de stigmatisation et de discrimination (65,6 %), de contraintes financières (64,3 %) et d’abus dans l’enfance (65,1 %). Le dépistage du VIH (62,8 %) et de l’hépatite C (55,3 %) était relativement élevé. La prévalence du VIH était de 1,6 % (dont 64 % connaissaient leur statut d’infection). La prévalence de l’acide ribonucléique de l’hépatite C était de 5 % (44,9 % des personnes connaissaient leur statut d’infection actuel). Conclusion : Des expériences historiques et continues de traumatismes et une prévalence plus élevée de l’hépatite C ont été déterminées, réaffirmant les données probantes du legs du colonialisme, des pensionnats autochtones et du racisme systémique. La participation élevée au dépistage et à la prévention des infections transmissible sexuellement et par le sang (ITSS) reflète l’importance des services et des programmes de soins de santé adaptés à la culture, sûrs et réactifs, dirigés par les Premières Nations, pour obtenir de meilleurs résultats pour les peuples des Premières Nations.

Contexte : Le taux d’incidence de la tuberculose chez les Premières Nations du nord de la Saskatchewan vivant dans les réserves est 1,5 fois plus élevé que la moyenne nationale. En décembre 2018, un membre de l’une de ces communautés a été diagnostiqué avec une tuberculose avec un frottis positif 4+, ce qui a déclenché une enquête sur l’éclosion. Objectifs : Décrire la réponse de la santé publique à l’enquête sur l’éclosion de tuberculose et mettre en évidence les facteurs de risque associés à la transmission de la tuberculose dans le nord de la Saskatchewan; et souligner la pertinence de l’outil de recherche des contacts basée sur les réseaux sociaux dans la gestion des éclosions. Méthodes : L’analyse descriptive comprenait les cas de tuberculose active et les cas d’infection tuberculeuse latente (ITL) liés au cas index par une recherche des contacts. Les données ont été recueillies à partir des cas de tuberculose active. Des analyses statistiques ont été effectuées et une analyse des réseaux sociaux a été réalisée en utilisant les lieux de résidence comme points de contact entre les cas. Résultats : Au total, huit cas de tuberculose active et 41 cas d’ITL ont été identifiés dans le cadre de cette éclosion entre décembre 2018 et mai 2019. La moitié des cas (4/8) étaient âgés de 25 à 34 ans, et cinq d’entre eux avaient un frottis négatif. Un tiers des personnes atteintes d’ITL étaient âgées de 15 à 24 ans, et environ la moitié d’entre elles ont obtenu un résultat positif au nouveau test cutané à la tuberculine (TCT). Les facteurs de risque couramment rapportés pour les cas de tuberculose et d’ITL étaient : la consommation d’alcool, le tabagisme, la consommation de marijuana, une infection tuberculeuse antérieure et être en situation d’itinérance. L’analyse des réseaux sociaux a indiqué une relation entre l’augmentation de la centralité du nœud et le fait de devenir un cas actif. Conclusion : La recherche en temps réel de contacts basée sur les réseaux sociaux, utilisée dans le cadre de la recherche active de cas, a été très efficace pour identifier les cas, et le soutien infirmier renforcé, les cliniques mobiles et la radiographie mobile ont bien fonctionné comme moyen de confirmer les cas et de proposer un traitement. Les éclosions de tuberculose dans les communautés des Premières Nations du nord de la Saskatchewan vivant dans les réserves sont favorisées par des facteurs propres à la population. Les efforts visant à mettre en œuvre des interventions adaptées au contexte sont primordiaux pour gérer les éclosions de tuberculose et prévenir leur transmission future.

Contexte : La glomérulonéphrite poststreptococcique (GNPS) est une affection rare à médiation immunitaire qui survient généralement chez les enfants à la suite d’une infection par le streptocoque du groupe A. La GNPS n’est pas considérée comme une maladie d’importance pour la santé publique, ou à déclaration obligatoire, au Canada. Une incidence plus élevée de GNPS a été décrite chez les populations autochtones du Canada. Il n’existe aucune directive nationale ou provinciale pour définir ou gérer les éclosions de GNPS. Objectif : Décrire une éclosion de sept cas pédiatriques de GNPS dans une collectivité éloignée des Premières Nations dans le nord-ouest de l’Ontario et la mise au point d’une stratégie d’intervention de santé publique à l’échelle de la collectivité. Méthodes : À la suite d’une revue de la littérature, une stratégie d’intervention a été établie. La stratégie consistait à dépister chez tous les enfants de la collectivité la présence d’un œdème facial ou périphérique ou de lésions cutanées, et à prescrire un traitement par antibiotiques si un tel œdème est constaté. Des définitions de cas, de contacts et d’éclosions ont également été élaborées. L’objectif de l’intervention était de rompre la chaîne de transmission d’une possible souche néphritogène de streptocoque circulant dans la communauté. Des données démographiques, cliniques et de laboratoire pertinentes ont été recueillies pour tous les cas. Résultat : Sept cas pédiatriques de GNPS se sont présentés au poste de soins infirmiers communautaire entre le 25 septembre et le 29 novembre 2017. Un dépistage des lésions cutanées à l’échelle de la collectivité a été réalisé pour 95 % des enfants de la communauté, y compris 17 contacts familiaux, ce qui a permis d’identifier le dernier des cas. Dix-neuf contacts familiaux adultes ont également été examinés. Dix contacts pédiatriques et deux contacts adultes présentant des lésions cutanées ont été traités avec une dose de pénicilline intramusculaire, et six contacts pédiatriques ont reçu de la céphalexine par voie orale. Aucun autre cas n’a été identifié à la suite de ce dépistage. Conclusion : La GNPS continue de se produire dans les populations autochtones du monde entier à des taux plus élevés que dans la population générale. En l’absence de déclaration obligatoire au Canada, le fardeau de la GNPS reste sous-estimé et pourrait nuire aux interventions de santé publique en amont et en aval. Des directives de santé publique fondées sur des données probantes sont nécessaires pour gérer les éclosions dans le contexte canadien. Le protocole d’intervention communautaire élaboré pour contenir l’éclosion de GNPS dans cette collectivité des Premières Nations peut servir de modèle pour la gestion des futures éclosions de GNPS.

Introduction: Indigenous Peoples are much more likely than non-Indigenous Peoples to be seriously injured or die in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). This study updates and extends a previous systematic review, suggesting that future research ought to incorporate social--environmental factors. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published and grey literature on MVCs involving Indigenous Peoples in Canada between 2010 and 2020. We focussed on personal (e.g. driving an old vehicle) and community social--environmental--economic factors (e.g. prevalent low socioeconomic status). Results: Eleven comparative cohorts that resulted in 23 at minimum, age-standardised, mortality or morbidity rate outcomes were included in our meta-analysis. Indigenous Peoples were twice as likely as non-Indigenous Peoples to be seriously injured (rate ratio [RRpooled] = 2.18) and more than 3 times as likely to die (RRpooled = 3.40) in MVCs. Such great risks to Indigenous Peoples do not seem to have diminished over the past generation. Furthermore, such risks were greater on-reserves and in smaller, rural and remote, places. Conclusion: Such places may lack community resources, including fewer transportation and healthcare infrastructural investments, resulting in poorer road conditions in Indigenous communities and longer delays to trauma care. This seems to add further evidence of geo-structural violence (geographical and institutional violence) perpetrated against Indigenous Peoples in yet more structures (i.e. institutions) of Canadian society. Canada's system of highways and road-ways and its remote health-care system represent legitimate policy targets in aiming to solve this public health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting Perspectives is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Fomento Social is the property of ETEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les représentations coloniales des Autochtones au cinéma ont été étudiées et critiquées depuis longtemps. Cette relation souvent discriminante avec les images projetées fut cependant amorcée deux siècles avant le cinéma, au tournant du XVIIIe siècle. La lanterne magique, inventée en 1659, parvint rapidement en Amérique du Nord où elle fut employée pour impressionner les gens des Premières Nations, afin de stimuler leur intérêt pour le commerce des « pelleteries » et leur coopération avec les Européens, Français et Anglais. Une recherche en cours sur l’histoire de la lanterne magique a permis de documenter les rencontres initiales entre les Premières Nations et cet appareil, qui servit très tôt à altérer leur identité et celle du territoire où ils vivaient.

The food security crisis and disproportionately high burden of dietary related disease amongst northern Indigenous populations in Canada continues to be a troubling reality with little sign of improvement. The Government of Canada is responding by developing programs to support local food initiatives for northern isolated communities. While such investments appear commendable, the impact of local food harvesting to improve food security has yet to be determined. While there are clear nutritional and cultural benefits to traditional food sources, communities face considerable barriers acquiring it in sufficient amounts because of historically imposed lifestyle changes that have increased food insecurity rates. This study responds by providing a novel multidisciplinary approach that draws from firsthand experiences working with First Nations community members in a remote subarctic region in northwestern, Ontario, to estimate their community's total food requirement and the amount of wild animal food sources needed to sustain yearly food intake. This transferrable energy demand approach will be critical for policy makers to put into perspective the amount of wild food needed to have an impact on food security rates and ultimately improve dietary related diseases. Novelty: Provide government policy makers information about current harvest yields in a remote northern First Nation to understand the potential contribution of traditional food to improve local food security. Provide Indigenous communities a means to assess local food resources to measure the caloric contributions of traditional foods toward household food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonization impacts Indigenous Peoples' way of life, culture, language, community structure and social networks. Links between social determinants of health and physical activity (PA) among Indigenous Peoples in Saskatchewan, with 16% Indigenous residents, are unclear. This cross-sectional study, guided by Indigenous Community Advisors, compared moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), traditional Indigenous PA and musculoskeletal PA with social determinants of Indigenous (n = 124), including First Nations (n = 80, including 57 Cree/Nehiyawak) and Métis (n = 41), adults in Saskatchewan. Participants completed Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time PA, Social Support Index and traditional Indigenous PA participation questionnaires. Regression associated positive perception of social support with MVPA (R = 0.306, p = 0.02), while residential school experiences (R = 0.338, p = 0.02) and community support (R = 0.412, p = 0.01) were associated with traditional Indigenous PA participation. Among Métis, discrimination experiences were associated with traditional Indigenous PA participation (R = 0.459, p = 0.01). Traditional Indigenous PA participation was associated with community support among First Nations (R = 0.263, p = 0.04), and also foster care placement (R = 0.480, p = 0.01) for Cree/Nehiyawak First Nations specifically. Among Cree/Nehiyawak, family support (R = 0.354, p = 0.04), discrimination experiences (R = 0.531, p = 0.01) and positive perceptions of support (R = 0.610, p = 0.003) were associated with musculoskeletal PA. Greater community, family and perceived social support, and experiences of discrimination, residential school and foster care are associated with more PA for Indigenous Peoples. Novelty: Positive support perceptions predict physical activity among Indigenous Peoples. Family support, discrimination experiences and positive support perceptions predict physical activity for Cree/Nehiyawak First Nations. Traditional physical activity was predicted by residential school experiences and community support (Indigenous Peoples), discrimination experiences (Métis), community support (First Nations), and foster care experiences (Cree/Nehiyawak). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of COVID-19 rates to community infrastructure is explored through a literature review, mapping, and an ecological-level statistical analysis in this paper. The analysis was undertaken with data from Manitoba, Canada, for 23 of 63 First Nations and 67 non-First Nations communities. COVID-19 community-level per capita rates were estimated by dividing total cases, including active cases,--obtained from the COVID-19 Manitoba Open Data portal of the Public Health Information Monitoring System, PHIMS--for the community areas of Regional Health districts by the community 2021 Manitoba population report numbers. The geographical areas for COVID-19 data were identical to the census subdivision levels available from Statistics Canada, used for housing and other infrastructure data. COVID-19 per capita rates in Manitoba communities have a positive significant strong relationship with community rates for (a) overcrowded housing (r = 0.532, p < 0.05), (b) unsuitability of housing (r = 0.623, p < 0.05), (c) houses needing major repairs (r = 0.561, p < 0.05), (d) no access roads (t = 2.281, p <0.05), and (e) lack of hospitals (t= 2.024, p<0.047). The highest rates for COVID-19 and the worst infrastructure are located in First Nations, particularly in special access communities. This preliminary research signals a need to improve infrastructure in First Nations reserves to realize health equity. Further research on built environment conditions in all Manitoba communities with age- and sex-adjusted analysis of COVID-19 data is needed to comprehend the role of infrastructure more fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le rapatriement des objets autochtones est régulièrement invoqué quant à son importance pour les nouvelles générations. Cet article explore la manière dont les institutions culturelles et scolaires des communautés collaborent pour engager les jeunes dans les processus de rapatriement et de transmission culturelle. Il se concentre sur des projets menés entre les institutions des communautés ilnu de Mashteuiatsh et anishinabe de Kitigan Zibi, le projet de recherche Nika-Nishk sur le rapatriement des patrimoines autochtones et le National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) de Washington. Les auteures et auteur présentent d’abord les communautés et la manière dont celles-ci contribuent à rapatrier les moyens et le contenu de leur transmission culturelle, pour revenir ensuite plus spécifiquement sur l’engagement des jeunes au sein du projet de recherche Nika-Nishk ainsi que sur le potentiel de ces activités tant pour les jeunes concernés et pour les cochercheurs que pour les musées. Comment des objets peuvent-ils être vecteurs de liens intergénérationnels et interculturels ? Quels rôles les jeunes peuvent-ils jouer au sein des processus de transfert des connaissances ? Quelles connaissances les communautés et les musées peuvent-ils tirer des échanges suscités par les démarches de rapatriement ?

Cet article se penche sur trois expositions d’art actuel présentées en région, au Québec, entre 2017 et 2019, qui, à travers un certain nombre de gestes décoloniaux, tissent des liens entre art, musées, communautés et territoire. Les artistes et commissaires – autochtones et allochtones – engagés dans ces trois projets développent des stratégies ancrées, notamment, dans l’art relationnel afin de développer des réflexions critiques quant à l’inscription de l’espace muséal – espaces de création, de diffusion et de contrôle de connaissances – en territoire colonisé. Les autrices souhaitent ainsi, par l’étude de ces trois projets, explorer l’engagement possible de l’art contemporain dans des projets de restitution et de nouvelles formes de relationalité entre musées et communautés.

Introduction. Les caries de la petite enfance sont un problème de santé publique, et le fardeau considérable subi par les enfants autochtones met en lumière les inégalités en matière de santé buccodentaire au sein des populations au Canada. Les obstacles sont le manque d'accès aux soins de santé buccodentaire et l'absence d'une promotion de la santé buccodentaire culturellement adaptée. Cette étude visait à déterminer où et comment les parents, les familles et les membres des collectivités des Premières Nations et des Métis apprennent à prendre soin de la santé buccodentaire des jeunes enfants, et quelles idées et suggestions ils ont sur la façon de diffuser l'information et de promouvoir la santé buccodentaire des jeunes enfants au sein des collectivités autochtones. Méthodologie. Les cercles de partage et les groupes de discussion ont mobilisé huit groupes de participants (n = 59) échantillonnés par choix dans quatre collectivités du Manitoba. Une approche relevant de la théorie ancrée a guidé l'analyse thématique des données enregistrées sur bande audio et transcrites. Résultats. Les participants ont dit avoir tiré leurs connaissances sur la santé buccodentaire de parents, de la famille et d'amis, de fournisseurs de soins primaires, lors des programmes prénataux, dans les écoles et en ligne. Certains utilisaient des remèdes traditionnels. Les recommandations des participants ont été de transmettre de l'information qui soit culturellement adaptée par l'entremise de programmes et d'ateliers communautaires et prénataux, des écoles et des garderies, d'affiches, de dépliants envoyés par la poste et de communications téléphoniques (appels et textos) aux parents et aux familles, et au moyen des médias sociaux. Il a été recommandé, afin d'encourager une bonne hygiène buccale, de distribuer des produits d'hygiène buccale interactifs et attrayants pour les enfants. Conclusion. De l'information et des ressources sur la santé buccodentaire fondées sur des données probantes et adaptées aux collectivités des Premières Nations et des Métis pourraient, si elles étaient fournies de façon stratégique, atteindre un plus grand nombre de familles et modifier la trajectoire actuelle de la santé buccodentaire des jeunes enfants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health is the property of Canadian Periodical for Community Studies Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This case study research documented 15 interviews with inner-city residents of Winnipeg, Canada, concerning their experience of food swamps and struggles for food sovereignty. Community members from diverse cultural backgrounds reported coming together to adopt practices towards food sovereignty in their urban environment of West Broadway, historically characterized with inadequate housing, crime and poverty. This community and community organizations like West Broadway Community Organization (WBCO) response to the lack of access to healthy food choices in their neighbourhood but also to build community and agency. The programs of WBCO include community gardens, Farmer’s Markets, good food boxes and local farm field trips, which positively impacted the citizens of West Broadway. ‘Community spirit’ is forming in a community that only years earlier was known more for violence and crime. Many participants made positive comments about grassroots initiatives and advocated for more community gardens. WCBO is connecting people to grow, share and organize around food, as well as connect them with farmers and the food system to provide many elements of food sovereignty. However, to address food insecurity and health in West Broadway more needs to be done to provide better food infrastructure in boarding houses and local healthy grocery stores. Furthermore, action for food sovereignty requires more programming and organizing for community food planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: First Nations communities are known to have high rates of diabetes. The rural First Nations communities in northwest (NW) Ontario are particularly affected. Regional studies in 1985 and 1994 found a high prevalence of diabetes. More recently, they are estimated to have the highest prevalence in Ontario at 19%, double the provincial norm. The purpose of this study is to examine the epidemiology and prevalence of diabetes in the total population and cardiovascular comorbidities in the adult population of 25 First Nations communities in NW Ontario. Methods: This retrospective diabetes prevalence study used primary care electronic medical record data for a 3-year period, 1 August 2014--31 July 2017. Diabetes prevalence was calculated for both the total and the adult (18+) populations and comorbid hypertension and dyslipidaemia were identified in adults. Results: The age-adjusted diabetes prevalence for the total population was 15.1% versus a Canadian prevalence of 8.8%. The age-adjusted adult prevalence was 14.1%, double Canada's average of 7.1%. The average age of adults with diabetes was 52 years (±14.9); 57% were female. Comorbid hypertension (58%) and dyslipidaemia (73%) were common. Metformin was the most commonly used medication (58%), followed by insulin/analogues (23%) and sulphonylureas (13%). Conclusion: The diabetes prevalence in the First Nations population of NW Ontario is double Canada's norm. Addressing it will require addressing relevant social determinants of health, including poverty and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of life is often touted as the main benefit of building smart cities. This, however, raises questions about the extent to which the public is engaged as part of the "smart" development process, particularly given the significant financial investments often required to meaningfully design smart city projects. To better understand approaches to public engagement in the context of smart city development, we draw upon three selected finalists of Infrastructure Canada's Smart City Challenge, which invited municipalities, regional governments, and Indigenous communities to enter a competition where the winning proposals would be awarded federal financial grants to complete their projects. Prizes of $5 million, $10 million, and $50 million were awarded. Specifically, we compare the public engagement experiences of the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne (Quebec), the City of Guelph, and the Region of Waterloo. We carried out semi‐structured interviews and reviewed documents in each community to better understand how finalists in each category engaged residents in proposal development. The paper addresses how communities are approaching public engagement in smart city development and the implications of these approaches. We conclude that, despite earnest attempts to publicly engage and become citizen‐centric, municipal governments continue to see civic participation as a top‐down tool. Key Messages: The Smart City Challenge's focus on citizen engagement highlights tension in municipal smart city design processes between top‐down and bottom‐up policymaking.Using the IAP2 Spectrum for Public Participation to evaluate proposals of three finalist communities suggests varied approaches to engaging residents in smart city design.We conclude that, despite earnest attempts to publicly engage and become citizen‐centric, municipal governments continue to see civic participation as a top‐down tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes in pregnancy confers increased risk. This study examines the prevalence and birth outcomes of diabetes in pregnancy at the Sioux Lookout Meno Ya Win Health Centre (SLMHC) and other small Ontario hospitals. Methods: This was a retrospective study of maternal profile: age, parity, comorbidities, mode of delivery, neonatal birth weight, APGARS and complications. Data were compared to other Ontario hospitals offering an equivalent level of obstetrical services. Results: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in pregnancy is far more prevalent in mothers who deliver at SLMHC (relative risk [RR]: 20.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.0-27.2); the rates of gestational diabetes (GDM) are double (RR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.7-2.3). SLMHC mothers with diabetes were on average 5 years younger and of greater parity with increased substance use. Neonates largely had equivalent outcomes except for increased macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia in GDM pregnancies. Conclusion: Patients with diabetes in pregnancy at SLMHC differ substantially from mothers delivering at Ontario hospitals with a comparable level of service. Programming and resources must meet the service needs of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This analysis is based on two clusters of adolescent and young adult suicides, the first in a First Nations village and the second in a traditional Quebec community. The methodology includes a confirmation of the cases by the coroner's report and interviews with parents, closed friends, professionals and local leaders on the events preceding the deaths, the links between suicides and macro-social factors. The material shows closed links between suicides in both villages with a coordinated planning in some of them. There can also be a period of many months separating a suicide and a previous one to which it is linked without the first being considered as the trigger. In both sites, informants point out breaks in the intergenerational communications as an explanation, targetting the commodification of exchanges and sexual abuse among the First Nations girls. These problems can produce co-dependency among young people, leading to a chain of acting out. In both sites, there is a freezing of the transition process to adult life due to a low employment outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec is the property of Société Recherches autochtones au Québec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)