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Mutations in the adiponectin receptor 1 gene (AdipoR1) lead to retinitis pigmentosa and are associated with age-related macular degeneration. This study explores the effects of AdipoR1 gene deficiency in mice, revealing a striking decline in ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an increase in ω6 fatty acids, and elevated ceramides in the retina. The AdipoR1 deficiency impairs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling, which is crucial for FA metabolism, particularly affecting proteins associated with FA transport and oxidation in the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. Our lipidomic and proteomic analyses indicate changes that could affect membrane composition and viscosity through altered ω3 PUFA transport and synthesis, suggesting a potential influence of AdipoR1 on these properties. Furthermore, we noted a reduction in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins, which are crucial for forming and maintaining photoreceptor outer segments that are PUFA-enriched ciliary structures. Diminution in Bardet-Biedl syndrome-proteins content combined with our electron microscopic observations raises the possibility that AdipoR1 deficiency might impair ciliary function. Treatment with inhibitors of ceramide synthesis led to substantial elevation of ω3 LC-PUFAs, alleviating photoreceptor degeneration and improving retinal function. These results serve as the proof of concept for a ceramide-targeted strategy to treat retinopathies linked to PUFA deficiency, including age-related macular degeneration.

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) ranks sixth globally among cancer deaths, imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Although diet is known to be a major risk factor, Although diet is a well-established risk factor for PC, the precise dietary components linked to the disease remain inconclusive, with studies showing varying results across different populations and regions. This study addresses this gap through a comprehensive analysis of PC incidence trends from 1990 to 2021, with a specific focus on associations with age, dietary patterns, and socio-demographic determinants. Methods: The data utilized in this study were obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) results database, updated on May 16, 2024. Unlike traditional single-variable correlation analyses, a Bayesian generalized linear model was applied to assess the association between food intake and disease incidence during the period 1990–2021. To account for variations related to year and region, these variables were incorporated as covariates in the model, allowing for a more nuanced and comprehensive analysis of the background factors. Finally, the "BAPC" package was employed to project age-standardized incidence rates of PC through the year 2051. Results: The global incidence of PC increased from 3.90 per 100,000 people (95% CI: 3.69, 4.08) in 1990 to 6.44 per 100,000 (95% CI: 5.86, 6.93) in 2021. The analysis revealed significant associations between PC incidence and the intake of nuts, omega-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), trans fats, dietary sodium, and calcium. In typical countries, higher intake of nuts and PUFA was associated with a reduced incidence of PC, while trans fats were positively correlated with increased incidence. The age-standardized Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) prediction indicates that the incidence rates of PC will show a downward trend after 2021. Conclusions: From 1990 to 2021, the global incidence of PC exhibited a rapid upward trend, suggesting an increasing global healthcare burden. The findings of this study suggest that dietary lipid intake is significantly associated with PC incidence at a global level. This finding underscores the importance of dietary fat composition, particularly in the context of pancreatic cancer prevention, suggesting that individuals should pay attention to the types and sources of fats in their diets to mitigate disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypanosomatids have been shown to possess an exclusive and finely regulated biosynthetic pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FAs) and particularly of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The key enzymes for the process of unsaturation are known as desaturases. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic activity of the putative Δ6-desaturase (Tb11.v5.0580) in the native organism T. brucei, whose expression level varies dramatically between life cycle stages. Utilising FA analysis via GC-MS, we were able to elucidate i) via genetic manipulation of the level of expression of Δ6-desaturases in both procyclic (PCF) and bloodstream (BSF) forms of T. brucei and ii) via supplementation of the media with various levels of FA sources, that docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) and/or docosapentaenoic acid (22:5) are the products, while arachidonic acid (20:4) and/or docosatetraenoic acid (22:4) are the substrates of this Δ6-desaturases. Surprisingly, we were able to observe, via lipidomic analysis with ESI-MS/MS, an increase in inositol-phosphoryl ceramide (IPC) in response to the overexpression of Δ6-desaturases in low-fat media in BSF. The formation of IPC is normally only observed in the stumpy and procyclic forms of T. brucei. Therefore, the expression levels of Δ6-desaturases, which increases between BSF, stumpy and PCF, might be involved in the cascade(s) of metabolic events that contributes to these remodelling of the lipid pools and ultimately morphological changes, which are key to the transition between these life-cycle stages. We were, in fact able to show that the overexpression of Δ6-desaturase is indeed linked to the expression of protein associated with differentiation (PAD1) in stumpy, and of the upregulation of some proteins and metabolites which are normally upregulated in stumpy and PCF. Author summary: Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular parasite that causes human and animal African trypanosomiasis., which is transmitted by the bite of the Tsetse fly. These parasites have the special ability to make their own pool of fatty molecules by assembling and modifying the fatty acid building blocks that they take up from their mammalian and insect hosts. In this study, we investigated the unknown activity of a desaturase enzyme. By modulating its activity, we showed that it can make different levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), often known as omega-6 and omega-3. If we increase or reduce the fat sources available from the environment, the cells respond by making i) more or less LC-PUFAs and ii) by forming different type of lipids and sphingolipids for their cellular membranes. We highlighted that by tuning the level of activity of the desaturase enzyme and varying the type and amounts of fat sources available to the cells, T. brucei can alter their morphology. This is key for the parasites to adapt to the various environments and the nutrients they are exposed to when changing between hosts. Hence, these important shifts between different life-cycle stages get the parasites ready and adapted for survival as they go from a mammalian host to an insect vector and back again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different types of dietary fat may influence memory and cognitive functions. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary fat intake and transient global amnesia (TGA). Methods: This case–control study was conducted using Persian Sabzevar cohort data on 258 individuals with TGA and 520 individuals without amnesia in Sabzevar Iran. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the intake of dietary fats of the participants. All study participants were screened for TGA by a neurologist and their status was determined based on the diagnostic symptoms defined by the Kaplan and Hodges criteria. Results: There was an inverse association between the risk of TGA and dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (OR = 0.94, CI95%:0.88-0.99, P = 0.01). Also, a positive association was observed between TGA and dietary intake of n-6 fatty acids (OR = 1.18, CI 95%: 1.04-1.33, P = 0.01). The results remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, education, job, marital status, physical activity, BMI, and calorie intake. Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acids may have beneficial effects; however, omega-6 fatty acids may have adverse effects on the risk of amnesia. Further longitudinal studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Maternal preconception diet influences pregnancy health and fetal outcomes. We examined the relationship between preconception fatty acid (FA) intake and uterine artery indices in mid-gestation in a large, heterogeneous cohort of nulliparous individuals. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of the nuMom2b (Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be) study. Dietary ω-6 and ω-3 FA intake was assessed with food frequency questionnaires and uterine artery indices were obtained via Doppler studies in the second trimester. For our primary outcome of pulsatility index (PI) > 1.6, we compared proportions by each dichotomous FA exposure and tested differences with chi-square test. Results For PI > 1.6, odds ratio for the unfavorable FA quartile compared with remaining quartiles for the exposures were 0.96 to 1.25, p = 0.157 (ω-6 FA); 0.97 to 1.26, p = 0.124 (ω-3 FA); 0.87 to 1.14, p = 1.00 (ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio). Conclusion No significant associations between self-reported maternal preconception ω-6 and ω-3 FA intake and uterine artery Doppler indices measured during the second trimester were observed. Key Points Maternal diet impacts pregnancy health/fetal outcomes. ω-3 and ω-6 FA intake influences cardiovascular health. FA intake may affect blood flow to fetoplacental unit. Results are limited by inadequate adherence to dietary recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wahls diet is a modified Paleolithic diet that emphasizes dark green leafy vegetables, colorful fruits, high-quality animal proteins, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, while limiting grains, legumes, dairy products, sugar, and processed foods containing proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acids. The Wahls diet may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and has plausible mechanisms for slowing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression. However, research on its dietary components in the ALS animal models has yielded conflicting results. Though multiple cohort studies suggest high carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids and fruit intake are associated with reduced ALS risks, neither the diet nor its components has been demonstrated to slow down ALS progression in case studies or clinical trials. On the contrary, the Wahls diet, a restrictive, low-carbohydrate and low glycemic index diet, caused an average weight loss of 7.2% BMI in multiple sclerosis clinical trials, which is a significant concern for people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS) as weight loss is associated with faster ALS progression and shorter survival. Considering the above, we cannot endorse the Wahls diet for slowing ALS progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. A total of 90 Holstein dairy cows (24 primiparous, 66 multiparous, mean parity = 3.0) were fed diets containing either 150, 160, or 170 g CP/kg DM from 8 to 180 DIM, with all diets designed to supply at least 100% MP requirements. On d 181, half of the cows in each treatment changed to a diet containing 140 g CP/kg DM (supplying 100% MP requirements), with the remaining cows continuing to be offered their original treatment diets. This resulted in 6 treatments in the mid-late lactation period (181–280 DIM): 150, 150/140, 160, 160/140, 170, and 170/140 g CP/kg DM. Decreasing dietary CP concentration from 170 to 150 g CP/kg DM did not affect DMI, milk yield, milk fat or protein yield in early lactation (8–181 DIM), but reduced MUN and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in milk, as well as serum albumin, globulin, total protein, and urea concentrations. In addition, reducing dietary CP content from 170 to 160 g CP/kg DM improved N use efficiency (NUE; milk N/N intake), with no further improvement with 150 g CP/kg DM. Treatment had no effect on apparent total-tract ration digestibility in early lactation. Urinary N output decreased with decreasing dietary CP content in early lactation, whereas manure N (fecal N plus urinary N) output increased. Urinary N/manure N decreased from 170 to 160 g CP/kg DM diet, whereas no further reduction was observed with the 150 g CP/kg DM diet. Cows that remained on the 150 g CP/kg DM treatment in mid-late lactation (181–280 DIM) had a lower DMI than those which remained on the diet containing 170 g CP/kg DM. Reducing the dietary CP concentration to 140 g CP/kg DM in mid-late lactation reduced DMI, milk yield, and milk fat and protein yields, compared with offering the 170 or 160 g CP/kg DM diet throughout lactation, possibly reflecting a response to oversupply of MP with the latter treatments, rather than an undersupply of MP with the former, although this is uncertain. Concentrations of C18:2 cis -9, trans -11 and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in milk were lower for cows offered diets containing 140 or 150 g CP/kg DM in mid-late lactation compared with 160 or 170 g CP/kg DM. Reducing dietary CP concentration from 170 to 140 g CP/kg DM improved NUE from 0.28 to 0.34 in mid-late lactation. Nitrogen digestibility was reduced when cows were offered the 140 g CP/kg DM diet compared with the 150 or 160 g CP/kg DM diet. Lowering the dietary CP concentration from 170 to 140 g CP/kg DM in mid-late lactation decreased N output in milk, feces, urine, and manure. These results indicate that a dietary CP content of 160 g CP/kg DM, which met the MP requirement of cows, may be optimal to support performance over a whole lactation, improve NUE, and reduce N excretion, thus contributing to a more sustainable approach to dairy cow production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production of meat products, animal fats, which are rich mainly in saturated fatty acids, are used as a recipe ingredient. To improve the quality and fatty acid profile of meat products, it is possible to partially replace animal fat with vegetable oils. This approach aims to achieve a more favorable PUFA/SFA ratio and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, bringing them closer to the values recommended by nutritional organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of replacing 20% and 40% of animal fat with selected plant fats on the change in the fat fraction composition of liver pâté-type processed meat and its oxidative stability. Fatty acid content was analyzed in the oils purchased from retailers and in experimental samples. During refrigerated storage of the experimental sausages, changes in the content of primary (peroxide value (PV)) and secondary oxidation products (TBARS), as well as changes in sensory quality, were evaluated. The analysis included cross-sectional color, aroma, texture, saltiness, and taste. The study showed that replacing 20% of animal fat with vegetable oils resulted in products with high sensory attractiveness and oxidative stability, outperforming those with 40% replacement. Among the tested vegetable oils, samples with rapeseed oil demonstrated the highest oxidative stability and the most favorable, nutrition-recommendation-approaching n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio, compared with samples with flaxseed, corn, sunflower, and soybean oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In some island regions, there are breeds of sheep that feed on seaweed as part of their diet. Seaweed is a feed that has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide due to its high nutritional value. We investigated the effects of feeding a group of lambs with brown seaweed and the impact of this diet on their health status and meat quality. We observed that, in general, 10% seaweed in the diet can improve certain aspects of meat quality such as color, stability, and lipid profile, without negatively affecting the animals' productive parameters. Worldwide, there are reports indicating that sheep raised in insular systems spontaneously consume seaweed. In the southern hemisphere, there exists Durvillaea antarctica, a brown seaweed that possesses minerals and fatty acids that could improve some aspects of sheep production and meat quality, respectively. However, the consumption of this algae in lambs has been scarcely studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of Durvillaea antarctica meal on the growth performance, blood profile, and meat quality of fattening lambs. Thirty Araucana Creole lambs were housed and allocated to three pens. One pen served as a control, while the remaining two were supplemented with diets containing 5% and 10% Durvillaea antarctica meal. After 9 weeks, the animals were slaughtered. The dietary treatments did not significantly affect body weight and blood biochemical parameters. However, changes were observed in meat quality traits, including increased redness and reduced luminosity in the loin for the high inclusion treatment, in addition to slight alterations in pH and lower lipid oxidation in lambs' meat fed Durvillaea antarctica. Furthermore, the meat from lambs supplemented with Durvillaea antarctica exhibited increased levels of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, along with higher monounsaturated fatty acid content and a reduced omega-3/omega-6 ratio. This study shows that Durvillaea antarctica can be used to feed lambs without impairing growth or production parameters, which has been little studied. It is possible that this brown seaweed could be considered a natural additive to improve the quality and nutritional value of lamb meat. The effect of this seaweed on other ruminant models could be addressed in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Breast milk composition is influenced by many factors, ranging from maternal nutritional status to infant sex. Previous studies have explored the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and breast milk composition; however, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial. Objective To systematically review the evidence on the association of maternal weight and BMI with breast milk composition. Data Sources The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to May 3, 2023, using the following search strategy: ("maternal weight" OR "maternal BMI" OR "mother's weight" OR "mother's BMI") AND ("maternal milk" OR "human milk" OR "breast milk"). Data Extraction A total of 83 publications, involving data from more than 11 310 lactating women, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. Data Analysis Overall, maternal BMI was associated with higher levels of leptin and insulin, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk. However, no conclusive associations were found between maternal BMI and the levels of energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and other components of breast milk. Conclusions This systematic review provides robust evidence supporting a positive correlation between maternal BMI and breast milk concentrations of leptin, insulin, and the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. Nevertheless, disparities in findings are noticeable for other constituents of breast milk. To comprehensively grasp the influence of maternal weight and BMI on breast milk composition, further research endeavors are imperative. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023458667. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioenergy production generates huge amounts of ash from biomass combustion. One of the attempts to utilize them is to use them in agriculture as fertilizers. The response to this challenge is a three-year field experiment (2018–2021) where the effect of fertilization with ash from forest biomass (approx. 70%) and agricultural biomass (approx. 30%), and soil type (Gleyic Chernozem and Haplic Luvisol), on the fatty acid (FA) profile of winter rape seeds (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg) was studied. Environmental factors modified the accumulation of fatty acids in winter oilseed rape seeds to the greatest extent and included all labelled unsaturated and saturated fatty acids from C12:0 to C24:0, with exceptions. In warm and dry years, C18:1n9c, C18:2n9c and C18:3n6 accumulated more, while cooler and humid years promoted an increase in the content of, among others, C20:2, C24:1, C18:3n3, C20:4 and C22:2. Cultivation of plants in Gleyic Chernozem soil promoted the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids C18:3n3 and C18:3n6 in winter rape seeds—important from the nutritional point of view. The soil type Haplic Luvisol influenced a larger number of saturated acids and promoted an increase in their content to a greater extent than the Gleyic Chernozem soil type. Among unsaturated fatty acids, fertilization had an effect only on C18:3n3 with mineral fertilization (variant D1) and a very high K dose (variant D5) and C24:1 with the highest K dose (variant D6). No negative changes in the proportions of FAs, including omega-3 and omega-6, were demonstrated under the influence of BA application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humans, glucocorticoid resistance is attributed to mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Most of these mutations result in decreased ligand binding, transactivation, and/or translocation, albeit with normal protein abundances. However, there is no clear genotype‒phenotype relationship between the severity or age at disease presentation and the degree of functional loss of the receptor. Previously, we documented that a GR+/− rat line developed clinical features of glucocorticoid resistance, namely, hypercortisolemia, adrenal hyperplasia, and salt-sensitive hypertension. In this study, we analyzed the GR+/em4 rat model heterozygously mutant for the deletion of exon 3, which encompasses the second zinc finger, including the domains of DNA binding, dimerization, and nuclear localization signals. On a standard diet, mutant rats exhibited a trend toward increased corticosterone levels and a normal systolic blood pressure and heart rate but presented with adrenal hyperplasia. They exhibited increased adrenal soluble epoxide hydroxylase (sEH), favoring an increase in less active polyunsaturated fatty acids. Indeed, a significant increase in nonactive omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as 5(6)-DiHETrE or 9(10)-DiHOME, was observed with advanced age (10 versus 5 weeks old) and following a switch to a high-salt diet accompanied by salt-sensitive hypertension. In thoracic aortas, a reduced soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) protein abundance resulted in altered vascular reactivity upon a standard diet, which was blunted upon a high-salt diet. In conclusion, mutations in the GR affecting the ligand-binding domain as well as the dimerization domain resulted in deregulated GR signaling, favoring salt-sensitive hypertension in the absence of obvious mineralocorticoid excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study successfully created fatty acid desaturase 3 (Fad3) transgenic cattle by utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology to insert a codon-optimized Fad3 gene sequence into bovine fibroblast cells and employing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. Gas chromatographic analysis confirmed that the n-3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) content in the transgenic cattle was significantly increased, while the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs decreased. Fad3 transgenic cattle are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and represent a high-quality breed of beef cattle. The successful breeding of Fad3 transgenic cattle not only meets the demand for healthy diets but also serves as a model for studying the effects of endogenous n-3 PUFAs on animals. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) are essential for the growth, development, and well-being of mammals. However, most mammals, including humans, cannot synthesize n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and these must be obtained through diet. The beneficial effect of converting n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) into n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) has led to extensive research on the flax fatty acid desaturase 3 (Fad3) gene, which encodes fatty acid desaturase. Still, the plant-derived Fad3 gene is used much less in transgenic animals than the Fat-1 gene from Caenorhabditis elegans. To address this problem, we used somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology to create codon-optimized Fad3 transgenic cattle. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that the n-3 PUFA content of transgenic cattle increased significantly, and the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs decreased from 3.484 ± 0.46 to about 2.78 ± 0.14 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Fad3 gene knock-in cattle are expected to improve the nutritional value of beef and can be used as an animal model to study the therapeutic effects of n-3 PUFAs in various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The balance of omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) is crucial for proper brain function as they have opposite physiological roles. Objectives: To analyze the association between maternal serum ratios of n-6/n-3 in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and the neurodevelopment of their children in the early days after birth in the population of Northern Spain's Mediterranean region. Methods: Longitudinal study in which 336 mother–child pairs participated. Mother serum concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) were determined. Sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle habits, and obstetrical variables were collected. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) was used to assess infant neurodevelopment. Multiple linear regression models adjusting for confounding factors were performed. Results: In the third trimester, a higher maternal n-6/n-3 ratio was negatively associated with infant motor development (β = −0.124, p = 0.023). Similarly, higher ARA/DHA ratios were negatively associated with total motor (β = −2.005, p = 0.002) and fine motor development (β = −0.389, p = 0.001). No significant associations were observed in the first trimester nor for the ARA/EPA ratio in the third trimester. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that an elevated n-6/n-3 ratio and ARA/DHA ratio in the third trimester of pregnancy are associated with poorer motor development outcomes in infants. These results highlight the importance of optimizing maternal fatty acid balance during pregnancy to support fetal neurodevelopment, suggesting a need for further research to verify these associations and elucidate underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Considering the short shelf life of fresh pumpkin due to its high water content and the extensive use of dried pumpkin in the food industry, it is necessary to find an efficient drying method that minimizes water activity and preserves nutritional properties. In this study, the effects of hot air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VAD), and conductive drying (CD) at 50, 60, and 70 °C on fatty acid profiles were investigated to determine optimal drying conditions that preserve fatty acid (FA) quality and associated nutritional benefits. Results showed that drying methods had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on fatty acid composition and yield, resulting in different amounts of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids as major FAs compared to fresh pulp. The saturated FA content was higher in CD pulp (up to 42.37%), followed by HAD and VAD. Oleic acid, as the most important representative of monounsaturated FAs, came from VAD (up to 30.64%). Linoleic and linolenic acid, as the most important polyunsaturated FAs of the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, were found in higher proportions in CD pulp at 50 and 60 °C (up to 31.12%) and HAD pulp at 60 and 70 °C with an airflow velocity of 1.5 m/s (up to 39.70%). In addition, the peel and seeds, the by-products resulting from the processing of the fruit pulp, were also evaluated with regard to the fatty acid profile. Two fractions also contained the four major FAs in representative amounts, indicating their valuable reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Asthma is an inflammatory disease. The potential of omega-6 fatty acids to alleviate asthma symptoms through their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has been investigated. However, the association of dietary omega-6 fatty acids in childhood and adolescent asthma remains controversial. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary intake of omega-6 fatty acids and asthma in children and adolescents in the United States. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5045 children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2020. Covariates were adjusted, and multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, threshold effects, and subgroup analyses were used. Results Of the 5045 participants, 1000 (19.8%) were identified as having asthma. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals in the second group (T2, 215.3-377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.57–0.86, P = 0.001) for asthma compared with those in the lowest omega-6 fatty acid intake group (T1, 377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted OR of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45–0.78, P

Asthma, is a common, significant and diverse condition marked by persistent airway inflammation, with a major impact on human health worldwide. The predisposing factors for asthma are complex and widespread. The beneficial effects of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in asthma have increasingly attracted attention recently. In asthma therapy, n-3 PUFAs may reduce asthma risk by controlling on levels of inflammatory cytokines and regulating recruitment of inflammatory cells in asthma. The specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) derived from n-3 PUFAs, including the E- and D-series resolvins, protectins, and maresins, were discovered in inflammatory exudates and their biosynthesis by lipoxygenase mediated pathways elucidated., SPMs alleviated T-helper (Th)1/Th17 and type 2 cytokine immune imbalance, and regulated macrophage polarization and recruitment of inflammatory cells in asthma via specific receptors such as formyl peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2) and G protein-coupled receptor 32. In conclusion, the further study of n-3 PUFAs and their derived SPMs may lead to novel anti-inflammatory asthma treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 fatty acids are an important factor contributing to the prevention and cure of numerous diseases, and therefore their supplementation with diet is a significant issue. There are numerous supplements on the market containing omega-3 acids, of both plant and animal origin. In our study, we compared an effect of linseed oil, ethyl esters of linseed oil and fish oil supplementation to rats' diet on their blood serum and erythrocyte fatty acid profile. The animals were divided into nine groups, three groups did not receive supplements and differed in dietary fat content, three were fed a high-fat diet for the whole experiment and supplemented, three were fed a high-fat diet and then the control one together with supplements. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. Significant changes in the profile of omega-3 fatty acids, as well as the ration of omega-6 to omega-3, were found in supplemented groups compared to the controls, the changes were more beneficial in groups supplemented with ethyl esters of linseed oil. The results were also more beneficial in groups where in addition to supplementation, there was also a dietary change from high fat to control during the supplementation period. In the case of the erythrocytes, the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content in ethyl ester-supplemented groups increased (p < 0.05) by about 60–120%, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by 80%, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by 41–60% compared to the control. In turn, in the blood serum, this increase (p < 0.05) was about 70–125%, 26–40%, and 38–54%, respectively. In the case of ethyl esters, except for an increase in EPA and DHA acids, higher values of ALA were found, which can be further used in the process of conversion to longer-chain omega-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Special Issue "Cannabis sativa: From Plants to Humans" explores recent developments in the study of Cannabis sativa, covering topics such as its cultivation, industrial applications, pharmaceutical uses, and health risks associated with psychoactive derivatives. The issue delves into the chemical profile of hemp inflorescences, the medicinal benefits of cannabinoids, and the potential therapeutic applications of cannabis-based products. Additionally, it addresses the challenges posed by pathogens affecting cannabis and hemp crops, as well as the allergenic profile of different chemotypes of Cannabis sativa. The research presented in the issue underscores the dual nature of Cannabis sativa as a source of beneficial bioactive compounds and a psychoactive substance with potential adverse health effects. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of dietary Gracilaria spp. and Sargassum spp. on growth, immunity, antioxidant status, and fatty acid composition of Sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta). A total of 540 Sobaity seabream juveniles (19.6 ± 0.5 g) were stocked into 18 tanks (300 L) and divided into six groups (three replicates per group). Fish were fed diets containing 0 (control), 3% (GS3), 6% (GS6), 9% (GS9), 12% (GS12), and 15% (GS15) Gracilaria and Sargassum mixtures in equal amounts for 8 weeks. The results showed that final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in fish fed GS6, GS9, and GS12 groups. Serum lysozyme, ACH50 activities, complement 4 (C4), and total Ig values were significantly increased in fish fed the 6% and 12% macroalgae mixture. The lowest liver catalase activity was found in the control, while liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the GS9 and GS12 groups was significantly higher than in the GS3 group. The highest and the lowest values of liver glutathione were observed in the GS12 and GS15 groups, respectively. Liver total antioxidant capacity content was also the highest in the GS12 group. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) relative expression level, in the liver of fish, was increased in the GS6-GS12 groups. Lysozyme relative expression level was significantly higher in the liver of fish fed macroalgae. Arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were significantly higher in the GS9, GS12, and GS15 groups than in the control. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), long-chain PUFA, and n-3/n-6 PUFA among the experimental groups. Therefore, adding 9–12% Gracilaria and Sargassum macroalgae mixture in equal amounts to fish diets can be recommended to improve growth performance, innate immunity, liver antioxidant status, and muscle fatty acid composition in Sobaity seabream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular senescence is a condition characterized by stable, irreversible cell cycle arrest linked to the aging process. The accumulation of senescent cells in the cardiac muscle can contribute to various cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Telomere shortening, epigenetic modifications, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are known contributors to the onset of cellular senescence in the heart. The link between mitochondrial processes and cellular senescence contributed to the age-related decline in cardiac function. These include changes in mitochondrial functions and behaviours that arise from various factors, including impaired dynamics, dysregulated biogenesis, mitophagy, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), reduced respiratory capacity, and mitochondrial structural changes. Thus, regulation of mitochondrial biology has a role in cellular senescence and cardiac function in aging hearts. Targeting senescent cells may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treating and preventing CVD associated with aging. CYP epoxygenases metabolize N-3 and N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into epoxylipids that are readily hydrolyzed to diol products by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Increasing epoxylipids levels or inhibition of sEH has demonstrated protective effects in the aging heart. Evidence suggests they may play a role in cellular senescence by regulating mitochondria, thus reducing adverse effects of aging in the heart. In this review, we discuss how mitochondria induce cellular senescence and how epoxylipids affect the senescence process in the aged heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The associations between circulating PUFA and cardiovascular risk factors and events in healthy Asian populations have been less examined robustly compared with Western populations. This systematic review aimed to summarise current evidence on the associations between n -3 and n -6 PUFA biomarkers and cardiovascular risk factors and events in healthy Asian populations. Four databases were searched for observational studies from 2010 until 2024. Twenty-three studies were eligible, which covered six Asian countries and included events (n 7), traditional risk factors such as blood pressure and lipids (n 4), physical signs such as arterial stiffness (n 4), non-traditional lipid markers (n 1), markers of inflammation (n 4), markers of thrombosis (n 2) and non-invasive imaging-based markers (n 5). Biological sample types included plasma (n 6), serum (n 14) and erythrocyte (n 3). Higher circulating total n -3 PUFA appeared to be associated with lower hypertension risk and specifically EPA and DHA to be associated with lower myocardial infarction risk, reduction in TAG and inflammation. Higher circulating linoleic acid was associated with improved lipid profiles and lower inflammation. Limited evidence led to inconclusive associations between circulating n -6 PUFA biomarkers and CVD events and blood pressure. No consistent associations with arterial stiffness, obesity, thrombosis and imaging-based biomarkers were observed for circulating PUFA biomarkers in Asian populations. Limited studies exist for each outcome; hence, results should be interpreted with caution. More high-quality and prospective studies in Asian populations are warranted. Several recommendations such as sample size justification and reporting of non-respondents rate are proposed for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acne is one of the most common skin problems affecting people worldwide, especially young individuals. Despite many years of research into the etiology of acne, its exact causes remain a subject of debate. In recent years, increasing scientific interest has focused on the role of diet in shaping skin health, including the influence of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on the severity of acne symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study is to review the scientific literature regarding the relationship between a diet rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the reduction of acne. We will analyze available scientific evidence and attempt to determine whether dietary changes to increase the intake of these fatty acids may have a beneficial impact on skin condition and reducing the severity of acne symptoms. Results: Several studies suggest that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and relatively low in omega-6 fatty acids may be associated with a reduction in acne severity. Some clinical studies have shown that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can lead to a reduction in the number of comedones and inflammatory skin lesions in acne patients. Conclusions: Our literature review suggests that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lower in omega-6 fatty acids may be beneficial for individuals struggling with acne. However, further clinical research is needed to confirm these observations and better understand the mechanisms of action of fatty acids on skin health. In the meantime, a balanced diet rich in omega-3-containing foods such as fatty fish, nuts, and seeds is recommended as a potential adjunct to acne treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk production and milk fatty acid (FA) composition were followed in three Danish commercial organic dairy farms where grass clover silage was substituted with a forb-rich silage. Farms A, B, and C included a total of 50, 189, and 235 lactating dairy cows, and 20 cows in each herd were selected to record the productive performance and milk composition. In all farms, 70% of diets were grass clover silage, and during the experiment, forb-rich silage gradually replaced grass clover silage during the 2–4 weeks, where after cows were fed the forb-rich silage diets for additional 2 weeks. The data were separately analyzed in each farm. Milk production at farms A and B was not affected by diet change, but milk production at farm C decreased by 1.7 kg energy corrected milk (ECM)/cow in cows fed the forb-rich silage. Regardless of farm, the proportion of C18:3n-3, C18:2n-6, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in milk from cows receiving the forb-rich silage increased compared to cows fed grass clover silage based diets. The results indicate the possibility for further increase in the content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in organic milk by substituting grass clover silage with forb-rich silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition is a prevalent issue among children aged 6-23 mo, particularly those with Down syndrome (DS), who face additional oral-motor and feeding challenges. Appropriate complementary feeding (CF) practices are crucial in achieving adequate nutrition for these children. This study aimed to determine whether maternal knowledge on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) recommendations were associated with the CF practices of mothers and the dietary fat -- specifically polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) -- content of complementary foods given to children. Ten (10) mothers of children with DS aged 6-23 mo from low-income families participated. IYCF knowledge was assessed through a self-administered questionnaire, whereas maternal CF practices characterized by indicators minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) were determined through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Lastly, dietary fat was measured through a 2-d multiple pass 24-h food recall. Participants were found to have average to high knowledge of IYCF recommendations. The achievement of MDD and MMF among the children was low at 40% for both. Maternal IYCF knowledge is directly associated with MDD (Tb = 0.3563), inversely associated with MMF (Tb = -0.5345), and weakly associated with PUFA content (Tb = 0.0976). On the other hand, the overall dietary fat content of the diet of the children was strongly associated with their intake of total PUFA (p = 0.7697; α = 0.0092), omega-3 (p = 0.6832; α = 0.0294), and omega-6 fatty acids (p = 0.7091; α = 0.0217). This implies that as children consumed dietary fat as a common component of CF, they were also able to consume PUFA, which is essential for the brain function and development of children with DS. Further studies are recommended to increase sample size and explore other nutritional aspects of feeding infants and young children with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is primarily recognized as a textile crop; however, recent evidence suggests that cottonseed oil (CSO) may be a simple and effective dietary approach to improving cardiometabolic risk factors. The purpose of this perspective is to draw attention to the current literature examining the physiological benefits of CSO consumption and highlight the remaining questions that need to be answered to fully evaluate the potential of CSO to be the next important nutrition intervention for improving cardiometabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puffer fish oil extracted from Xenopterus naritus represents a beneficial source of bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties. Despite the known benefits of puffer fish oil, there is a lack of detailed information on its fatty acid composition. This study aimed to fill this gap by investigating the fatty acid profiles of puffer fish oil extracted from the liver and muscle tissues. The oil was extracted using the solvent Bligh & Dyer method, and the samples were derivatized into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) before being analyzed via Shimadzu QP2010 Plus gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This analysis highlighted the prevalence of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (8.28 ± 0.08% in liver, 6.15 ± 0.33% in muscle oil) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (3.29 ± 0.12% in liver and 2.16 ± 0.06% in muscle oil), along with the abundance of omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, including arachidonic and oleic acid. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of these fish oils were assessed against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) method, revealing promising inhibitory effects, with liver oil demonstrating greater efficacy. These findings suggest that puffer fish oil is rich in beneficial fatty acids and possesses antimicrobial properties that could find applications in food preservation, medicine, and agriculture, thereby offering a fresh perspective on the functional and nutritional value of Xenopterus naritus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed is a high-quality protein source; however, its quality primarily depends on the variety, origin, and processing method. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a mineral supplement ("Peelko"; 27% Ca, 3.5% Mg, 800 mg/kg Fe) in terms of whether it is suitable for reducing the remaining antinutritional substances in cold-pressed rapeseed cake, thereby improving the nutrient content and digestibility of rapeseed. The experiment was carried out with 600 Ross-308 broilers divided into three feeding groups: the control diet contained extracted soybean meal, the R treatment included 10–15% cold-pressed rapeseed cake (in grower and finisher phases), and the R+ treatment consisted of the mineral supplement in addition to the cold-pressed rapeseed cake. R+ had a beneficial effect on the FCR in the grower and finisher feeding phases; moreover, it increased the weight of thyroid glands and the T3 and T4 hormone levels in the blood serum to a lesser extent than R when compared to C (p < 0.05). Diet-specific changes could be observed through the histological examination of thyroid glands, where the acini became larger when the unsupplemented cold-pressed rapeseed cake was fed (R group). Using the mineral supplement (R+ diet) decreased the acinus diameter compared to the R diet, with a similar value to that observed in control birds. The protein content in the breast and fat content in the thigh showed milder changes in R+ than R, compared to C (p < 0.05). The relative ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids narrowed in both R and R+ meat samples compared to C (p < 0.05). R+ may have a more favorable effect on oxidation processes according to the better MDA values in fresh meat (p < 0.001) and samples after 1–2 months of storage (p < 0.05) than R when compared with C. The negative modifications in the color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) and the organoleptic properties of the meat were less significant with R+ than R, compared to the control (p < 0.05). According to the results of this study, the R+ treatment was able to reduce the antinutritional effects of rapeseed, as evident from the properties of the resulting animal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are a promising alternative source of PUFAs, with Chlorella being one of the few microalgae widely available in the nutraceuticals market authorized for human consumption. This study explores the fatty acid (FA) profiles of nine C. sorokiniana biomass feedstocks produced under different combinations of light intensity and nitrogen and inorganic carbon loadings, derived via a Taguchi L9 (33−1) orthogonal array design. Additionally, the nutritional and medical value of Chlorella lipids using several nutritional indices is assessed. PUFAs were maximized under low light intensity and high nitrogen loading; however, these conditions favored the overaccumulation of omega-6 FAs. For omega-3 FA maximization, high light intensity must be applied, suggesting that high illumination induces the desaturation of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in C. sorokiniana cells. Additionally, nitrogen-depleted conditions significantly downgraded its quality due to the overaccumulation of saturated FAs. Despite lacking EPA and DHA, C. sorokiniana lipids are an excellent source of ALA, surpassing concentrations met in plant-based oils. Thus, Chlorella lipids can be included in humans' diet, satisfying daily ALA requirements; however, accurately labeling the FA profile of Chlorella products, prior to any nutritional claims, is indispensable, considering the sizeable variations in their profile under the impact of cultivation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the nutritional characteristics of novel-prepared plant-based vegan snacks (PVSs). The proximate composition, mineral content, amino and fatty acid profiles, volatile compounds, phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and in vitro protein and carbohydrate digestion in prepared snacks were analyzed. The PVSs were mainly prepared by mixing blanched broccoli, pumpkin, chickpeas, whole oat flour, red sweet pepper, fresh onion and garlic, leafy vegetables, and mixed spices, then homogenated, shaped, and freeze-dried. Consequently, sensory evaluation was used to select the most favored PVS; PVS2 contains 25% broccoli and 25% chickpeas, which was the superior model of this study and was analyzed further. The moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fiber, and available carbohydrates were 74.80, 3.40, 28.18, 4.97, 7.86, 3.69, and 51.89 g 100 g−1 of PVS2 (containing 25% of either broccoli or chickpeas), respectively. The results showed that the highest mineral content in macro-elements was sodium, followed by potassium. The PVS2 formula provides 95.24 Kcal 100 g−1 and 54.28 mg 100 g−1 of vitamin C on fresh weight (fw). Consequently, TPC, TCs, TF, TFL, and AOA exhibited valuable content. The HPLC analysis revealed that fifteen phenolics were quantified, with predomination of chlorogenic acid (1741.60 μg g−1), phenolic acid, and naringenin (302.38 μg g−1) as flavonoids, as well as Daidzein (22.27 μg g−1) as an isoflavone. The GC-MS quantification of volatiles exhibited more components; at least 37 displayed concentrations higher than 0.1%. The predominant volatile was cis-13-octadecenoic acid. The percentage of essential amino acids (EAAs) was 25%, and the percentage of non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) was 75%. Among the EAAs and NEAAs, phenylalanine and glutamic acid were the highest, respectively. The fatty acids (FAs) profile exhibited that saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) were 20.2% and 79.2%, respectively. The predominant FA in PVS2 was cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid, with a percentage of 37.13%, followed by cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, with a percentage of 36.02%. Omega-3 fatty acids reached 39.04%, followed by omega-6 fatty acids at 38.95%. The degree of protein degradation values for the sample was 292.09 mg NH3 g−1 before digestion and increased to 2106.77 mg NH3 g−1 after enzymatic digestion. The glycemic index (GI) of PVS2 was estimated to be 21.12, slightly higher than individual vegetables' GI. Finally, a prepared PVS may be advantageous for recommending the enhancement and further development of diverse snacks to satisfy the nutritional needs of healthy persons and patients across various age demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence supports associations between polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and psychosis. However, polyunsaturated fatty acid trajectories in the general population have not been characterized, and associations with psychosis spectrum outcomes in early adulthood are unknown. Plasma omega-6 to omega-3 ratio and DHA (expressed as percentage of total fatty acids) were measured by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy at 7, 15, 17, and 24 years of age in participants of ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children). Curvilinear growth mixture modeling evaluated body mass index–adjusted trajectories of both measures. Outcomes were assessed at 24 years. Psychotic experiences (PEs), at-risk mental state status, psychotic disorder, and number of PEs were assessed using the Psychosis-Like Symptoms interview (n = 3635; 2247 [61.8%] female). Negative symptoms score was measured using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (n = 3484; 2161 [62.0%] female). Associations were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, parental social class, and cumulative smoking and alcohol use. Relative to stable average, the persistently high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio trajectory was associated with increased odds of PEs and psychotic disorder, but attenuated on adjustment for covariates (PEs adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.63, 95% CI = 0.92-2.89; psychotic disorder aOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.71-4.07). This was also the case for persistently low DHA (PEs aOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.84-2.37; psychotic disorder aOR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.49-2.67). Following adjustment, persistently high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was associated with increased number of PEs (β = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.05-0.78) and negative symptoms score (β = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.14-0.72), as was persistently low DHA (number of PEs β = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.14-0.76; negative symptoms β = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.12-0.58). Optimization of polyunsaturated fatty acid status during development warrants further investigation in relation to psychotic symptoms in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oils are crucial for the human diet, providing energy and essential fatty acids. This study investigates the formulation of a high-quality cold-pressed vegetable oil blend from rapeseed, sunflower, sesame, and safflower, chosen for their agronomic benefits, cost-effectiveness, and reduced environmental impact. For the first time, this study is carried out in order to enhance the nutritional profile of these blend oils compared to commercial oils. The study's results showed that all formulated blend oils had higher total polyphenol and flavonoid content. Specifically, the blend of 1/2 rapeseed, 1/4 sunflower, 1/8 sesame, and 1/8 safflower had an oil yield ranging from 37 to 39% and was rich in total polyphenols (18 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids (2 mg/g), antioxidant activities (52%), oleic acid (46.4%), and saturated fatty acids (11%), with a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio (2.5). Consuming this blend oil offers a healthier choice rich in nutrients and natural antioxidants. This could open new market opportunities and cater to the growing demand for healthier oil options, especially since it is extracted without a refining process. Further research could focus on the sensory attributes and consumer acceptance of these blend oils to ensure market success, noting that sesame and sunflower involve agreeable pronounced aromas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is an inflammatory disease. The potential of omega-6 fatty acids to alleviate asthma symptoms through their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has been investigated. However, the association of dietary omega-6 fatty acids in childhood and adolescent asthma remains controversial. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary intake of omega-6 fatty acids and asthma in children and adolescents in the United States. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5045 children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2020. Covariates were adjusted, and multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, threshold effects, and subgroup analyses were used. Results: Of the 5045 participants, 1000 (19.8%) were identified as having asthma. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals in the second group (T2, 215.3-377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.57–0.86, P = 0.001) for asthma compared with those in the lowest omega-6 fatty acid intake group (T1, < 215.3 mg/kg/day). Similarly, individuals in the third group (T3, > 377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted OR of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45–0.78, P < 0.001) for asthma. Furthermore, a non-linear (L-shaped) relationship between omega-6 intake and asthma was observed (P = 0.001), with subgroup analyses confirming the stability of the results. In the threshold analysis, a critical turning point was observed at around 384.2 mg/kg/day (OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.995–0.998, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The consumption of omega-6 fatty acids in the diet showed an L-shaped association with asthma among children and adolescents in the United States. A critical turning point was noted at approximately 384.2 mg/kg/day. Key message: 1. L-shaped association between dietary omega-6 intake and asthma in US children. 2. Notable turning point at 384.2 mg/kg/day suggests an optimal omega-6 intake for asthma protection. 3. Findings emphasize the need for nuanced dietary recommendations to reduce childhood asthma risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microalgae are potential sustainable resources for the production of value-added chemicals that can be used as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and nutritional supplements. Arachidonic acid (ARA), a omega-6 fatty acid, plays a crucial role in infant development and immune response, and can be used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Demand for industrial-scale ARA production is continuously increasing because of its broad applicability. To address this demand, there has been a significant shift towards microorganism-based ARA production. To accelerate large-scale ARA production, it is crucial to select suitable strains and establish optimal culture conditions. Results: Here, we isolated a novel microalga Lobosphaera incisa CFRC-1, a valuable strain that holds promise as a feedstock for ARA production. Optimal cultivation conditions were investigated using a high-throughput screening method to enhance ARA production in this novel strain. Out of 71 candidates, four organic carbon substrates were identified that could be utilized by L. incisa CFRC-1. Through flask-scale verification, fructose was confirmed as the optimal organic carbon substrate for promoting microalgal growth, total lipid accumulation, and ARA production. Subsequently, we investigated appropriate substrate concentration and cultivation temperature, confirming that the optimal conditions were 30 g L− 1 of fructose and 27 ℃ of temperature. Under these optimized conditions, biomass and ARA production reached 13.05 ± 0.40 g L− 1 and 97.98 ± 7.33 mg L− 1, respectively, representing 9.6-fold and 5.3-fold increases compared to the conditions before optimization conditions. These results achieved the highest biomass and ARA production in flask-scale cultivation, indicating that our approach effectively improved both production titer and productivity. Conclusions: This study presents a novel microalgae and optimized conditions for enhancing biomass and ARA production, suggesting that this approach is a practical way to accelerate the production of valuable microalgae-based chemicals. These findings provide a basis for large-scale production of ARA-utilizing microalgae for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is an airway inflammatory disease driven by multiple factors with a high incidence in children and adolescents. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and diet are inducing factors for asthma. The potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to alleviate asthma symptoms by their anti-inflammatory effects has been explored. However, to date, no studies have explored the effect of dietary PUFAs intake on the asthma in children and adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke. Objective: We aimed to examine the effect of dietary PUFAs intake on the current asthma in children and adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods: Data of this cross-sectional were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018. Children and adolescents with serum cotinine concentration ≥ 0.05 ng/mL were defined to exposed to tobacco smoke. Dietary PUFAs intake information were obtained from 24 h recall interview. The weighted univariate and multivariate were utilized to explore the effect of PUFAs on the association of asthma and TSE, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). These moderating effects were further explored based on the age, gender and body mass index (BMI) and sedentary time. Results: Totally, 7981 eligible children and adolescents were included, with the mean age of 11.96 ± 0.06 years old. Of whom, 1.024 (12.83%) had current asthma. After adjusted all covariates, we found children and adolescents with TSE had high occurrence of current asthma (AOR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.03–1.63); We also found omega-3 PUFAs intake (P for interaction = 0.010), not omega-6 PUFAs (P for interaction = 0.546), has a moderating effect on the association of TSE and current asthma. Moreover, we further observed that children and adolescents with TSE and low omega-3 PUFAs intake had high occurrence of current asthma (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.19–2.10), while no significant association was found in children and adolescents with high omega-3 PUFAs intake (all P > 0.05). This moderating effect was more prominent in children and adolescents aged ≤ 12 years old (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.06–2.47), girls (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.15–3.98), overweight (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.01–3.47) and sedentary time > 6 h (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.00–3.86). Conclusion: We found dietary omega-3 PUFAs plays a moderating effect on the association of asthma and TSE in children and adolescents, especially in children and adolescents aged ≤ 12 years, girls, overweight or sedentary time > 6 h. This moderating effect suggested higher omega-3 intake has potential benefits in decreasing the occurrence of asthma in children and adolescents who exposed to tobacco smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the potential causal association between PUFA and the risk of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) using Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis. A two-sample MR analysis was conducted utilising large-scale European-based genome-wide association studies summary databases. The primary MR analysis was carried out using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, complemented by other methods such as MR-egger, weighted-median and weighted mode. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to validate the robustness of the findings. Results indicated a 31 % reduced risk of ICP for every 1 standard deviation (sd) increase in n -3 fatty acids levels (OR = 0·69, 95 % CI: 0·54, 0·89, P = 0·004) and in the ratio of n -3 fatty acids to total fatty acids (OR = 0·69, 95 % CI: 0·53, 0·91, P = 0·008). Conversely, there was a 51 % increased risk of ICP for every 1 sd increase in the ratio of n -6 fatty acids to n -3 fatty acids (OR = 1·51, 95 % CI: 1·20, 1·91, P < 0·001) and a 138 % increased risk for every 1 sd increase in the ratio of linoleic fatty acids to total fatty acids (OR = 2·38, 95 % CI: 1·55, 3·66, P < 0·001). The findings suggest that n -3 fatty acids may have a protective effect against the risk of ICP, while n -6 fatty acids and linoleic fatty acids could be potential risk factors for ICP. The supplementation of n -3 fatty acids, as opposed to n -6 fatty acids, could be a promising strategy for the prevention and management of ICP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To describe and analyze the burden and changing trends of ischemic heart disease(IHD)attributed to dietary risks in China from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of IHD in China. [WTHZ]Methods [WTBZ]Standardized DALY rates and standardized mortality rates for IHD in China from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease database(GBD 2021).[WTHZ]Results [WTBZ]In 2021, the standardized DALYs rate and mortality rate of IHD attributed to dietary risks in China were 820.87 and 44.26 per 100,000 respectively, showing a decrease of 14.45% and 5.24% compared to 1990. China's rates were only higher than regions with high sociodemographic index and lower than global and other regional levels. Dietary risks were significantly higher in males compared to females, with the main risk factors being high-sodium diet, lowwholegrain diet, and high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. Both DALYs rate and mortality rate increased significantly with age. The overall trend from 1990 to 2021 shows a decline in the standardized DALYs rate and mortality rate of IHD attributed to dietary factors in China, with an Average Annual Percentage Change(AAPC) of 0.54% and 0.24% respectively. [WTHZ]Conclusion [WTBZ]The burden of disease and mortality rate of IHD attributable to dietary risks in China have shown an overall declining trend. However, the disease burden attributable to dietary risks is higher in males than in females, and higher in those aged 70 and above compared to those under 70. The burden of IHD attributable to dietary risks is expected to continue rising. To alleviate the burden of IHD, it is essential to enhance health education for males and middle-aged and elderly populations, increasing their awareness of IHD prevention and control. This can be achieved by promoting healthy eating habits and lifestyle practices to improve physical fitness management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids (FAs) are important for cell membrane composition, eicosanoid synthesis, and metabolic processes. Membrane proteins that facilitate FA transport into cells include FA translocase (also known as CD36) and FA transporter proteins (encoded by SLC27A genes). The present study aimed to examine expression profiles of FA transporters in the endometrium of cyclic and early pregnant gilts on days 3 to 20 after estrus and the possible regulation by conceptus signals and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). The effect of PUFAs on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and transcript abundance of genes related to FA action and metabolism, angiogenesis, and immune response was also determined. Day after estrus and reproductive status of animals affected FA transporter expression, with greater levels of CD36, SLC27A1, and SLC27A4 observed in pregnant than in cyclic gilts. Conceptus-conditioned medium and/or estradiol-17β stimulated SLC27A1 and CD36 expression. Among PUFAs, linoleic acid decreased SLC27A1 and SLC27A6 mRNA expression, while arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acids increased SLC27A4 transcript abundance. Moreover, arachidonic acid stimulated ACOX1, CPT1A, and IL1B expression and increased PGE2 and PGI2 secretion. In turn, α-linolenic acid up-regulated VEGFA, FGF2, FABP4, and PPARG mRNA expression. These results indicate the presence of an active transport of FAs in the porcine endometrium and the role of PUFAs as modulators of the uterine activity during conceptus implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work was to extract bioactive compounds from different cultivars of blackberry pomace using conventional Soxhlet and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction methods. For Soxhlet extraction, two different solvents, ethanol and n-hexane, were used. Qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined by GC, carotenoids and chlorophylls by HPLC, and volatile organic compounds were identified with an e-nose based on GC. The yield of the extract was influenced by the extraction, while the qualitative content of the extracts was also dependent on the cultivar. While there were no differences in the types of fatty acids extracted, their content varied significantly depending on the cultivar, extraction method, and their interaction. The results showed that linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) were the most prevalent in all cultivars of blackberry pomace extracts. The linoleic acid content varied from 33.33 to 64.77% depending on the variety, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 varied from 3.17% to 5.71%. Significantly higher quantities of carotenoids and chlorophylls were obtained in Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane in all extracts. The major carotenoid in the 'Orkan' and 'Polar' extracts was lutein, while in the 'Brzezina' extract, it was β-carotene. The extraction method has a significant impact on the flavor profile of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to trace the origin of eggs from backyard-raised hens is important due to their higher market value compared to barn-raised eggs. This study aimed to differentiate eggs from these two rearing systems using isotopic, elemental, and fatty acid profiles of egg yolks. A total of 90 egg yolk samples were analyzed, analytical results being followed by statistical tests (Student's t-test) showing significant differences in δ18O, several elements (Mg, K, Sc, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ba, Pb), and fatty acids compositions (C23:0, C17:0, C18:0, C16:1n7, C18:1n9, C18:2n6, C20:1n7, C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22:6n3), as well as in the ratios of SFA, PUFA, and UFA. The results indicated a nutritional advantage in backyard eggs due to their lower n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and a more favorable n-6 to n-3 ratio, linked to differences in the hens' diet and rearing systems. To classify the production system (backyard vs. barn), three pattern recognition methods were applied: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k–nearest neighbor (k–NN), and multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks (MLP–ANN). LDA provided perfect initial separation, achieving 98.9% accuracy in cross-validation. k-NN yielded classification rates of 98.4% for the training set and 85.7% for the test set, while MLP–ANN achieved 100% accuracy in training and 92.3% in testing, with minor misclassification. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of fusion among isotopic, elemental, and fatty acid profiles in distinguishing backyard eggs from barn eggs and highlight the nutritional benefits of the backyard-rearing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a crucial role in maintaining and improving cognitive function and brain health. The aim of this study was to assess the association between omega-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in Saudi Arabia.Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The frequency and quantity of omega-3 PUFA intake were assessed using an omega-3 food frequency questionnaire.A total of 175 participants were recruited for this study. Participants in the lowest omega-3 PUFA tertile group scored significantly lower in the visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive domains (p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the higher intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the visuospatial/executive domain (p = 0.02) and the higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the attention domain (p = 0.04). The participants who did not consume walnuts showed a significant lower MoCA score than those who did (p = 0.005). No significant differences were found with other omega-3 PUFA sources.Higher intake of omega-3 PUFAs was positively associated with visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive functions in middle-aged and older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]