Search

Zieve syndrome is a rare condition which occurs in patients with severe alcohol abuse. It is typically characterised by the triad of jaundice, haemolytic anaemia and transient hyperlipidaemia. In the following report, we present the case of a man in his 30s who was admitted to our emergency department with severe epigastric pain and signs of alcohol intoxication. Blood samples showed signs of severe hyperlipidaemia and jaundice. Due to massive hyperlipidaemia, laboratory measurements of triglycerides were impaired and the blood samples had a ‘yellowish’ and ‘creamy’ texture. In order to prevent pancreatitis, plasmapheresis was performed. Subsequently, triglyceride concentration dropped and the patient was discharged a few days later in significantly improved physical condition. In the following case report, we discuss plasmapheresis as a possible treatment for patients with severe Zieve syndrome in addition to conventional symptomatic therapy.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), today the primary source for position, navigation and time (PNT) information in the maritime domain, are vulnerable to unintentional and intentional interference, e.g. jamming and spoofing. A backup system is needed to overcome this threat and to enable new applications with an increased need for resilient PNT information. Diversity of signals is a promising approach to overcome the dependence on GNSS signals which have in common to be very weak at sea level and located in only few frequency bands. Terrestrial radionavigation systems, which typically operate in lower frequency bands and most often with higher transmitting power, are differently affected by signal distortions or interferences. As a complement to GNSS they can support continuous availability of PNT information even if the accuracy is lower compared to GNSS. While they were state of the art for decades, terrestrial radionavigation systems lost importance with the increasing availability of GNSS receivers. As a consequence, these services were discontinued in parts of the world. Today no world-wide available terrestrial radionavigation system exists. In 2008 Oltmann and Hoppe proposed an efficient way to get back a terrestrial radionavigation system as a backup to GNSS by using already existing maritime radio infrastructure for the transmission of ranging signals in addition to the legacy signal. The system is called ranging mode (R-Mode). Promising candidates were maritime radio beacons and land-based stations of the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Both have in common their good distribution of stations along the coastline near the main maritime traffic routes. First feasibility studies towards R-Mode were conducted by Johnson and Swaszek within the framework of the European ACCSEAS project in 2014. Based on these studies, ranging measurements with modified radio beacons were performed in the Netherlands in 2015 and in Germany in the following years. In 2015 Qing et.al reported about successful tests using AIS base stations for positioning in the Xinghai sea region of Dalian. In 2020 Johnson et.al demonstrated that R-Mode, implemented on three medium frequency DGNSS transmitter sites, can be used for positioning in a limited area on land. Missing so far are R-Mode trials of maritime long-range signals from maritime radio beacons and the R-Mode implementation that follows the new Very High Frequency (VHF) Data Exchange System (VDES) Guideline of the IALA for transmissions in the maritime VHF band. The presentation gives an overview about the achievements of the EU co-financed project R-Mode Baltic which has been conducted by 12 partners from national maritime administrations, industry and research institutions under the leadership of the German Aerospace Center in the time from 2017 to 2021. It reports about the R-Mode requirements on a terrestrial navigation system as backup to GNSS for port approaches and coastal navigation. It shows that the maritime radio infrastructure of the Southern Baltic Sea fulfils the precondition for a successful implementation of a combined MF and VDES R-Mode system. This is based on a coverage prediction and accuracy estimation study of the GRAD Department of Trinity House. During the project eight MF maritime radio beacons and four VDES base stations with R-Mode capabilities were installed in the R-Mode Baltic testbed. The results of first maritime positioning tests in the testbed show that R-Mode is a good candidate for a backup system for maritime applications. A cost-benefit analysis based on the experiences and developments of the project shows that the costs for an R-Mode system depend on the level of time synchronization accuracy. Each maritime administration has to decide if they want to support the mariner for a certain time until he reaches a safe state after detection of GNSS problems, this is called contingency system, or that R-Mode is always available as a true backup system.

The R-Mode terrestrial navigation system evaluates the phase of two carriers next to a modulated signal, from which a range can be derived to allow positioning using different stations. To improve the accuracy of ranging, we propose in this paper to replace the currently used Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) modulation with Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). By applying a Gaussian pulse shape for the bit transition to that of the MSK a higher spectral efficiency is achieved. If the data rate is kept constant, this reduces the energy of the modulated signal within the bandwidth of the phase estimator. This increases the accuracy of the added carrier estimate and achieves our goal of improved distance-estimation accuracy. In this paper, we compare the estimates for an R-Mode signal with MSK and two different GMSK modulations. The increased accuracy is verified using software and hardware in-the-loop simulations.

R-Mode is an alternative maritime PNT technology currently under development. It is based on synchronous transmissions and multilateration. Base station synchronization errors are recognized as the major error source. Introduction to R-Mode using maritime radio beacons, timing requirements, and the concept of R-Mode in-band synchronization are briefly presented.

Purpose To investigate the effects of eating wholegrain rye bread with high or low amounts of phytate on iron status in women under free-living conditions. Methods In this 12-week, randomized, parallel-design intervention study, 102 females were allocated into two groups, a high-phytate-bread group or a low-phytate-bread group. These two groups were administered: 200 g of blanched wholegrain rye bread/day, or 200 g dephytinized wholegrain rye bread/day. The bread was administered in addition to their habitual daily diet. Iron status biomarkers and plasma alkylresorcinols were analyzed at baseline and post-intervention. Results Fifty-five females completed the study. In the high-phytate-bread group (n = 31) there was no change in any of the iron status biomarkers after 12 weeks of intervention (p > 0.05). In the low-phytate bread group (n = 24) there were significant decreases in both ferritin (mean = 12%; from 32 ± 7 to 27 ± 6 µg/L, geometric mean ± SEM, p p Conclusions In Swedish females of reproductive age, 12 weeks of high-phytate wholegrain bread consumption had no effect on iron status. However, consumption of low-phytate wholegrain bread for 12 weeks resulted in a reduction of markers of iron status. Although single-meal studies clearly show an increase in iron bioavailability from dephytinization of cereals, medium-term consumption of reduced phytate bread under free-living conditions suggests that this strategy does not work to improve iron status in healthy women of reproductive age.

The complex structure and morphology of ultrathin praseodymia films deposited on a ruthenium(0001) single crystal substrate by reactive molecular beam epitaxy is analyzed by intensity-voltage low-energy electron microscopy in combination with theoretical calculations within an ab initio scattering theory. A rich coexistence of various nanoscale crystalline surface structures is identified for the as-grown samples, notably comprising two distinct oxygen-terminated hexagonal Pr2O3(0001) surface phases as well as a cubic Pr2O3(111) and a fluorite PrO2(111) surface component. Furthermore, scattering theory reveals a striking similarity between the electron reflectivity spectra of praseodymia and ceria due to very efficient screening of the nuclear charge by the extra 4f electron in the former case.

ue to author error the paper was published wit

Due to the worldwide recognition of increased jamming and spoofing events, which threaten the usability of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), positioning systems using signals of opportunity are gaining importance as backup systems. Especially for maritime usage, a terrestrial system called Ranging-Mode (R-Mode) is under development. Among other signals, it utilizes the maritime medium frequency broadcasts of the differential GNSS (DGNSS) service. Currently, the estimation of phase in a time continuous medium frequency signal is used to determine the distance between transmitter and receiver. Here, the delay of a transmitter on the signal phase is of great interest, since it directly affects the performance of the R-Mode system. In this paper, the influence of a medium frequency power amplifier is characterized as part of the transmitter chain. The aim is to give the operators of DGNSS stations the possibility to characterize their station themselves when the R-Mode system is operational. Therefore, widely used measuring instruments are utilized, rather than using well-known cost-intensive techniques like phase delay measurements. A simple setup with different evaluation methods that fit this requirement is presented. Furthermore, it is capable of measuring the absolute time delay. The presented workflow was tested on an amplifier with output power of 100 W at the transmitter station near Koblenz, Germany.

Aim: To measure serum hepcidin in late pregnancy and in cord blood, and to analyze relationship between hepcidin, interleukin-6, and biomarkers of fetal iron status. Materials and methods: Data from 15 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies were analyzed longitudinally in trimester 3 (T3) and at birth. Results: In T3, S-ferritin (median 14 mu g/L) and transferrin (median 4.0 g/L) indicated low iron status, whereas the median soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was 4.0 mg/L, i.e. within the reference interval. Median T3 S-hepcidin was 7.8 ng/mL. Later on in cord blood, ferritin concentration (180 mu g/L) were significantly higher, transferrin concentration (1.8 g/L) were significantly lower, and both sTfR (4.7 mg/L) and S-hepcidin concentrations (30.5 ng/mL) were significantly higher than maternal T3 concentrations. At the same time, cord blood interleukin-6 indicated an activated acute-phase reaction. In T3, after logarithmic transformation, there was a significant correlation between S-hepcidin and both S-ferritin (r = 0.691) and sTfR (r = -0.825). There was also a significant correlation between S-ferritin and both sTfR (r = -0.729) and transferrin (r = 0.549) in T3. Conclusions: Although S-ferritin, S-hepcidin, and sTfR were correlated during pregnancy, these relationships were not apparent in umbilical cord blood. Further, cord blood interleukin-6 indicated an activated acute-phase response, and sTfR, which is known to be unaffected by inflammation, indicated a low iron status in cord blood. Thus, instead of representing an enhanced iron status, the data appear to suggest that hepcidin and ferritin in cord blood may be influenced by the low-grade acute-phase response that occurs during delivery. Samtliga 3 författare delar förstaförfattarskapet.

Inland navigation and shipping is an important pillar of the European Transport System. To support the skipper during safety-critical operations, precise Position, Navigation and Time (PNT) data are required. This work discusses the role of PNT information for enabling inland waterways navigation assistance functions, such as bridge collision warning, mooring aiding or automatic guidance. A Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) technique is developed to provide integrity information alongside reliable and cm-level accurate PNT data. Besides, the transmission of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) correction data is investigated. Since Global System for Mobile (GSM) does not currently meet the availability and stability communication requirements along inland waterways, using the Automatic Identification System (AIS) for data transmission is explored. The proposed navigation solution and the communication developments were analysed in real time on challenging GNSS signal-degraded scenarios on the authorized inland waterway testbed. Despite the further developments required on the AIS communication infrastructure, it is shown that our system architecture can nearly meet the integrity and accuracy requirements for driver assistance functions on inland waterways.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), today the primary mean for Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information on-board of a vessel, are highly vulnerable to unintentional and intentional interference like jamming or spoofing. Therefore, maritime community seeks for an alternative system to compensate this thread and follow the vision of the eNavigation strategy of International Maritime Organization (IMO), a safe navigation of vessels from berth to berth. The only alternative terrestrial backup for GNSS is the enhanced LOng-RAnge Navigation (eLORAN). However, that system will probably never reach global coverage because a substantial part of LORAN stations was shutdown in the years 2010 to 2015. There are only certain regions where it is still usable as well as Chayka, the Russian system. Today, in case of a temporal loss of GNSS no system can provide absolute positioning in areas with increased necessity for reliable navigation data provision on a global scale. One candidate for a terrestrial backup system is R(anging)-Mode which utilizes existing maritime radio infrastructure for the broadcast of modified signals, which allow distance estimation to the transmitter. First feasibility studies were done in the North Sea, in China and in South Korea. The Baltic Sea is due to the high number of vessels along the shipping routes and its sensitive marine ecosystem a suitable region for the implementation and testing of R-Mode firstly as a terrestrial backup system to GNSS. It will supplement navigation information in order to reduce the risk of collisions and groundings. New marine applications that require a continuous provision of position information will be made possible at sea, in coastal areas and in harbours. A consortium of 12 research institutions, administrations and industry of Germany, Poland, Sweden and Norway is currently engaged to setup the first R-Mode testbed, which utilizes IALA (International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities) beacons and Automatic Identification System (AIS) land stations for the broadcast of R-Mode enabled signals. This will be organized in the southern Part of the Baltic Sea until 2020 funded by EU within the scope of R-Mode Baltic Project. Beside this main goal of the Project (back-up to GNSS) further research and development activities will be conducted. This comprises the selection of most suitable way of R-Mode service implementation on IALA beacon and AIS signals without disruption of the legacy service. Further the selection of best algorithms for positioning either with only one type of R-Mode signals or with both is part of the research activities. In addition a concept development and test installation for the time synchronization of a transnational network of R-Mode stations which is currently maintained by independent national maritime administrations as well as the development of first prototypes of R-Mode receiver capable to cope with modified IALA beacons and/or AIS signals as well as R-Mode base station hardware for R-Mode signal generation is planned. Finally, with R-Mode enabled PNT data processing and Pilot Plug Unit the first two R-Mode applications will be made available. All this activities will be done in close contact with the maritime administrations, IALA, and maritime users. It is anticipated, that R-Mode will be a terrestrial backup system that can fulfil their need for robust and reliable PNT data for safe navigation at sea. Beside a general description of the project first results of a common coverage prediction for the IALA beacon and AIS communication channels for the Baltic Sea region will be estimated and presented. Latter shows that especially the relevant Baltic Sea region with its narrow passages of coastlines in the North (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) and in the South (Germany, Poland) is already well equipped with a dense network of IALA beacons and AIS stations in the vicinity of vessel routes. In case of positive Project results, upgrading all of them to R-Mode service level these would allow positioning in the entire region. Furthermore, the output of the requirement phase study on the R-Mode system and its components is presented. This was done starting from relevant documents of IMO and IALA requirements for a terrestrial backup system were extracted and next further broken down for specific components of the R-Mode system. This shall give guidance throughout the project when selecting appropriate algorithms, methods and technical solutions.

Inland shipping is an important pillar of the European transport system; however the challenges of inland navigation due to dense traffic, increasing ship dimension, reduced maneuver space and visibility are multifaceted and increasing. About 20 to 30 collisions per year, partially caused by carelessness, demonstrate the necessity of driving assistance systems for inland waterway applications. The project LAESSI (Guiding and assistance systems to improve safety of navigation on inland waterways) is developing efficient navigation assistance functions for inland waterway transport which aim the reduction of risk of collisions by supporting the skipper in its task. Therefore, nautical information like position, height, velocity and heading has to be determined. One focus in this contribution is a bridge collision warning system, which provides a timely alert to the skipper, whenever the vessel, particularly the wheelhouse or radar mast, will not safely pass the bridge. A feasibility study has identified Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technologies as basis for the reliable height determination for such a bridge collision warning system. This approach requires information about the vertical clearance of the bridge superstructure as well as precise height information in the same height reference system at least 300 m before the vessel will pass the bridge. The high accuracy level of less than 10 cm in the vertical position necessitates the Real Time Kinematic (RTK) as suitable GNSS processing method. RTK is a phase-based differential GNSS technique and uses additional observations from permanent reference stations to mitigate or eliminate effects like tropospheric and ionospheric delays or satellite clocks and orbit errors. As bridge collision warning system is a safely critical application, this means that beside the provision of accurate height information also an integrity monitoring for the complete RTK procedure has to be introduced. The shore-based architecture is designed in such a way that correction data, based on a permanent GNSS reference station network, will be checked for their integrity before they are broadcasted (Pre-Broadcast Monitoring) to the processing computer on the vessel. Furthermore, several station dependent effects like signal interferences, signal losses or multipath effects, caused due to obstacles near the inland waterways, impact the GNSS signals, which hamper or falsify the ambiguity fixing and finally the position results. To prevent the provision of faulty results a further integrity monitoring for the shipborne architecture has to be applied. This shipborne integrity monitoring utilizes on the one hand a number of internal statistical parameters from the RTK algorithm like the conventional used fixed ratio value and on the other hand additional information from other sensors or observations. The contribution will present the derived requirements for accuracy, integrity and time to alert for different inland waterway assistance functions. Furthermore an overview about the system architecture and a communication concept based on VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) communication channels will be given. The main focus, however, is an RTK-algorithm which not only estimates position, velocity and heading, but also provides integrity information. This concept considers in a first realization internal statistical parameters from the RTK adjustment, other observations (e.g. Doppler shift) and physical information (e.g. baseline length of two GNSS antennas). A first measurement campaign was done in July 2016 in Koblenz/Germany on the river Moselle. This test area is characterized by three bridges in a relatively short distance of only 300 m which make the provision of reliable and precise RTK position data rather challenging. The preliminary analyses based on three hours GPS and GLONASS observations showed a high rate (> 85%) of evaluated position and height results, which fulfilled the required cm-level accuracies. The first implementation of the internal integrity check could detect and eliminate faulty results. The results have shown that beside a good height performance also fast provision of the heights after the vessel sailed through the bridges is recognizable. This position data between the bridges allows a provision of information to the skipper to check or adjust the wheelhouse or radar mast height before the next bridge will be passed. In the next implementation the rate of turn and acceleration data from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) will be tightly coupled with the raw GNSS observations. Thereby additional information will be available to evaluate the position, height, velocity and heading results and increase the integrity validation. Furthermore it can be expected that the ambiguities after a complete signal interruption can be fixed faster.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether habitual dietary intake of fatty fish, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, or a combination of them all, is associated with oxidative stress levels, measured as urine concentration of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) in healthy women. Methods Eighty-one participants were included in this cross-sectional study. Mean age of the women was 26.1 ± 6.2 (mean ± SD) years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.4 ± 3.0 kg/m2. The concentration of 8-iso-PGF2α was determined in urine, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were determined in blood. Participants' habitual fish, whole grain, fruit, and vegetable intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Results In the multivariate analysis, there was a significant inverse association between 8-iso-PGF2α and high fatty fish intake (P < 0.001). Fatty fish intake was positively correlated to serum phospholipid concentrations of EPA (P = 0.001) and DHA (P = 0.002). A borderline effect of DHA was seen on 8-iso-PGF2α, but higher serum phospholipid concentrations of fatty acids were generally not related to lower F2-isoprostane levels. No overall effect from whole grains or fruits and vegetables was seen. Conclusions The results indicate that high intake of fatty fish is related to lower levels of oxidative stress, but high levels of ω-3 fatty acids in intake may not alone explain the effect. High habitual intake of whole grains or fruits and vegetables did not seem to affect the F2-isoprostane level.

Iron deficiency is common, especially among young women. Adding probiotics to foods could be one way to increase iron absorption. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that non-haem iron absorption from a fruit drink is improved by addingLactobacillus plantarum299v (Lp299v). Iron absorption was studied in healthy women of reproductive age using a single-blind cross-over design in two trials applying the double-isotope (55Fe and59Fe) technique. In Trial 1, iron absorption from a fruit drink containing 109colony-forming units (CFU) Lp299v was compared with that from a control drink without Lp299v. Trial 2 had the same design but 1010CFU were used. The test and control drinks contained approximately 5 mg of iron as ferrous lactate and were labelled with59Fe (B) and55Fe (A), respectively, and consumed on 4 consecutive days in the order AABB. Retention of the isotopes was measured with whole-body counting and in blood. Mean iron absorption from the drink containing 109CFU Lp299v (28·6(sd12·5) %) was significantly higher than from the control drink (18·5(sd5·8) %),n10,P10CFU Lp299v gave a mean iron absorption of 29·1(sd17·0) %, whereas the control drink gave an absorption of (20·1(sd6·4) %) (n11,P9CFU Lp299v and the 1010CFU Lp299v drinks was not significant (P=0·941). In conclusion, intake of probiotics can increase iron absorption by approximately 50 % from a fruit drink having an already relatively high iron bioavailability.

To investigate the reliability and validity of computer-aided automated and manual quantification as well as semiquantitative analysis for MRI synovitis, bone marrow edema-like lesions, erosion and cartilage loss of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to the OMERACT-RAMRIS. Wrist MRI was performed at 3 T in 16 patients with RA. Synovial volume and perfusion, bone marrow edema-like lesion (BMEL) volume, signal intensity and perfusion, and erosion dimensions were measured manually and using an in-house-developed automated software algorithm; findings were correlated with the OMERAC-RAMRIS gradings. In addition, a semiquantitative MRI cartilage loss score system was developed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to test the reproducibility of these quantitative and semiquantitative techniques. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between lesion quantifications and RAMRIS and between the MRI cartilage score and radiographic Sharp van der Heijde joint space narrowing scores. The intra- and interobserver ICCs were excellent for synovial, BMEL and erosion quantifications and cartilage loss grading (all >0.89). The synovial volume, BMEL volume and signal intensity, and erosion dimensions were significantly correlated with the corresponding RAMRIS (r = 0.727 to 0.900, p < 0.05). Synovial perfusion parameter maximum enhancement (Emax) was significantly correlated with synovitis RAMRIS (r = 0.798). BMEL perfusion parameters were not correlated with the RAMRIS BME score. Cartilage loss gradings from MRI were significantly correlated with the Sharp joint space narrowing scores (r = 0.635, p = 0.008). The computer-aided, manual and semiquantitative methods presented in this study can be used to evaluate MRI pathologies in RA with excellent reproducibility. Significant correlations with standard RAMRIS were found in the measurements using these methods.

We present a study of the structural and chemical properties of the magnetic insulator NiFe 2 O 4 on conductive Nb-doped SrTiO 3 (001) substrates. Special regard is given to the dependence of the thin film properties on the O 2 :Ar ratio during pulsed laser deposition. Using stoichiometric NiFe 2 O 4 target material and varying the O 2 partial pressure from 0% to 100%, we find a nonzero oxygen threshold for heteroepitaxial growth and a stoichiometric Fe:Ni cation distribution. Moreover, our study clearly demonstrates that NiFe 2 O 4 thin films grow with high quality over a wide range of oxygen partial pressures. These optimized NiFe 2 O 4 /SrTiO 3 heterostructures are envisioned as efficient spin filter tunnel contacts for room temperature application.

Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) is part of the critical infrastructure necessary for the safety and efficiency of vessel movements, especially in congested areas such as the North Sea. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), especially the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS), have become the primary PNT sources for maritime operations. The GNSS position is used both for vessel navigation and as the position and timing source for other systems such as Automatic Identification System (AIS). Unfortunately, GNSS is vulnerable to jamming and interference, intentional or not, which can lead to the loss of positioning information or, even worse, to incorrect positioning information. The user requirement is for dependable PNT information at all times. One potential source of resilient PNT services is Ranging Mode (R-Mode), an alternative PNT concept related to Signals of OPportunity (SoOP) PNT, which uses signals independent of GNSS. In 2013 the German Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration contracted for a feasibility study of R-Mode using medium frequency (MF) Differential GNSS (DGNSS) and very high frequency (VHF) AIS signals as well as those signals in combination and in combination with eLoran. At ION GNSS+ 2014 some of the authors presented the results from that feasibility study and showed the projected performance using the signals individually and in combination. In most of the shipping lanes on the North Sea it appeared that 10m or better performance could be achieved. Following up on that work, prototypes of a transmitter and receiver for MF-DGNSS R-Mode have been developed. The transmitter was installed in IJmuiden (Netherlands) and the receiver deployed along the Dutch coast to the south of the transmitter for initial on-air testing of the R-Mode concept; both were synchronized to UTC via GPS. While positioning is not possible with only one R-Mode transmitter, the combination of a synchronized transmitter and receiver pair allows for useful testing of the R-Mode concept. Specifically, the receiver could estimate a true range (rather than a pseudorange); hence, the stability of the range with environmental variations (e.g. weather, day/night skywave effects, etc.) can be studied. To further study skywave effects, the R-Mode modulator was relocated to a more powerful transmitter at Heligoland (Germany) and the receiver moved to a location near the Kiel Canal (Germany). A second receiver was installed at a similar distance from the transmitter to enable simultaneous comparison of two different propagation paths. Later a third receiver was added in order to provide three paths of different lengths. The original R-Mode feasibility study also examined the number of stations that it would be possible to receive in the North Sea area to ensure there were sufficient stations for positioning. However, it did not look at the converse question; how would a large number of R-Mode signals impact legacy users. As part of the prototype development, very limited experiments were performed to assess the impact of the new signals on legacy DGNSS receivers. Specifically, during the on-air testing mentioned above, a commercial DGNSS receiver was able to accurately demodulate and decode the on-air transmissions from the single prototype R-Mode transmitter; the impact of multiple signals was not examined. A new study, funded by the General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK and Ireland, has just been initiated to analyze how legacy equipment would respond to multiple R-Mode signals at different frequencies, both in-band and out-of-band. This paper presents details of the prototype transmitter and receiver and includes statistical analyses of the range estimates recorded to date and the impact of skywave interference at night using data from the German test sites. Additionally, this paper includes preliminary results of the R-Mode signal interference study.

The IMO e-Navigation concept supports the developed of resilient positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) information. The need for resilient PNT well documented and it is recognised that the use of a number of technically dissimilar systems are required to ensure resilient PNT is achieved. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are expected to remain the primary means of navigation at sea; however additional supporting and complementary systems are required to give resilient PNT. One candidate system which could provide alternative positioning and timing information is called R-mode, or ranging mode. This is the name given to the provision of a new ranging signal to marine radio beacon 300 kHz transmissions and AIS base stations transmissions, from which the mariner could then potentially calculate their position, independently to GNSS. The concept of such a system was developed under the ACCSEAS project, which considered a number of potential e-Navigation solutions, resilient PNT being one. The ACCSEAS project has been introduced and discussed at ION conferences; however, this paper will focus on R-mode. This paper will report on the aims and objectives of R-Mode, the results of the feasibility study that was produced by the ACCSEAS project, review the development of the concept to date and report on the development and test of a prototype marine beacon broadcast and receiver. It will review the performance of the prototype system and then consider the proposed way forward, both from a local perspective, but also from the wider international perspective for the use of such a system world-wide. The latter will consider the development path, international standardisation activities and the questions which need to be addressed. The paper will describe the current developments for R-mode in both the marine beacon and AIS variants, raising awareness and seeking support for further investigation and development of this potentially important approach to support resilient PNT across the maritime sector.

Eine moderne Galvanik muss heute sehr flexibel sein. Kleine Losgrosen, grose Variantenvielfalt und kurze Lieferzeiten bestimmen den Prozess. Der Armaturenhersteller Dornbracht hat deshalb in seine Galvanikanlage Roboter integriert und erreicht damit eine sehr hohe Produktqualitat.

The most common method of combating iron deficiency is iron fortification, especially in developing countries. However, few studies have shown a significant effect on iron status following iron fortification of low bioavailability diets.To investigate how iron fortification and dietary modifications affect iron absorption and rates of changes in iron stores.Research has made it possible to predict both iron absorption and the effects of iron fortification and diet modifications on iron stores using recently developed algorithms. Iron absorption and rate of change in iron stores were calculated from nine diets representing a broad range of iron bioavailability and iron contents. The calculations were related to the main target group for iron fortification, that is, women of reproductive age having empty stores but normal haemoglobin concentrations.As the only measure, iron fortification has practically no effect on iron status if the original diet has low bioavailability. However, after dietary modifications such a diet shows a positive effect on iron stores. The combined action of fortification (6 mg/day) and modest bioavailability changes in a low bioavailability diet results approximately in 40 and 70% greater increases in iron stores than through iron fortification or dietary modification alone.It is difficult to achieve good effects on iron status from iron fortification as the only measure if the diet has low bioavailability. Both dietary modifications as well as iron fortification are required to improve effectively the iron status of a population.

We investigate the sensitive interplay between magnetic, electronic, and structural properties in the ferrimagnetic oxide ${\text{NiFe}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$. Emphasis is placed on the impact of reduced dimensionality in the crossover from bulk-like to ultrathin films. We observed an enhanced saturation magnetization ${M}_{S}$ for ultrathin ${\text{NiFe}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$ films on ${\text{Nb-SrTiO}}_{3}$ (001) substrates that co-occurs with a reduced out-of-plane lattice constant under compressive in-plane epitaxial strain. We found a bulk-like cationic coordination of the inverse spinel lattice independent of the ${\text{NiFe}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$ film thickness, thus ruling out a cationic inversion that nominally could account for an enhanced ${M}_{S}$. Moreover, our study instead uncovers a reduction of the unit cell volume, i.e., an auxetic behavior in ultrathin ${\text{NiFe}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}$ films.

Bioavailability data in humans of elemental iron powders is limited although elemental iron is a common form of iron when used as a fortificant.The relative bioavailability (RBV) of seven elemental iron powders, five commercially available and two developmental are evaluated. In addition, one commercial electrolytic iron powder given with ascorbic acid (AA) was examined.Based on a validated method this double-blinded randomized crossover study included three groups of male blood donors (n = 3*16) who were served rolls fortified with different elemental iron powders or ferrous sulfate (FeSO(4)) nine weeks apart. Blood samples were drawn every hour for six hours. RBV was obtained by comparing the increase in serum iron concentration induced by the elemental iron with the increase induced by FeSO(4).All elemental iron powders studied were significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4). The electrolytic iron given with 50-mg AA was as well absorbed as FeSO(4) (molar ratio = 1:6, AA:Fe). The mean RBVs of the iron powders were: electrolytic (A-131, RBV = 0.65); electrolytic (Electrolytic, RBV = 0.59); carbonyl (Ferronyl, RBV = 0.58); H-reduced (AC- 325, RBV = 0.56); H-reduced (Hi-Sol, RBV = 0.50); carbonyl (CF, RBV = 0.37); reduced (Atomet 95SP, RBV = 0.36). The reduced iron was distinguished by having significantly lower RBV (0.36) although no significant overall ranking was possible.Based on a validated method this doubleblinded cross-over study in humans showed that the evaluated elemental iron powders currently available for commercial use are significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4). The results indicate that the reduced iron powder was absorbed to a lower extent compared to the other iron powders and only 36% compared to FeSO(4). Ascorbic acid seems to improve the bioavailability of elemental iron even though a rather low molar ratio is used. Thus, if confirmed, this enhancing effect of ascorbic acid on elemental iron when used as a fortificant could be used by co-fortifying them.

To present a new method for measuring the relative bioavailability (RBV) of commercial elemental iron powders by investigating induced changes of serum iron concentration (S-Fe) in relation to ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). Earlier studies have shown that in a group of subjects there is good agreement between the increase in S-Fe and the amount of iron absorbed from a simple iron salt as FeSO4.The study included two groups of male blood donors (n=2 x 16 subjects) who were served three meals with an interval of approximately nine weeks between each one. In one group the meal was fortified with reduced iron, ferrous sulphate or no iron at all. In the other group the meal was fortified with electrolytic iron, ferrous sulphate or no iron. The S-Fe increase was followed for 6 h. Studying the non-iron meals was necessary so that the basal diurnal variation in the S-Fe during the six hours could be measured and subtracted.The mean S-Fe increase calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) from the reduced iron (RBV=0.43) and the electrolytic iron (RBV=0.73) differed significantly from the AUC following FeSO4 (p=0.002 and p=0.021, respectively). The difference between the reduced and the electrolytic iron was also statistically significant (p=0.036).Measuring increases in S-Fe could be a reliable and simple method to determine the RBV in comparative studies of elemental iron powders in relation to FeSO4.

We present a procedure to prepare single-crystalline, high-purity Cu(001) films (templates) suitable as substrates for subsequent epitaxial thin-film growth. The template films were grown in a dedicated molecular-beam epitaxy system on a Cr/Ag/Fe/GaAs(001) buffer layer system. Low-energy electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction were applied to determine the surface orientation and the epitaxial relationship between all layers of the stack. Post-annealing at moderate temperatures enhances the quality of the film as shown by low-energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoemission and Auger electron spectroscopy confirm that no atoms of the buffer layers diffuse into the Cu film during the initial preparation and the post-annealing treatment. The completed Cu(001) template system can be exposed to air and afterwards refurbished by Ar + -ion bombardment and annealing, enabling the transfer between vacuum systems. The procedure provides suitable conductive thin film templates for studies of epitaxial thin films, e.g. on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of Co and Ni based films and multilayers.

Wahrend die Lieferantenauswahl mit engem Bezug zu Neuproduktprojekten dargestellt wird, werden Vorgehensweisen und Methoden des Einkaufs fur das Seriengeschaft und insbesondere fur den Umgang mit der bestehenden Lieferantenbasis hiervon losgelost betrachtet (vgl. Abb. 10.1). Dies geschieht insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund, dass Lieferantenbeziehungen mehr und mehr durch Langfristigkeit gepragt sind und die Steuerung der Lieferantenbasis das Tagesgeschaft des strategischen Einkaufs dominiert. Bei der Steuerung der Lieferantenbasis fallen unterschiedliche Aktivitaten an, die die traditionellen Aufgaben im Einkauf um strategische Aspekte erweitern. Es werden neue Aspekte wie beispielsweise die ganzheitliche Materialkostenoptimierung, gezielte Lieferantenentwicklung oder Innovationsforderung in die Einkaufsziele integriert. Die Managementaufgabe besteht in der Gestaltung, Lenkung und Entwicklung der externen Wertschopfung des Unternehmens.

This study focuses on culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Although cross-cultural research emphasizes that different cultural groups likely have different conceptions of what leadership should entail, a controversial position is argued here: namely that attributes associated with charismatic/transformational leadership will be universally endorsed as contributing to outstanding leadership. This hypothesis was tested in 62 cultures as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Program. Universally endorsed leader attributes, as well as attributes that are universally seen as impediments to outstanding leadership and culturally contingent attributes are presented here. The results support the hypothesis that specific aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership are strongly and universally endorsed across cultures.