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Purpose: Nowadays, gender inequality can be observed in most areas. The study aimed to understand the Career Development of Women in Iranian Sport Management.Methodology: This study was conducted through Grounded Theory. The statistical population comprised the academic elite in sports management, women’s studies, and management. The sample included 17 researchers and managers. For the data analyzed used, a three-step coding was completed. The axial codes were divided into four levels. Three constructs formed every level.Findings: The outcome is a simple model of constructs and their interrelationships regarding women’s career development in Iranian sports management. By applying this model, the Iranian sports authority and organizations can obtain a crystal-clear image of the complicated road ahead. It can be used to examine the factors and their relationship to improve the current situation and devise a plan for the future of women's career development.Originality: In Iran, sports management is challenged by the lack of women in senior levels of sport or ganizations and the lack of clarity related to developing their career opportunities. In this study, grounded theory has been used to create a realistic picture of the complex situation of women's career advancement paths in sports organizations.

IntroductionBased on the available statistics, video games currently represent the world's most popular form of leisure activity. Reports suggest that, by 2023, almost half of the global population will devote a significant portion of their free time to playing video games. Research and surveys highlight the existence of gender dynamics in the context of video games, similar to other leisure activities. Historically, the number of female gamers has been significantly lower than that of male gamers, but today, females comprise nearly half of the world's gaming community. This shift represents a reduction in gender disparities across various recreational domains. Moreover, the use of video games can be an effective method for raising awareness of gender issues in other social contexts. Studies indicate that males and females possess distinct motivations for playing computer games, and these incentives and perceived constraints have a significant impact on their engagement in such leisure activities. To gain a deeper understanding of the role that gender plays and to analyze these motivations and constraints, it is essential to employ a relevant and suitable framework. One of the most effective models for examining the motivations behind leisure activities is the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM), developed by Funk and James in 2001. This model enables the assessment of gamers' motivations and constraints based on gender throughout the different stages of their gaming experiences.Materials and MethodsData were gathered through a questionnaire, and reports suggest that the average age of gamers is 22 years old, with individuals who engage in gaming seriously spending about one and a half hours playing each day (ICVGF, 2019). Therefore, the target population for this research is occasional gamers aged 30, who spend between 1 and 6 hours playing video games per week. The required sample size for this study, as calculated by PASS software, is 300 individuals. The research included several survey instruments, including a demographic form, Cianferone et al.'s Participation Motivation Questionnaire (2011), Crawford's Leisure Limitations Questionnaire (1991), and Funk's Psychological Continuum Questionnaire (2008). The demographic questions covered age, gender, education, income, marital status, and the number of hours spent gaming per week. The response scale for the questionnaires measuring participation motives, leisure constraints, and psychological continuum was a seven-point Likert scale. To analyze the data, participants were initially categorized into one of four groups (awareness, attraction, attachment, and allegiance) based on their scores in the psychological continuum model (PCM) questionnaire. Next, male and female gamers were compared using an independent t-test, based on their group placement. Multiple Diagnostic Analysis (MDA) via the SPSS software was utilized to categorize the samples into the aforementioned groups, with data analysis undertaken at a significance level of p 0.05).At the "Attraction" level, no significant difference was observed between female and male gamers in the variables of "Perceived Constraints" and "Participation Motivation" (P > 0.05).At the "Attachment" level, significant differences were found between female and male gamers in the variables of "Perceived Constraints" and "Participation Motivation" (P < 0.05). This indicates that in the "Allegiance" stage of the Psychological Continuum, female gamers exhibited a lower average score in "Perceived Leisure Constraints" compared to male gamers, while male gamers demonstrated a higher average score in "Participation Motivation" compared to female gamers.At the "Allegiance" level, significant differences were identified between female and male gamers in the variables of "Perceived Constraints" and "Participation Motivation" (P < 0.05). This implies that in the "Allegiance" stage of the Psychological Continuum, female gamers displayed a lower average score in "Perceived Leisure Constraints" compared to male gamers, while male gamers demonstrated a higher average score in "Participation Motivation" compared to female gamers.Discussion and ConclusionThe objective of this study was to investigate the influence of gender in understanding perceived constraints and motivations of Iranian gamers based on the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM). The results indicate that at the initial stages of the PCM (i.e., Awareness and Attraction), gender does not significantly affect the understanding of participants regarding the perceived constraints and motivations. Nonetheless, as individuals progress through the stages of the PCM and arrive at higher levels (i.e., Attachment and Allegiance), perceived constraints and motivations exhibit differences based on gender. Notably, male gamers tend to obtain higher scores in both variables. This study's findings suggest that there is no significant difference in motivation and perceived constraints between male and female players at the initial stages of the PCM. Upon examining the data, it becomes evident that both female and male gamers possess similar motivations and perceived constraints. However, it is the intensity of their understanding of perceived constraints and the strength of their motivations that contribute to the advancement of males within the stages of the PCM more so than females. Ultimately, distinct differences exist between male and female gamers in video game participation in Iran, with the infrastructure and cultural context of the activity being more catered towards masculine interests. Despite the significant number of female gamers in Iran, their allegiance and loyalty to the activity do not increase to the same extent as that of males, even after becoming attracted to the activity. This is attributed to males demonstrating stronger motivations and the ability to overcome constraints, resulting in the development of a stronger allegiance to the activity.

Objective: Marketing efforts are aimed at influencing consumers ' attitudes. Consumer behavior in sports and events is a process that people choose and use to meet their needs and receive benefits, services, and products associated with sports and sports events. One of the important fields in sport is the emergence of sports tourism as one of the branches of tourism. In the previous studies, it has been shown that attracting tourists without proper marketing and advertising programs is not possible. In other words, advertising is a tool that will be used with the knowledge of tourist areas to tourists and convince them to travel. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the psychological factors of Advertising messages and the brand equity for Aquatic sports tourism destinations. Methodology: The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this study was all users of the Mashhad Aquatic Waves Land which using the available sampling method according to Morgan table 384 were selected as the statistical sample. To collect the data by using the pleasure and arousal sensations questionnaire used in Mehrabian and Russell (1974) and the brand equity questionnaire used in Aaker (1991) this research was done. Their reliability was calculated by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the pleasure of 0.611, arousal of 0.644 brand awareness component was 0.772, brand association component 0.877, brand perceived quality component 0.765, and brand loyalty component 0.820. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and simple and multiple linear regression tests using SPSS-25 software.Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the arousal of advertising, with brand equity components (perceived quality and brand association) in sports tourism destinations and between the arousal of advertising, with brand equity components (brand loyalty and brand awareness) in sports tourism destinations does not have a positive and significant relationship. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the pleasures of advertising, with all the components of brand equity (loyalty, perceived quality, brand association, and brand awareness) and sports tourism destinations. Besides, there is a positive significant relationship between perceived pleasure and arousal from advertising messages.Conclusion: As a conclusion selection and manipulation of psychological factors in advertising messages can affect brand equity for aquatic sports tourism destinations.

Background and Objectives: Studies of variables related to the levels of student physical activity can provide an active lifestyle throughout their lives. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the socio-cultural environment in physical activity of students of Iranian University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This study was a qualitative content analysis with a deductive-inductive approach. Participants were 23 individuals (20 males and 3 females) of physical activity experts and 16 students (7 females and 9 males) who reached theoretical saturation with 21 interviews with professors and 2 focal sessions with students. Samples (experts) were selected based on the snowball sampling method and the students were randomly assigned to the focal sessions. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner and the data were analyzed at the same time as the data were collected and manually analyzed. Results: In the study of social factors related to physical activity, 3 main categories, the role of family and friends, with subcategories (accompaniment, role modeling, facilitator, instrumental and direct support), coaches and expert support (communication support, support Competence and independence, reinforcing social morality, and normative and cultural barriers (cultural gender rules and stereotypes and gender differences) were extracted. Conclusion: The identified variables of research are important in the realization of student physical activity behavior and help relevant organizations such as the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, universities and other related areas to plan health promotion and create a healthy lifestyle for students.

Background. Given the importance of women and their role in society, women's recreational sports are considered as one of the major issues in the fields of sports and leisure. Objectives. This qualitative study, which was conducted using an exploratory approach, aims to determine the contextual conditions of Iranian women's recreational sports. Methods. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the experts who had practical and scientific expertise in the fields of recreational sports and women's sports is conducted with a method and was selected using Purposive Sampling and Snowball method. Data collection tools included interviews and note-taking processes. After conducting 17 interviews (with 16 elites and 1 Canon group), the researcher reached theoretical saturation and after the data collection procedure, the data was analyzed using MAXQDA10 software and Qualitative Content Analysis. Results. 1254 initial codes or open codes were extracted after the analysis. To further categorize the data, the codes and raw data were constantly compared based on the similarities and differences, and similar codes were placed under the same category. The initial categorization of codes yielded 51 sub-categories which were further categorized into 22 categories in the next step. The obtained concepts were divided into eight major categories (in stage of selective coding) which consisted of socio-cultural, fundamentals of Islam, political, economic, geographical environments and macro-management, media and advertisement, and sports facility issues. Conclusion. Considering the importance of recreational sports in women, a proper understanding of the context of recreational sports can help the sport managers to apply appropriate strategies to develop it and compensate for its backwardness.

Background and Objective: Elderly age is an evolutionary stage and one of the most important periods of life for every human, and exercise plays an important role in the physical and mental health of elderly people. According to the importance of the subject, the aim of this study is identification of strategies for promoting the health of elderly with sporting activities. Methods: This qualitative study was carried out based on content analysis method. The participants were selected via purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Researcher reached theoretical saturation after 12 interviews with the elderly and 16 interviews with the key informants. After collecting data, qualitative content analysis method was used for its analysis. Results: 10 themes and 21 subthemes were emerged from data analysis. The themes included establishment of an elderly sports organization, codify a strategic and operational program for the development of older sports, Setting up elder sport rules, Development of places and sports spaces for elders, providing expert human resources, establishing a research and development unit for elderly sports, development of advertising, development and improvement of service quality, development of the culture of aging sports, development of budget for the elderly sports. Conclusion: The results of the study identified ten strategies for improving the health of the elderly with sports activities. According to the findings, it is suggested that managers while planning the promotion of elderly people’s health, considere achieved strategies.

Events are the attraction of destinations and one of the most important key marketing propositions in promoting places to attract an increasing number of tourists. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the causal relations motivations and satisfaction of Sports Event Tourists with mediating role of Involvement. The present study method was descriptive - survey. The statistical population was included non-Tehranian tourists present in the return derby between Esteghlal and Persepolis. The sampling method was selected based on PASS software (382) using stratified random sampling, and they were also analyzed using Smart PLS 3 software. According to the findings of the research based on the direct, indirect, and significant effects of research variables, it is suggested to the sports event organizers that special attention should be paid to the psychological aspects of tourists in order to maintain and attract event tourists because their satisfaction depends to a great extent on these factors

Background and Objective: Aging is a sensitive period of human life and attention to the issues and needs of this era is a social necessity. Exercise is one of the issues that affects the elderly people's lives. Exercise plays an important role in the physical and mental health of elderly people. According to the importance of the subject, the aim of this study is identification of factors affecting the participation of Iranian elderly people in sporting activities Methods: The statistical population of the study is experts in the field of ageing sports. The sampling was done purposefully. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. After 14 interviews the researcher reached a theoretical saturation. The collected data, was analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Results: 2 themes and 12 subthemes were emerged from data analysis that included individual factors (8 subthemes) and organizational factors (four subthemes). These themes were separated into 12 subthemes: social motives, physical fitness motives, medical motives, agent of pleasure and relaxation, receiving incentives, elderly people’s knowledge, needs of elderly people, promotional methods, organizational policies, places and facilities and sports programs. Conclusion: According to research findings, it is suggested to managers that planning for the participation of the elderly people in sporting activities must be considered along with the motivation for participation, individual factors and organizational factors, in order to be more effective.

The popularity of the Olympic Games is so great that Games hosting tries to use a wide range of tools to protect the Olympic brand, achieve hosting goals, and connect with audiences. As one of the tools, social media has become an important part of media policies of sport events. The aim of the present study is to investigate the use of Twitter, as a social media in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. In this study, the official twitter account of the 2020 Olympic Games Organizing Committee was reviewed from 2014 to the end of 2019. Finally, with the text-mining of 2,364 tweets published online at the timeline of the Tokyo 2020 account hashtags, tags, number of likes, retweets, and multimedia including photos, videos and gifs used in tweets were extracted. What is generally evident in Twitter-related research that the most important operator on this platform is retweets. Despite the increase in the number of retweets, the main goals of an organization can be achieved on Twitter. In fact, hashtags, hyperlinks, tag, and the use of multimedia content are used to increase user engagement in terms of the number of retweets.

Marketers apply a variety of approaches to attract customers and gain more profits. One method is the utilization of nostalgia marketing. The use of nostalgic sport characters has not been sufficiently studied. This research determined the reliability and validity of the questionnaires presented in the studies Evoked Nostalgia by Pascal et al. (2002), Familiarity with Nostalgic Character by Meyer (2010), and Nostalgic Proneness by Routledge et al. (2008). For this purpose, 310 fans of Ali Karimi, a player and the former captain of Iran's national soccer team (nostalgic character), was considered as the sample. To evoke nostalgic sensations in fans, a movie of the personal and professional life of this nostalgic character was developed and validated. The internal reliability of questionnaires was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability for three scales of evoked nostalgia, familiarity with nostalgic character, and nostalgia proneness of fans, respectively. The indices of the measurement model indicated that the elements chosen for measuring the nostalgia variable had the necessary validity and could well measure nostalgia. According to these results, it can be stated that the corresponding scales of nostalgia can be used as reliable and valid scales with detection ability in Iranian fans.