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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the global burden of periodontal disease and its relation with socioeconomic development. METHODS: Data of global disability-adjusted life year (DALY) due to periodontal disease and human development index (HDI) from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and human development reports. The trend of the global burden of periodontal disease from 1990 to 2019 was described. The correlation between age-standardized DALY rates and HDI were examined in 2019, and between-country periodontal disease burden inequality from 1990 to 2019 was measured using health-related Gini coefficients and concentration indexes. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the global DALY rate due to periodontal disease increased from 78.63 to 85.48, and the epidemiological burden did not increase significantly. Statistical differences were found across different HDI categories for age-standardized DALY rates of periodontal disease ( χ (2) =44.315, P

Amaranthus tricolor is a vegetable and ornamental amaranth, with high lysine, dietary fibre and squalene content. The red cultivar of A. tricolor possesses a high concentration of betalains, which has been used as natural food colorants. Here, we constructed the genome of A. tricolor, the first reference genome for the subgenus Albersia, combining PacBio HiFi, Nanopore ultra-long and Hi–C data. The contig N50 size was 906 kb, and 99.58% of contig sequence was anchored to the 17 chromosomes, totalling 520 Mb. We annotated 27,813 protein-coding genes with an average 1.3 kb coding sequence and 5.3 exons. We inferred that A. tricolor underwent a whole-genome duplication (WGD) and that the WGD shared by amaranths occurred in the last common ancestor of subfamily Amaranthoideae. Moreover, we comprehensively identified candidate genes in betalain biosynthesis pathway. Among them, DODAα1 and CYP76ADα1, located in one topologically associated domain (TAD) of an active (A) compartment on chromosome 16, were more highly expressed in red leaves than in green leaves, and DODAα1 might be the rate-limiting enzyme gene in betalains biosynthesis. This study presents new genome resources and enriches our understanding of amaranth evolution, betalains production, facilitating molecular breeding improvements and the understanding of C4 plants evolution.

Ipomoea cairica is a perennial creeper that has been widely introduced as a garden ornamental across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Because it grows extremely fast and spreads easily, it has been listed as an invasive species in many countries. Here, we constructed the chromosome-level reference genome of Ipomoea cairica by Pacific Biosciences HiFi and Hi-C sequencing, with the assembly size of 733.0 Mb, the contig N50 of 43.8 Mb, the scaffold N50 of 45.7 Mb, and the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs complete rate of 98.0%. Hi-C scaffolding assigned 97.9% of the contigs to 15 pseudo-chromosomes. Telomeric repeat analysis reveals that 7 of the 15 pseudo-chromosomes are gapless and telomere to telomere. The transposable element content of Ipomoea cairica is 73.4%, obviously higher than that of other Ipomoea species. A total of 38,115 protein-coding genes were predicted, with the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs complete rate of 98.5%, comparable to that of the genome assembly, and 92.6% of genes were functional annotated. In addition, we identified 3,039 tRNA genes and 2,403 rRNA genes in the assembled genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Ipomoea cairica formed a clade with Ipomoea aquatica, and they diverged from each other 8.1 million years ago. Through comparative genome analysis, we reconfirmed that a whole genome triplication event occurred specific to Convolvulaceae family and in the ancestor of the genus Ipomoea and Cuscuta. This high-quality reference genome of Ipomoea cairica will greatly facilitate the studies on the molecular mechanisms of its rapid growth and invasiveness.

Chronic periodontitis is an infectious disease, which has a reciprocal relationship with a variety of systemic disorders. Parkinson’s disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease in which inflammation plays an important role for its progression. A vast number of studies suggest that there is a potential connection between chronic periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. Individuals with Parkinson’s disease usually have poor periodontal health, and their oral flora composition differs from that of healthy people; at the same time, patients with chronic periodontitis have a higher risk of Parkinson’s disease, which can be reduced with regular periodontal treatment. In fact, the mechanism of interaction between chronic periodontitis and Parkinson’s disease is not clear. According to several studies, the clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease prevent patients to maintain oral hygiene effectively, increasing the risk of periodontitis. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia may be the key to the influence of chronic periodontitis on Parkinson’s disease. Periodontal pathogens and inflammatory mediators may enter the brain and activate microglia in various ways, and ultimately leading to occurrence and development of Parkinson’s disease. This article reviews the recent research progress on the association between chronic periodontitis and Parkinson’s disease, and its potential mechanism to provide information for further research.

Objective: Interleukin-17 (IL-17), produced by T helper (Th)-17 cells, is a potent regulator of bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts are key cells that orchestrate inflammatory bone destruction and bone r...

Biodegradable ceramic (composite) scaffolds have inspired worldwide efforts in bone regenerative medicine. However, balancing the biodegradation with the bone's natural healing time scale remains difficult; in particularl, there is a lack of strategy to control component distribution and bioactive ion release favorable for stimulating alveolar bone tissue ingrowth in situ within an expected time window. Here we aimed to develop the robocasting core-shell bioceramic scaffolds and investigate their physicochemical properties and osteostimulative capability in beagle alveolar bone defect model. The β-tircalcium phosphate (TCP) and 5% Mg-doped calcium silicate (CSi-Mg5) were used to fabricate the core-shell-typed TCP@TCP, CSi-Mg5@CSi-Mg5 and TCP@CSi-Mg5 porous scaffolds. Both in vitro and in vivo studies show that the CSi-Mg5 shell readily contributed to the initial mechanical strength and early-stage osteogenic activity of the TCP@CSi-Mg5 scaffolds, including tunable ion release, enhanced biodegradation, and outstanding osteogenesis capacity in comparison with the CSi-Mg5@CSi-Mg5 scaffolds and clinically available Bio-Oss granules in alveolar bone defects. Therefore, the presented core-shell robocasting of bioceramic technology and porous scaffold biomaterials enables an accurate preparation of highly bioactive and biodegradable scaffolds with a large freedom of design, and thereby may be beneficial for fabricating osteostimulation-tuned porous scaffolds for the challengeable alveolar bone defect reconstruction medicine.

The inorganic powder slurry extrusion printing technique known as robocasting is an interesting method to fabricate complex porous architectures whereby feedstocks containing organic binders and powders are printed and the resulting scaffolds are subjected to sintering. A major limiting factor of this technique is the simultaneous tailoring of vascularization efficacy and osteogenic activity, usually done by adding the secondary phase in the organic slurry before the writing step. Mechanical mixing of biphasic powders is required to avoid compromising the biological performance and physical defects caused by significantly different physicochemical properties. This study addresses this issue by developing a selective ion doping and microstructure tuning for the production of bioceramic scaffolds with a binozzle robocasting process. Different metal ions (Sr

It is still a challenge to optimize the component distribution and microporous structures in scaffolds for tailoring biodegradation (ion releasing) and enhancing bone defect repair within an expected time stage. Herein, the core–shell-typed nonstoichiometric wollastonite (4% and 10% Mg-doping calcium silicate; CSiMg4, CSiMg10) macroporous scaffolds with microporous shells (adding ∼10 μm PS microspheres into shell-layer slurry) were fabricated via 3D printing. The initial mechanical properties and bio-dissolution (ion releasing) in vitro, and osteogenic capacity in vivo of the bioceramic scaffolds were evaluated systematically. It was shown that endowing high-density micropores in the sparingly dissolvable CSiMg10 or dissolvable CSiMg4 shell layer inevitably led to nearly 30% reduction of compressive strength, but such micropores could readily tune the ion release behaviour of the scaffolds (CSiMg4@CSiMg10 vs. CSiMg4@CSiMg10-p; CSiMg10@CSiMg4 vs. CSiMg10@CSiMg4-p). Based on the in rabbit femoral bone defect repair model, the 3D μCT reconstruction and histological observation demonstrated that the CSiMg4@CSiMg10-p scaffolds displayed markedly higher osteogenic capability than the other scaffolds after 12 weeks of implantation. It demonstrated that core–shell bioceramic 3D printing technique can be developed to fabricate single-phase or biphasic bioactive ceramic scaffolds with accurately tailored filament biodegradation for promoting bone defect regeneration and repair in some specific pathological conditions.

Alveolar bone defects, which are characterized by a relatively narrow space and location adjacent to the cementum, require promising substitute biomaterials for their regeneration. In this study, we introduced novel yolk–shell biphasic bio-ceramic granules with/without a customized porous shell and evaluated their biological effect together with structural transformation. Firstly, a self-made coaxial bilayer capillary system was applied for the fabrication of granules. Secondly, thorough morphological and physicochemical characterizations were performed in vitro. Subsequently, the granules were implanted into critical-size alveolar bone defects (10 × 4 × 3 mm) in New Zealand white rabbits, with Bio-Oss® as the positive control. Finally, at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks postoperatively, the alveolar bone specimens were harvested and assessed via radiological and histological examination. Our results showed that the yolk–shell biphasic bio-ceramic granules, especially those with porous shells, exhibited a tunable ion release performance, improved biodegradation behavior and satisfactory osteogenesis compared with the homogeneously hybrid and Bio-Oss® granules both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides the first evidence that novel yolk–shell bio-ceramic granules, on account of their adjustable porous microstructure, have great potential in alveolar bone repair.

Objective Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are all pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by specific subsets of T-cells and are also considered crucial regulators in bone remodeling, but their effects on osteogenesis have not been carefully studied. So, this study aimed to investigate the effects of secreting cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ on the osteogenesis of primary osteoblasts and to clarify the potential roles of the related Janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in bone remodeling. Methods The proliferation of osteoblasts was evaluated by MTT assay. Osteogenic activity was tested by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and alizarin red staining. The mRNA levels of ALP, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) were also measured by real-time quantitative PCR. The JAK2-STAT3 pathway was evaluated by Western blot. Results Osteoblasts showed no obvious proliferation when treated with IL-17 and/or IFN-γ, but higher ALP activities were observed in primary osteoblasts treated with IL-17 or IL-17 + IFN-γ in induction medium. We also found that IL-17 could promote the gene expression of Alp , Runx2 , Osteocalcin , Opg , and Rankl , while IFN-γ might attenuate this effect. Nevertheless, IL-17 and IFN-γ exhibited an inhibitory effect on the calcification of p rimary osteoblasts. We also found that IL-17 could directly facilitate RANKL expressions by JAK2-STAT3 pathway. Conclusion The positive effects of IL-17 and IFN-γ on the early-stage differentiation and the negative effects on the calcification of murine calvarial osteoblasts contribute to our understanding of the role and interaction of inflammatory factors in the bone remodeling and as fundamental mechanisms involved in the destruction of alveolar bone.

Background: 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), one of the major metabolites from prostaglandin D2 in arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, has potential anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of 15d-PGJ2-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanocapsules (15d-PGJ2-NC) on inflammatory responses and bone regeneration in local bone defect. Methods: The study was conducted on 96 Wistar rats from June 2014 to March 2016. Saline, unloaded nanoparticles, free 15d-PGJ2 or 15d-PGJ2-NC, were delivered through a collagen vehicle inside surgically created transcortical defects in rat femurs. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the surrounding soft tissue were analyzed by Western blot and in the defect by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction over 14 days. Simultaneously, bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) and platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) messenger RNA (mRNA) in the defect were examined. New bone formation and EphrinB2 and osteoprotegerin (OPG) protein expression in the cortical defect were observed by Masson’s Trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry over 28 days. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Least-significant difference and Dunnett’s T3 methods were used with a bilateral P < 0.05. Results: Application of l5d-PGJ2-NC (100 μg/ml) in the local bone defect significantly decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA and protein, compared with saline-treated controls (P < 0.05). l5d-PGJ2-NC upregulated BMP-6 and PDGF-B mRNA (P < 0.05). New bone formation was observed in the cortical defect in l5d-PGJ2-NC-treated animals from 7th day onward (P < 0.001). Expression of EphrinB2 and OPG presented early on day 3 and persisted through day 28 in 15d-PGJ2-NC group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Stable l5d-PGJ2-NC complexes were prepared that could attenuate IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression, while increasing new bone formation and growth factors related to bone regeneration. Key words: 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J2; Interleukin-1 Beta; Interleukin-6; Nanocapsules; Osteogenesis

Background The development of platelet concentrated biomaterials has gained increasing awareness for regenerative medicine. With different protocol, derivatives such as advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), injected platelet-rich fibrin, and concentrated growth factor (CGF) have been demonstrated effectively in preclinical and clinical studies. The aim of this study was to compare the level of growth factors releasing from A-PRF and CGF, and their clinical efficacy in the regenerative management of intrabony defects (IBDs). Methods Thirty-two blood samples were collected from eight healthy donors and assessed for platelet-derived growth factor-αβ, vascular endothelial growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and transforming growth factor-β1 release at indicated times. In addition, the clinical records of 45 patients (15 per group) who had undergone guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with or without A-PRF/CGF were retrieved. The probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Intrabony component (IC) depth, radiographic bone level (RBL), and bone defect filling were assessed radiographically. Results A-PRF had a looser fibrin network than the CGF but presented larger amounts of growth factors with a more sustained release period. Although there was no difference in PD reduction, CAL gain, RBL height change and defect filling (%) between A-PRF and CGF group, both achieved a more favorable clinical result in IC height reduction and defect filling (%) than the control. Conclusions A-PRF and CGF have the ability to stimulate a continual and steady release of total growth factors over a 14-day period. A-PRF and CGF show a similar effectiveness in periodontal bone regeneration with a potential benefit of improving GTR outcomes in IBD treatment.

Encouraging a certain number of users to participate in a sensing task continuously for collecting high-quality sensing data under a certain budget is a new challenge in the mobile crowdsensing. The users’ historical reputation reflects their past performance in completing sensing tasks, and users with high historical reputation have outstanding performance in historical tasks. Therefore, this study proposes a reputation constraint incentive mechanism algorithm based on the Stackelberg game to solve the abovementioned problem. First, the user’s historical reputation is applied to select some trusted users for collecting high-quality sensing data. Then, the two-stage Stackelberg game is used to analyze the user’s resource contribution level in the sensing task and the optimal incentive mechanism of the server platform. The existence and uniqueness of Stackelberg equilibrium are verified by determining the user’s optimal response strategy. Finally, two conversion methods of the user’s total payoff are proposed to ensure flexible application of the user’s payoff in the mobile crowdsensing network. Simulation experiments show that the historical reputation of selected trusted users is higher than that of randomly selected users, and the server platform and users have good utility.

We report on the electrodeposition of a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-chitosan (APTES–CS) hybrid gel film for in situ immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on an Au or platinized Au (Pt nano /Au) electrode for biosensing of glucose. Controllable electroreduction of p -benzoquinone is used to lift the electrode-surface pH for the GOx–APTES–CS codeposition, which was monitored by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The fabrication procedures of the biosensor and the parameters influencing the biosensing performance were optimized. The prepared porous GOx–APTES–CS/Pt nano /Au and GOx–APTES–CS/Au electrodes can be used to detect the enzymatically generated H 2 O 2 at 0.5 and 0.7 V vs SCE, respectively. The enzyme electrodes exhibited linear responses to glucose concentration from 0.2 μM to 8.2 mM ( R = 0.998, at Pt nano /Au substrate) and from 0.2 μM to 5.5 mM ( R = 0.998, at Au substrate), with current sensitivities of 69.5 (Pt nano /Au) and 65 (Au) μA mM −1 cm −2 , respectively, and a detection limit of 0.2 μM ( S / N = 3) was achieved for each electrode. The response time was less than 5 (Pt nano /Au) or 8 (Au) s. It is striking that the enzyme electrodes remained their initial response sensitivity after storage for 5 (Au) and >6 (Pt nano /Au) months in 0.10 M PBS (pH 7.0) at 4 °C.

Electrodeposition has been so widely used to immobilize biomacromolecules, and it is always an important topic to increase the load and activity of the immobilized biomacromolecules. We report here on a new, simple and rather universal method for the highly efficient immobilization of enzymes by aqueous electrodeposition of enzyme-tethered chitosan (CS) for sensitive amperometric biosensing. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is chosen here to examine the proposed protocol in detail. GOx was crosslinked to CS with low-concentration glutaraldehyde (GA, 0.080 wt%), and the electroreduction of added H(2)O(2) increased the electrode-surface pH and triggered the electrodeposition of a GOx-GA-CS composite film. The GOx-GA-CS electrodeposition was monitored by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and is theoretically discussed based on an electrogenerated base-to-acid titration model. The prepared first-generation enzyme electrode (CS-GA-GOx/Pt(nano)/Au) exhibits a current sensitivity as high as 102 microA mM(-1) cm(-2) at 0.70 V vs SCE, being 13 times that of the CS-GOx/Pt(nano)/Au prepared similarly but without the GOx-CS precrosslinking. UV-vis spectrophotometric determination of the GOx remains in the supernatant liquids after pH-induced CS precipitation suggested a high enzyme load in the GOx-GA-CS film, and amperometric measurements suggested a negligible decrease in the enzymatic activity of GOx after its reaction with the low-concentration GA. Also, the proposed protocol works well for the precrosslinking manner of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide activation, the water-electroreduction-triggered CS electrodeposition, the second-generation biosensing mode, a 5.0-microm-radius Pt ultramicroelectrode, and immobilization of alkaline phosphatase for phenyl phosphate biosensing. The proposed protocol of pretethering the target biomacromolecules to the electrodeposition precusor for immobilization of the biomacromolecule at high load/activity is recommended for wide applications.

We report on the aqueous preparation of novel polymeric bionanocomposites (PBNCs) with polydopamine (PDA) as an efficient matrix to support antibody and uniformly dispersed abundant Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) for high performance sandwich-type amperometric immunoassay. We prepare three kinds of PBNCs (PBNCs 1 , 2 , and 3 ) via chemical polymerization synthesis ( 1 ) and further adsorption ( 2 ) or glutaldehyde (GA) covalent crosslinking ( 3 ) of antibody. Transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance are used to characterize the PBNCs. The results show that PDA is an excellent matrix to support antibody and PtNPs due to its high biocompatibility, adsorbability, and processibility, and the thus-prepared PBNCs are of high immuno-recognition efficiency and high catalytic activity toward H 2 O 2 reduction. Then, we examine the applicability of the prepared PBNCs for sandwich-type amperometric immunosensing using a model immuno-pair of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) and anti-hIgG, and obtain the signal by detecting the electro-reduction of H 2 O 2 catalyzed by the PtNPs label. The constructed immunosensors using PBNCs 1 , 2 and 3 exhibit detection limits of 0.068, 0.037, and 0.018 ng mL −1 , respectively, being competitive with or better than the reported analogues. Our immunosensors also present good reproducibility, stability, regeneration ability, specificity, and satisfactory feasibility for target assay in clinical human serum samples. The suggested protocol for the preparation of PBNCs with high signal-transduction ability is expected to find wide bioassay applications.

We report on the chemical/biochemical preparation of novel polymeric bionanocomposites (PBNCs) material consisting of polydopamine (PDA), Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs), glucose oxidase (GOx), Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), and antibody for high-performance sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassay. The preparation includes chemical synthesis of PDA−PtNPs−GOx bionanocomposites with abundant GOx and PtNPs immobilized in/on the PDA matrix and biochemical synthesis of AuNPs/PDA−PtNPs−GOx bionanocomposites with highly dispersed AuNPs on the PDA−PtNPs−GOx for successive efficient adsorption of antibody and GOx, finally yielding GOxads/antibody/AuNPs/PDA−PtNPs−GOx bionanocomposites (PBNCs 1). The thus-prepared PBNCs 1 exhibit high load and activity of the enzyme label immobilized both in the interior and on the surface for ultrasensitive signal readout, as well as high load of antibody on the surface for significant immuno-recognition efficiency. Transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, UV−vis spectrosco...

New polymer–enzyme–metallic nanoparticle composite films with a high-load and a high-activity of immobilized enzymes and obvious electrocatalysis/nano-enhancement effects for biosensing of glucose and galactose are designed and prepared by a one-pot chemical pre-synthesis/electropolymerization (CPSE) protocol. Dopamine (DA) as a reductant and a monomer, glucose oxidase (GOx) or galactose oxidase (GaOx) as the enzyme, and HAuCl4 or H2PtCl6 as an oxidant to trigger DA polymerization and the source of metallic nanoparticles, are mixed to yield polymeric bionanocomposites (PBNCs), which are then anchored on the electrode by electropolymerization of the remaining DA monomer. The prepared PBNC material has good biocompatibility, a highly uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, and high load/activity of the immobilized enzymes, as verified by transmission/scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The thus-prepared enzyme electrodes show a largely improved amperometric biosensing performance, e.g., a very high detection sensitivity (99 or 129 µA cm−2 mM−1 for glucose for Pt PBNCs on bare or platinized Au), a sub-micromolar limit of detection for glucose, and an excellent durability, in comparison with those based on conventional procedures. Also, the PBNC-based enzyme electrodes work well in the second-generation biosensing mode. The proposed one-pot CPSE protocol may be extended to the preparation of many other functionalized PBNCs for wide applications.

This paper describes the construction of an anion-selective bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensor for the direct determination of phenytoin sodium for the first time. Based on the sensitive mass response of a piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) and selective adsorption-desorption across the modified film, the BAW sensor was fabricated by coating a polyvinylchloride (PVC) film containing activator on one side of a PQC. The method was found to be sensitive, rapid and easy to handle without pretreatment of the sample. The logarithm of the frequency shift of the PQC shows a linear relationship to the logarithm of the concentration of phenytoin over the range 6.7 x 10(-8)-8.0 x 10(-4) M with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-8) M at pH 10.0. Recoveries were in the range 98.5-102.0%. Influencing factors were examined and optimized. Also discussed is the preliminary application of the phenytoin BAW sensor in serum and injection. The results for real samples obtained by the proposed method agreed with those obtained by conventional methods.

A novel ion-selective sensor for procaine hydrochloride has been proposed and applied successfully to analysis of pharmaceutical preparations. The sensor is based on modification of the Ag-electrode of an AT-cut piezoelectric quartz crystal with a PVC membrane containing procaine tetraphenylborate. A linear relation between the logarithm of the response frequency and the logarithm of the procaine hydrochloride concentration was found experimentally and could be explained by combination of a modified Sauerbrey equation and the Freundlich isotherm. The detection range was from 8.3 × 10−8 to 5.0 × 10−3 M with a detection limit of 8.3 × 10−8 M. The selectivity of the sensor and the influence of experimental parameters such as solution pH and detection time were investigated.

This study aimed to investigate the ability of osteoclasts during bone resorption activities to regulate the differentiation and calcification of osteoblast precursor cells. The bone resorption model was established using in vitro cortical bone slices and mouse RAW264.7 cells, which were differentiated into osteoclasts by stimulation with the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to detect osteoclast differentiation. The osteoblast precursor cell line MC3T3-E1 was cultured with the bone resorption supernatant (BRS). Involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in osteogenesis was evaluated by Western blotting, RT-PCR, and ELISA analysis of markers of the early (runt-related transcription factor-2 and alkaline phosphatase) and late (osteocalcin [OCN]) stages of osteogenesis, and Alizarin Red S staining of matrix mineralization. TRAP staining, RT-PCR, and SEM analysis demonstrated the successful establishment of the bone resorption model. Osteoclast BRS effectively increased the differentiation and calcification of MC3T3-E1 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that the BRS enhanced AKT and p-AKT expression levels in MC3T3-E1 cells. Following AKT2 knockdown and treatment with the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002, the expression of OCN in MC3T3-E1 cells was decreased (p

To investigate if Drynariae rhizoma (DR) and its main ingredient Naringin could reduce alveolar bone loss by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.The effect of DR water (DRWE), ethanolic extract (DREE), and Naringin on MC3T3-E1 cells was evaluated respectively by MTT method and by measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP activity) as well as the level of osteocalcin in medium. Bone mineral density (BMD) detection, osteoclast counting by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining, and histopathological analysis were performed in an induced rat model of alveolar bone resorption after gastric perfusion with DR extracts or Naringin.DRWE and Naringin effectively increased the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, whilst DREE and Naringin enhanced the differentiation of osteoblastic cells. The in vivo study indicated an elevated BMD value in the tooth-periodontal tissues from DRWE, DREE and Naringin treated groups after 10, 20 and 30 days of perfusion (P0.05). In DRWE treated group, the number of osteoclasts at days 10, 20 and 30 decreased remarkably as compared to the corresponding negative controls (P0.05), and no osteoclast could be found at day 30. New non-calcified bone-like matrix attached by osteoblasts at the root furcation was also shown.DR could be a supplementary medicine for periodontal therapy as it could reduce bone resorption in rat model of alveolar bone resorption and exert osteogenic effect on osteoblasts.

The method describes the use of a piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) as a substitute for ion-selective electrodes. The approach is feasible when the membrane materials are electrically non-conductive and membrane potential measurements are consequently not possible. An ion-selective piezoelectric sensor sensitive to atropine sulfate was constructed by coating a PVC membrane containing activant on one the side of a PQC. On the basis of selective adsorption of atropine ions across the modified film and the sensitive mass response of PQC, the method exhibits a sensitive, rapid response and is easy to operate without pretreatment of the sample. The logarithm of the frequency shift gave a linear relationship with the logarithm of atropine sulfate concentration in the 1.0 x 10(-8)-1.0 x 10(-3) M range with a detection limit of 5.0 x 10(-9) M at pH 7.0. Recoveries were from 98.7-102.2%. Two activants, atropine tetraphenylborate and atropine dipicrylaminate, were synthesized and investigated. Influencing factors were also examined and optimized. The results for real samples obtained by the proposed method agreed with those obtained by conventional methods.